成人活体肝移植的早期经验

目的 总结成人活体肝移植的早期经验,提高活体肝移植效果.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院肝移植中心2006年6月至2008年2月31例成人活体肝移植资料.结果 31例中慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期8例,急性肝功能衰竭7例,肝细胞肝癌12例,肝脏紫癜病2例,肝门部胆管癌1例和Wilson 病1例.含肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV)的右半肝移植25例,不含MHV的右半肝移植3例,双供肝为含MHV的右半肝+左外叶和含MHV的右半肝+左半肝各1例,左半肝辅助性原位肝移植1例.33例供者中5例发生并发症6例次.9例受者发生并发症11例次,其中胆道并发症4例,血管并发症3例,感染性并发症3例,切口延迟愈合1例.2例肺部感染和1例全身多处曲霉菌感染者死亡.结论 活体肝移植已成为拓展供肝来源的有效途径,合理的供、受者评估,手术方式和术后处理是关键.     

成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植六例

目的总结成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的体会。方法6例曾经接受活体肝移植者因胆道并发症（2例）、血管并发症（2例）、慢性排斥反应（1例）和肝炎复发（1例）而接受再次肝移植，再次肝移植均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。除1例将供肝动脉改为与受者腹主动脉吻合外，其余均为同名血管的端端吻合。结果1例术后因原发性移植肝无功能死亡；1例肝动脉吻合口狭窄，经介入治疗放置支架后缓解。随访至今，5例已分别存活12、9、6、4和3个月，目前肝功能良好。结论腹腔内粘连是成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的手术难点。     

Hemophagocytic syndrome after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

Hemophagocytic syndrome is a fatal complication after liver transplantation that is rarely reported. Among 260 adult patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation at our hospital, three cases (1%) were complicated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Intensive investigation revealed Aspergillus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus as the most likely causative organisms in each patient. Despite the immediate initiation of anti-infectious treatment and supportive care, all patients died. When pancytopenia with possible underlying infectious disease is observed in liver transplant recipients, hemophagocytic syndrome should be suspected and bone marrow biopsy considered. The prognosis of hemophagocytic syndrome remains poor and further investigations are required to establish effective therapeutic options.     

保证活体肝移植供、受者安全的几个问题

目前,能有效治疗终末期肝病的惟一方法是进行肝移植,但长期以来供肝短缺一直是困扰国际肝移植界的一大难题.近年来,活体供肝移植(LDLT)的兴起缓解了供肝短缺这一矛盾.     

Safety of donor right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the usefulness of preoperative evaluations of donors by computed tomography (CT) volumetry and CT cholangiography for prevention of unexpected liver failure and biliary complications after donor right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. Fifty-two donors who underwent right hepatectomy without the middle hepatic vein were enrolled in this study. The values of graft weight (GW) were significantly correlated with those of estimated graft volume (GV; P < 0.0001). GW was predicted by the following formula: GW = 155.25 + 0.658 x GV; r(2) = 0.489. CT cholangiography revealed anatomical variants of biliary structure in one-third of the donors and also clearly showed one or two small biliary branches from the caudate lobe to the right hepatic ducts or the confluence in 58% of the donors. Biliary leakage, which was treated by conservative therapy, occurred in only one donor (1.9%). No donors received homologous blood transfusion. Hyperbilirubinemia (serum total bilirubin >5 mg/dl) occurred in 5.8% of the donors during their early postoperative periods. Precise evaluations of liver remnant volume by CT volumetry and biliary variation by CT cholangiography are essential for performing safe donor hepatectomy, preventing hepatic insufficiency and minimizing the risk of biliary tract complications.     

成人活体肝移植肝动脉重建50例

目的 总结成人活体肝移植的肝动脉重建经验.方法 我院2002年1月至2006年7月施行了50例成人右半肝活体肝移植,供、受者肝动脉的重建采用显微外科技术成形端端连续缝合方式完成.结果 术后肝动脉血栓形成2例(4%).随访时间2～52个月(中位随访时间9个月),术后和随访期未发现肝动脉狭窄、肝动脉假性动脉瘤等并发症.1年实际生存率为92%(46/50).结论 根据供、受者肝动脉解剖及变异情况,选择适宜的长度和匹配的口径,采用显微外科吻合技术重建肝动脉,是减少肝移植围手术期并发症发生的关键.     

Small-for-size graft problems in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

A major concern regarding adult living donor liver transplantation is graft-size disparity. The right liver graft is now commonly used, which might impose a risk on the donors. In selected cases, the left liver with caudate lobe and right lateral sector graft might alleviate the problem without increasing the risk to donors.     

Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy has been a standard technique for biliary reconstruction because the majority had been pediatric patients with biliary atresia. Adult-to-adult LDLT using the right lobe graft has recently been developed and we introduced duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction (hepaticohepaticostomy) in such cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of this procedure in adult-to-adult LDLT. From August 2000 to October 2001, five patients underwent adult-to-adult LDLT using the right hepatic lobe and were followed for more than 6 months at our institution. All patients underwent duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction (single hepaticohepaticostomy in one, multiple in four). For the grafts with multiple bile ducts, various techniques were used for reconstruction. In all patients, oral intake could be started early after the operation, and biliary leakage was not encountered. One patient developed two episodes of acute cholangitis who later developed biliary anastomosis stricture which required percutaneous dilatation at 11 months postop. However, otherwise, there were no infectious complications postoperatively. We conclude duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction is feasible and effective in adult-to-adult LDLT.     

