先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的研究进展

肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)是先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease, CHD)的严重并发症之一,严重影响患者的生存质量,其病死率及致残率均较高,是各类型CHD手术方式选择和预后的关键因素。本文将从流行病学、定义和分类、评价和治疗几个方面,阐述近几年CHD相关性PAH(PAH associated CHD, PAH-CHD)的研究进展,并将其做一综述。     

一氧化氮与先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压

一氧化氮是一种脂溶性气体,它具有独特的理化性质和生物学活性,主要由血管内皮产生,在先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的发生、发展过程中起到了重要作用。吸入一氧化氮气体,可选择性扩张肺血管,降低肺动脉阻力和肺动脉压。现主要综述一氧化氮与先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的相互作用关系及一氧化氮在治疗上的研究进展。     

选择性肺动脉造影评价先天性心脏病肺动脉高压的初步分析

通过选择性肺动脉造影检查，了解肺血管病变程度。对４３例先天性左向右分流型心脏病病人行选择性肺动脉造影检查，通过分析肺循环时间、肺动脉终末单支血管计数、肺动脉分级、毛细血管像等指标，并与右心导管（４３例）和肺病理（７例）结果进行比较分析。结果显示：随着肺血管病变加重，肺循环时间延长；肺动脉终末单支血管计数、肺动脉分级减少；肺毛细血管象分布不均。结论：选择性肺动脉造影检查可以比较准确地判定肺血管病变程度。     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压诊断性治疗的临床研究

目的:评估诊断性治疗在选择伴艾森门格综合征的左向右分流型先天性心脏病(先心病)外科根治手术的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年7月,行手术治疗的先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者32例(男性8例,女性24例)。年龄9~52岁,中位年龄23岁,体质量25~60kg,平均(45.9±10)kg,其中房间隔缺损8例,室间隔缺损18例,部分型心内膜垫缺损2例,单纯动脉导管未闭2例,动脉导管未闭合并房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损各1例。首诊时经皮血氧饱和度(Sp O2)86%~94%,平均(91.5±2.2)%。均予强心利尿治疗的基础上,加用西地那非或波生坦等选择性降低肺动脉压靶向药物8周到24周,行右心导管检查后在全麻体外循环下行外科手术根治,术中放置4/5#SwanGanz漂浮导管监测术中及术后肺动脉压。术后残余肺动脉高压患者继续给予降低肺动脉压力药物治疗。术后1个月、3个月、6个月及以后每年超声心动图检查随访。结果:患者经药物靶向治疗后Sp O2均95%,平均(97±1.7)%,术前右心导管检查肺动脉平均压(m PAP)47~93mm Hg,平均[(75±13)mmHg,1mm Hg=0.133k Pa],肺血管阻力指数(PVRI)平均(10.2±3.1)Wood unit·m-2(4.6~15.3),肺循环血流量与体循环血流量比值(Qp/Qs)1.30~2.98,平均(1.84±0.44);导管检查中行急性肺血管扩张实验阳性31例,阴性1例。术后随访6个月~4年,全组术后至随诊无一例死亡,无远期并发症。结论:本组病例提示,诊断性靶向药物治疗作为慢性肺血管扩张实验,为错过良好手术时机的艾森门格综合征前期患者提供了可能根治的机会。术后残余肺动脉高压患者继续降低肺动脉压力药物治疗仍有一定疗效。     

前列地尔对先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的治疗作用

目的:观察前列地尔脂微球载体制剂对先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患儿的肺循环和体循环压力及阻力的影响作用。方法:将60例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的患儿随机分为治疗组(30例)和对照组(30例)。治疗组于手术后使用前列地尔,以3~5ng·kg-1·min-1泵入,2h后停止,每天2次;对照组则使用酚妥拉明0.1mg/kg,每天2次。在用药前、后0.5、1、2h分别测量肺动脉压、主动脉压、肺毛细血管压力,以及肺循环阻力、体循环阻力和心率的数值。结果:①前列地尔和酚妥拉明均明显降低肺动脉压力(P<0.01);②前列地尔对体循环压力和心率影响不明显,而酚妥拉明使体循环压力下降,并明显加快心率(P均<0.01),对患者血流动力学影响较大。结论:前列地尔能选择性扩张肺血管从而降低肺动脉压力和肺血管阻力,且对体循环影响较小,副作用小。     

