亲子依恋对青少年烟酒使用影响:有调节的中介效应

目的:考察亲子依恋对青少年烟酒使用的影响机制。方法:使用亲子依恋问卷、感觉寻求量表、结交不良同伴问卷和烟酒使用问卷对550名青少年进行调查。结果:1亲子依恋负向预测青少年烟酒使用。2结交不良同伴部分中介了亲子依恋与青少年烟酒使用间关系。3感觉寻求调节了结交不良同伴的中介效应,当感觉寻求水平较高时,结交不良同伴对青少年烟酒使用有显著的正向影响;当感觉寻求水平较低时,结交不良同伴对青少年烟酒使用的影响不显著。结论:亲子依恋既直接影响青少年烟酒使用,也通过结交不良同伴间接影响青少年烟酒使用;感觉寻求增强了结交不良同伴对青少年烟酒使用的影响。     

亲子依恋与青少年外化问题行为:情绪调节自我效能感的中介作用

目的:探究亲子依恋对青少年外化问题行为的影响,并检验情绪调节自我效能感在二者间的中介效应。方法:采用父母与同伴依恋量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表和青少年品行问题行为倾向问卷对广州市1195名中学生进行测量。结果:(1)父/母子依恋与情绪调节自我效能感呈显著正相关,与青少年外化问题行为呈显著负相关;情绪调节自我效能感与外化问题行为呈显著负相关;(2)父子依恋和母子依恋均可显著负向预测青少年的外化问题行为;(3)路径分析结果表明,管理消极情绪效能感在父子依恋与外化问题行为、母子依恋与外化问题行为间均发挥着显著的中介效应。结论:亲子依恋不仅可以直接影响青少年的外化问题行为,还通过管理消极情绪效能感间接发挥作用。     

同伴依恋对青少年网络成瘾的影响:有调节的中介效应

目的:探索青少年同伴依恋对网络成瘾的影响、归属需要满足的中介作用以及母子依恋在中介作用中的调节作用。方法:采用同伴依恋问卷、学习中的归属需要满足量表、亲子依恋问卷以及青少年网络成瘾量表等测量工具,选取北京市八所中学发放问卷,有效被试2263人。结果:(1)同伴依恋对网络成瘾的直接预测作用显著,加入归属需要满足作为中介变量后,同伴依恋仍能显著预测网络成瘾,归属需要满足部分中介了同伴依恋对网络成瘾的影响。(2)母子依恋显著调节归属需要满足对网络成瘾的影响,只有母子依恋高的个体,归属需要满足才能显著预测其网络成瘾。结论:青少年同伴依恋可通过改变归属需要满足状态进而影响其网络成瘾发展,母子依恋则调节青少年归属需要满足对网络成瘾的影响。     

中学生家庭应激源与物质主义价值观的关系:亲子依恋的中介作用

目的:考察中学生物质主义价值观与家庭应激源、亲子依恋的关系。方法:采用青少年物质主义价值观量表、家庭压力量表和青少年父母与同伴依恋问卷中的父母分问卷,对江苏某高中1344名学生进行调查。结果:家庭应激源显著正向预测中学生物质主义价值观水平,亲子依恋显著负向预测中学生物质主义价值观水平;中介回归分析结果显示,在考虑亲子依恋的影响时,家庭应激源对中学生物质主义价值水平的预测作用虽仍显著但已减弱。亲子依恋在家庭应激源与物质主义价值观之间的间接效应占总效应的13.30%,其90%置信区间为[0.003,0.024],P0.05。结论:亲子依恋在中学生家庭应激源和物质主义价值观水平之间起部分中介作用。     

青少年同伴依恋与外化问题行为:自尊和情绪调节自我效能感中介作用

目的:探讨同伴依恋与青少年外化问题行为的关系,并检验自尊及情绪调节自我效能感在二者间的链式中介效应。方法:采用同伴依恋量表(IPPA)、自尊量表(SES)及情绪调节自我效能量表(SRESE)、外化行为问题量表(EPBS)对1108名青少年进行施测。结果:青少年EPBS得分与IPPA、SES和SRESE得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.22,-0.25,-0.25;P0.001);IPPA得分与SES和SRESE得分呈显著正相关(r=0.34,0.40;P0.001);SES和SRESE得分呈显著正相关(r=0.56,P0.001);自尊(效应值=-0.06;95%CI=[-0.09,-0.029])和情绪调节自我效能感(效应值=-0.03;95%CI=[-0.065,-0.009])在同伴依恋与青少年外化问题行为间均发挥显著的中介效应;自尊和情绪调节自我效能感在同伴依恋与青少年外化问题行为之间起链式中介作用(效应值=-0.02;95%CI=[-0.042,-0.006])。结论:安全的同伴依恋可缓解青少年的外化问题行为,这一效应可通过自尊和情绪调节自我效能感间接发挥作用。     