成人间活体肝移植的手术技术改进(附13例报告)

目的探讨成人间活体肝移植的手术技术改进.方法2005年3-6月,施行了13例成人间右半肝活体肝移植,其中1例接受了2个左半肝,另1例接受了1个活体右半肝,1个尸体左半肝,术中采用了改良的手术技术,包括右肝静脉的重建,肝中静脉分支的搭桥,肝动脉搭桥及胆道吻合的改进.结果全组供体无严重并发症及死亡,受体发生并发症4例,包括肝动脉栓塞,胆漏,右膈下脓肿及肺部感染各1例,1例再移植因术后肺部感染,导致多器官衰竭（MOF）死亡.13例中除右肝静脉与下腔静脉（IVC）直接吻合,5例加行右肝下静脉重建,另5例采用自体大隐静脉搭桥行肝中静脉分支与IVC重建,保证了右肝的流出道通畅.移植物与受体重量比（GRWR）为0.72%至1.24%,其中9例＜1.0%,2例＜0.8%,无小肝综合征发生.结论采用了改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道的充分重建可有效避免小肝综合征,从而使活体右半肝移植成为相当安全的手术.     

改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术

目的研究并改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术。方法自2002年1月至2005年8月,施行了16例成人间活体右半供肝移植。手术中改进了技术,包括右肝静脉重建、肝中静脉分支搭桥、肝动脉搭桥及胆道吻合等。结果所有供者均无严重并发症及死亡。移植肝与受者重量比（GRWR）为0．72％～1．24％,其中9例〈1．0％,2例〈0．8％。手术除了采用移植肝的右肝静脉与受者下腔静脉（IVC）直接吻合外,5例加行右肝下静脉重建、5例取自体大隐静脉行肝中静脉分支与IVC间搭桥,保证了右肝流出道通畅。最早手术的2例受者中,1例发生肝静脉吻合口狭窄,另1例发生小肝综合征,最终导致死亡。后阶段手术的14例受者均未发生小肝综合征;发生并发症5例,分别为急性排斥反应、肝动脉栓塞、胆漏、左膈下脓肿及肺部感染;1例再次肝移植后因肺部感染,多器官功能衰竭（MOF）死亡。结论活体供肝移植中采用改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道重建的方法,可有效避免发生小肝综合征。     

二例成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧

目的探讨成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧。方法2例成人患者,1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化、巨块型肝癌,接受其2位姐姐的左半肝移植,移植物与受者体重比(GR/WR)为1.5%,移植于原肝位置左侧的左半肝,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别于受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支端端吻合,胆肠吻合方式重建供肝胆道;移植至右侧的左半肝,沿矢状位旋转180°,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别与受者的肝右静脉、门静脉右支端端吻合,左肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合。另1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化,接受其母亲的右半肝移植,但由于供肝存在大泡状空泡变性,且供、受者的体重差较大,为能满足患者的生理需要,故该例同时行尸体左半肝移植,GR/WR为1.2%,右半肝的肝右动脉、肝右静脉分别于受者的同名血管端端吻合,其门静脉与受者的门静脉右支端端吻合,右肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合;左半肝的肝左静脉、门静脉及肝动脉分别与受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支及脾动脉端端吻合,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合方式重建供肝胆道。结果除母亲供者术后3d出现短暂乳糜漏,经对症治疗11d后痊愈外,供者无其它并发症发生。2例患者术后恢复良好,未发生排斥反应及全身感染,现已随访10个月以上,肝功能正常,均恢复正常工作和生活。结论成人间双活体供肝移植可为受者提供更大的肝脏,又可减少供者的风险,但手术操作复杂,需要对供、受者的条件进行充分评估后施行。     

活体供肝肝移植成功的初步经验--附3例报告

目的 报告3例活体供肝肝移植成功的初步经验。方法 回顾性分析1例肝细胞癌伴肝硬化、1例先天性肝内胆汁淤积症及1例药物性肝炎病人活体供肝肝移植经过和供受体恢复情况。结果 供肝均取自病人父亲，1例为右半肝，另2例为扩大左外叶，供肝重量分别为835g、295g及320g。第1例供体术后有一过性黄疸，且有轻度胆漏，另2例供体术后恢复顺利，无手术并发症。3例病人手术均顺利，1例成人一成人活体供肝肝移植胆道重建为胆管端端吻合，术后定期行全身化疗预防肿瘤复发。2例成人-儿童活体供肝肝移植胆道重建为胆管、空肠Roux-en-Y吻合。3例病人均行肝静脉整形以保证静脉回流通畅。随访至今，供受体已分别健康生存16、14、13个月。结论 严格的病例选择，完善的术前准备，精细的手术操作及正确的术后处理是活体供肝肝移植成功的关键。     

Safety of donor in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft

BACKGROUND: The growing gap between the number of patients awaiting liver transplantation and available organs has continued to be the primary issue facing the transplant community. To overcome the waiting list mortality, living donor liver transplantation has become an option, in which the greatest concern is the safety of the donor, especially in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (A-A LDLT) using a right lobe liver graft. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the safety of donors after right lobe liver donation for A-A LDLT performed in our center. METHODS: From January 2002 to March 2006, 26 patients underwent A-A LDLT using right lobe liver grafts in our center. Seven donors were men and 19 were women (range, 19-65 years; median age, 38 years). The right lobe liver grafts were obtained by transecting the liver on the right side of the middle hepatic vein without interrupting the vascular blood flow. The mean follow-up time for these donors was 9 months. RESULTS: These donor residual liver volumes ranged from 30.5% to 60.3%. We did not experience any donor mortality. Two cases (7.69%) experienced major complications: intra-abdominal bleeding and portal vein thrombosis in one each and three (11.54%), minor ones: wound steatosis in two, and transient chyle leak in one. All donors were fully recovered and returned to their previous occupations. CONCLUSIONS: A-A LDLT using a right lobe liver graft has become a standard option. The donation of right lobe liver for A-A LDLT was a relatively safe procedure in our center.