小儿先天性心脏病肺动脉高压的治疗进展

小儿先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压术后并发症多并发症多，死亡率高。传统治疗方法无特异性，疗效不佳。近来，内皮细胞生物学和分子生物学技术的发展为治疗肺动脉高压开拓了新途径。本文就当前防治术后肺高压的方法及机理作一综述。     

先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压的研究现状

肺动脉高压是一个古老的话题 ,自 1 897年ViktorEisenmenger描述肺动脉高压的临床特征以来 ,医学界对其进行了不懈地研究 ,但至今还未得到圆满解决。1　定义、病理改变肺动脉的正常收缩压 (sPAP)、舒张压 (dPAP)及平均压 (mPAP)约为 2 4、9、1 6mmHg( 1mmHg=0 .1 33kPa)。静息状态下sPAP、dPAP、mPAP分别超过 30、1 5、2 0mmHg ,或运动过程mPAP >30mmHg均可诊断为肺动脉高压。mPAP2 1～ 30、31～ 5 0和 >5 0mmHg分别为轻、中和重度肺动脉高压。1 998年 9月在法国举行的WHO肺动脉高压专题研讨会中 ,将肺动脉高压分为 5类 ,其中…     

一氧化氮吸入治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压

肺动脉高压 (PH)可伴发生于多种先天性心脏病 (CHD) ,使心肺功能受损 ,常导致右心衰和死亡。而一氧化氮 (NO)吸入治疗开辟了治疗 PH的新途径。 NO是一种气态的内源性介质 ,具有松弛血管平滑肌 ,抑制血小板聚集 ,参与神经介质传递的主要信号转导等多种生物学效应。内皮衍生的 NO     

靶向药物对成人先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压手术治疗的影响

目的：分析靶向药物对成人先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压手术治疗的影响,探讨药物干预下的手术指征及围手术期处理要点。方法：自2015年1月至2017年6月,我科共完成46例成人先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者的外科矫治手术。术前予以3～24个月的靶向药物治疗,术后继续应用靶向药物治疗。结果：①术前经过一段时间的靶向药物治疗,患者经皮氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压、6分钟步行试验距离、双向分流、左室射血分数、肺动脉平均压、肺血管阻力、肺循环血量/体循环血量等指标明显改善。②术后24小时动脉血氧分压较术前明显升高,肺动脉平均压较术前明显下降。围手术期出现肺动脉高压危象10例,再次气管插管3例,脑梗死1例;死亡1例,原因为肺动脉高压危象致循环衰竭。多因素Logistic regression分析提示肺血管阻力≥8wood,肺循环血量/体循环血量≤1.25是围手术期肺动脉高压危象的独立危险因素。1例失访,44例随访6个月～3年,无远期死亡及缺损残余漏,患者经皮氧饱和度、6分钟步行试验距离较术前明显改善,超声心动图提示仍有2例患者肺动脉收缩压高于正常值。结论：成人先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者,经过一定时间的靶向药物治疗,当肺血管阻力＜8wood,肺循环血量/体循环血量＞1.25时,可以接受外科手术矫治。术后继续应用靶向药物治疗,预防并及时处理肺动脉高压危象是围手术期处理的关键。     