青少年期亲子依恋与抑郁:友谊质量的中介作用

目的:考察友谊质量在亲子依恋与抑郁间的中介作用。方法:采用亲子依恋问卷、友谊质量问卷、青少年抑郁量表对454名初中生进行测量。结果:1亲子依恋与友谊质量显著正相关,且二者与抑郁均显著负相关。2友谊质量在父子依恋、母子依恋与抑郁间起部分中介作用。结论:亲子依恋不仅可以直接影响抑郁,也可以通过友谊质量的中介作用间接影响抑郁。     

青少年自我分化与亲子关系、同伴关系:有调节的中介效应

目的:探讨青少年自我分化在亲子关系与同伴关系之间的中介作用以及年级的调节作用。方法:采用关系质量问卷和自我分化量表对884名高中生和大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)高中生亲子冲突性得分显著高于大学生,而大学生亲子亲密性和自我分化得分显著高于高中生;(2)高中生亲子亲密性与自我分化显著负相关,亲子冲突性与自我分化显著正相关,大学生则相反;(3)高中生自我分化在父子、母子冲突性和同伴冲突性之间均具有显著正向中介效应;大学生自我分化只在母子冲突性和同伴冲突性之间具有显著负向中介效应。结论:青少年自我分化在亲子关系与同伴关系之间起部分中介作用,年级在其中起调节作用。     

大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系

目的:探讨大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系.方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),父母权威问卷(PAQ)和父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)对538名大学生进行测试.结果:①完美主义高标准维度在父母婚姻状况上差异显著,父母婚姻关系正常大学生的得分显著高于离异家庭大学生的得分.②母亲专制和母亲权威的教养类型,与母亲信任的亲子依恋能显著地正向预测完美主义的高标准;母亲专制和母亲放任的教养类型,与父亲疏离的亲子依恋对完美主义的差异有显著的预测作用.结论:大学生的完美主义与不同类型的父母教养方式,亲子依恋有关.     

中学生依恋、自我分化与攻击性行为的关系

目的:探讨中学生父母同伴依恋、自我分化与攻击性行为的关系。方法:选取314名中学生,采用父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA-R)测量父子依恋、母子依恋和同伴依恋,自我分化量表(DSI-R)测量自我分化,攻击性问卷(AQ)测量攻击性行为。结果:IPPA-R的各因子得分与DSI-R得分均呈正相关(r=0.19～0.23,均P0.01);IPPA-R的母子依恋、同伴依恋得分与AQ得分均呈负相关(r=-0.31、-0.19;均P0.01);DSI-R得分与AQ得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001);DSI-R的4个因子得分对AQ得分均有负向预测作用(β=-0.36～-0.12,均P0.05);自我分化在母子依恋与攻击性行为间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应比例为29.3%,在同伴依恋与攻击性行为间起完全中介作用。结论:中学生的自我分化水平可预测其攻击性行为;自我分化可能是母子依恋、同伴依恋影响其攻击性行为的中介变量。     

犯罪和普通青少年的生活事件、同伴积极影响与问题行为的关系:双重调节效应

目的:探讨同伴积极影响在负性生活事件对青少年问题行为预测中的调节效应,并分析这一调节效应在犯罪和普通青少年两类群体中不同表现。方法:采用结构方程模型,运用青少年生活事件核查表、同伴积极影响问卷和问题行为问卷对来自上海和昆明的561名犯罪青少年和358名普通青少年进行测量。结果:1家庭结构和被试类型在同伴积极影响和问题行为得分上存在交互效应。2犯罪青少年和普通青少年的生活事件、同伴积极影响和问题行为间存在显著相关。3同伴积极影响可以调节生活事件对普通青少年的问题行为的影响,但对犯罪青少年却不存在相应的作用。结论:同伴积极影响是缓冲生活事件对普通青少年的问题行为预测的重要因素,但对犯罪青少年并未起到类似作用。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.