儿童先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压根治术随访分析

目的:通过对儿童非限制性左向右分流型先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压根治术后的随访,分析超手术指征患儿术后的生存现状并探讨手术指征。方法:收集2005年1月至2016年6月,在我院进行手术治疗的左向右分流型先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的儿童患者临床资料,所有患儿均有经心导管检查获得的血流动力学资料,随访其术后症状、体征、超声心动图。按术前肺血管阻力指数(PVRI)6WU/m~2和PVRI≥6WU/m~2分为两组,根据患儿生活质量情况进行生存分析并做Logrank检验,再根据术后是否存在肺动脉高压绘制ROC曲线。结果:59例患儿(男性27例,女性32例),平均8.4岁,主要诊断为室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损、完全型心内膜垫缺损、主肺动脉窗、高压型右室双出口等左向右分流型先天性心脏病,随访时间4~127个月平均69.3个月。PVRI6WU/m~2组12例(男性6例,女性6例),失访3例,所有患儿随访均无术后PAH;PVRI≥6WU/m~2组患儿47例(男性21例,女性26例),失访15例,除4例患儿随访超声心动图显示无肺动脉高压外,均有不同程度术后肺动脉高压。比较两组患儿无阳性事件的生存曲线,PVRI6WU/m~2组明显优于PVRI≥6WU/m~2组(Log-rank检验P=0.0496),ROC曲线显示PVRI是预判手术后是否存在肺动脉高压的敏感指标(曲线下面积0.90),且PVRI以8.15WU/m~2为界点时,敏感度为84.2%,特异度为80%。结论:PVRI是评价手术远期预后的关键指标;PVRI6WU/m~2的患儿手术预后明显好于PVRI≥6WU/m~2的患儿。     

先心病合并重度肺动脉高压双向分流的外科对策

目的:探讨先天性心脏病伴重度肺动脉高压双向分流的外科对策及疗效。方法:回顾分析32例患者的临床资料,其中,室间隔缺损(VSD)22例,VSD合并房间隔缺损(ASD)5例,动脉导管未闭5例。术前均有不同程度劳力后紫绀,心脏B超提示双向分流,术中测量平均肺动脉压/平均体循环压>0.85,平均0.90±0.15,采用心脏停跳手术6例,不停跳手术26例。房间隔均采用自体心包片做成单向活瓣,以减轻术后早期右心负荷。结果:早期死亡3例(9.4％,3/32)。术后早期均有明显低氧血症,呼吸机支持,平均35.26±17.59小时,无气管切开病例。随访2～86(平均23.6±17.2)月,晚期死亡2例(6.3％,2/32),顽固右心衰3例(9.4％,3/32),其余24例(75％,24/32)恢复良好。结论:先心病伴重度肺动脉高压部分双向分流的病例,采用浅低温心跳不停心内直视手术有利于心肺功能保护,术中作房间隔单向活瓣有利于其早期恢复。     

前列腺素E1对先心病重度肺动脉高压患者肺组织结构的影响

选择 2 8例先心病重度肺动脉高压患者 ,在应用前列腺素 E1 (PGE1 )前后行肺组织活检术 ,光镜下观察肺小动脉组织结构及其变化特点。用法 :PGE1 15～ 2 5 ng/ (kg·min)持续静滴 ,每天用药 10～ 12 h,14 d为 1疗程。结果示有 2 6例患者的肺组织结构明显改善 ,病理损害减轻 ,其他 2例无变化。认为应用 PGE1 治疗能够改善肺组织结构 ,使病情减轻 ,且能提高手术治愈率     

Pulmonary thromboembolism in congenital heart defects with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension

IntroductionCongenital heart defect (CHD) with shunt can lead to severe, even irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); in extreme form to Eisenmenger syndrome (ES). Despite relatively good long-term survival, these patients often suffer from cyanosis and multisystemic dysfunction, where pulmonary artery thrombosis can be a potentially fatal complication. Together with bleeding these are the most frequent causes of non-cardiac death in patients with severe PAH due to CHD.Patients and methodsProspective study of 40 patients with severe PAH due to CHD (28 female/12 male, median age 41.5 years) was performed, with the aim to analyze the presence of pulmonary artery thrombosis and correlating anatomical and laboratory risk factors.ResultsPrevious thrombosis and/or thromboembolic event was found in 7 patients (17.5%). Significant differences in cyanotic vs non-cyanotic patients were in red blood count parameters: median hemoglobin level 195 vs 141 (p<0.0001), median erythrocytes count 6.62 vs 4.88×10¹²/l (p<0.0001), median hematocrit 0.58 vs 0.44 (p<0.0001). Laboratory findings causing increased risk for thrombosis were increased thrombocytes aggregation in 15 patients (37.5%), hypercoagulation in 5 patients (12.5%) and endothelial dysfunction in 8 patients (20%). Anatomical risk factor—severe pulmonary artery dilatation (>40 mm in female and >45 mm in male) was found in 19 patients (51.4%).ConclusionsPatients with severe PAH due to CHD represent a high-risk group for pulmonary artery thrombosis with morphological and flow pathology combined with secondary erythrocytosis and coagulation abnormalities. A relatively high incidence of platelet hyperaggregability shown in our study would propose that aspirin therapy might be considered in some highly selected patients with severe PAH due to CHD. Further studies though are needed to support this data.     

Efficacy of exercise training in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease

Background

The objective of this prospective study was to assess the efficacy of exercise training as add-on to medical therapy in patients with congenital heart disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHD–APAH).

Methods

Patients with invasively confirmed CHD–APAH received in-hospital exercise training for 3 weeks and continued at home. Efficacy parameters were evaluated at baseline, after 3 and 15 weeks. Medical treatment remained unchanged. Worsening events and survival rate were assessed in a follow-up period of 21 ± 14 months.

Results

Twenty consecutive CHD–APAH patients (16 female, 4 male, mean pulmonary arterial pressure 60 ± 23 mm Hg) were included. Patients significantly improved the mean distance walked in 6 min compared to baseline by 63 ± 47 m after 3 weeks (p < 0.001) and by 67 ± 59 m after 15 weeks (p = 0.001). Quality of life-score (p = 0.05), peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.002) and maximal workload (p = 0.003) improved significantly by exercise training after 15 weeks. The 1- and 2‐year survival rates were 100%, the transplantation-free survival rate was 100% after 1 year and 93% after 2 years.

Conclusion

Exercise training as add-on to medical therapy may be effective in patients with CHD–APAH and improved work capacity, quality of life and further prognostic relevant parameters. It was associated with an excellent long-term survival. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm these results.     

Lung biopsy findings in previously inoperable patients with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease

Background

Congenital heart disease with near-systemic pulmonary arterial pressures, previously thought to have irreversible pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), has been successfully corrected at our institution recently. Whether the PVD is reversible remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the nature of the pulmonary arterial vessels in these selective patients.

Methods

All patients with congenital heart disease and severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) were selected using Diagnostic-treatment to undergo radical repair (n = 49). Lung biopsy specimens were obtained during operation. The nature of PVD was determined by Heath-Edwards classification system. All specimens were quantitatively analyzed by calculating percentage media wall area, percentage media wall thickness and arteriole density.

Results

Transcutaneous oxygen saturation of all selected patients increased significantly after Diagnostic-treatment (P < 0.001). There were no operative deaths. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance regressed significantly postoperatively (P < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative PH was 59.2% (29/49). Of 49 selected patients with severe PH, 38 (77.6%) showed grade I change, 5 (10.2%) showed grade II change, 4 (8.2%) showed grade III change and only 2 (4%) showed grade IV change with plexiform lesion. The percentage media wall area, percentage media wall thickness and arteriole density were significantly increased in patients associated with PH than in normal subjects (P < 0.001). Follow-up data showed the reversal of PVD in these 2 patients with plexiform lesions.

Conclusions

The PVD in these selective patients with congenital heart disease and severe PH using a Diagnostic-treatment-and-Repair strategy is generally reversible and these patients are operable in current era.     

先心病伴严重肺动脉高压矫治术的麻醉处理

目的探讨先心病伴严重肺动脉高压矫治术患者围术期监测及治疗肺动脉高压的麻醉处理。方法选32例肺动脉平均压〉70mmHg的患者，采用主肺动脉置管法持续测压，并通过主肺动脉导管持续泵入前列腺素E1（5μg·kg^-1·min^-1），观察转流后和术后第3天的肺动脉压。结果肺动脉压出院时[（43．90±12．42）mmHg]与术前[（85．88±13．26）mmHg]比较，P〈0．01；术后第3天[（29．40±13．41）mmHg]与术中[（36．10±16．20）mmHg]比较，P〈0．05。结论以动力性为主的严重肺动脉高压患者，虽经外科治疗降低了肺动脉压力，但仍需在麻醉处理上采取必要和有效的措施去预防和治疗肺血管阻力的不断升高。     

风湿性心脏病继发肺高压的肺肌型动脉病理特点

目的 :揭示风湿性心脏病合并肺动脉高压时肺肌型动脉病变特征。方法 :选择自 1997～ 2 0 0 0年 17例风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并肺动脉高压患者行病理分析 ,所有患者均于术中测主肺动脉压 ( PPA )和升主动脉压( PA) ,计算 PPA/PA比值 ,作为评价肺动脉高压的标准之一。测量肺活检标本中肌型动脉外径 ( D)和中层 ( M)、内膜 ( I)厚度 ,计算 M/D、I/D比值 ,作为评价肺血管改变的指标。用统计学方法对以上各参数进行比较。结果 :肺动脉高压组 M/D值与 I/D值增高 ,与正常对照组比较差异有显著性意义。结论 :肌型动脉壁肥厚、胶原和弹力纤维组织增生、小动脉肌型化是被动性肺动脉高压的主要病理改变之一。     

西地那非在儿童先天性心脏病相关性肺动脉高压中的应用

目的:观察西地那非治疗先天性心脏病(CHD)相关性肺动脉高压(PAH)儿童患者的安全性和有效性。方法:选择13例年龄<18岁的CHD合并PAH的患者,口服西地那非每次0.25～1mg/kg,3次/d进行治疗。对比患者用药前后的6 min步行试验距离(6 MWT)、平均肺动脉压力(mPAP)、肺血管阻力指数(PVRI)、肺循环与体循环平均压比率(Pp/Ps)及肺循环与体循环阻力比率(Rp/Rs)的变化。结果:13例服药患者平均随访(9.5±6.2)个月,6 MWT平均增加(47.36±15.7)m,P<0.05。其中11例分别行用药前后的心导管检查,检查结果示mPAP从(87.1±8.4)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)降至(82.2±3.7)mmHg,P=0.1;PVRI从(24.5±7.4)Wood units m2降至(20.3±5.4)Wood units m2,P<0.05;Pp/Ps从(0.99±0.09)降至(0.89±0.05),P<0.05;Rp/Rs从(0.91±0.25)降至(0.86±0.17),P=0.5。所有患者服药期间无明显不良反应及肝肾功能异常。结论:西地那非在CHD相关性PAH儿童患者中应用是安全的,能显著改善患者的活动耐量,降低肺血管阻力。     

Endothelin receptor antagonist therapy in congenital heart disease with shunt-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: A qualitative systematic review

BACKGROUND:

Congenital heart disease (CHD) with systemic-to-pulmonary shunting is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). There are similar clinical and pathophysiological features between CHD with shunt-associated PAH and idiopathic PAH. Endothelin-receptor antagonists (ERAs) are oral medications that improve pulmonary hemodynamics, symptoms and functional capacity in many PAH patients. However, the role of ERAs in CHD with shunt-associated PAH is unclear.

METHODS:

MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched for articles published from 1966 through September 2006, as well as bibliographies of all retrieved papers. All published English-language studies of adult CHD patients with shunt-associated PAH treated with ERAs were reviewed for clinical, functional and hemodynamic outcomes.

RESULTS:

Ten studies of 174 adult CHD subjects with shunt-associated PAH were identified. Other than one placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, all studies were open-label, uncontrolled observational trials. Subjects were treated with the ERA bosentan for a mean (± SD) of 9±7 months. Nine studies reported improved World Health Organization (WHO) modification of the New York Heart Association functional class, with 95 of 164 subjects (58%) improving by at least one functional class. The 6 min walk distance improved in all eight studies in which it was assessed. Bosentan was generally well tolerated; 2.3% of subjects withdrew because of elevated liver enzymes. Two patients with WHO functional class IV PAH died during bosentan therapy.

CONCLUSION:

Treatment of CHD patients with shunt-associated PAH with the ERA bosentan is associated with an improvement in functional class and objectively measured exercise capacity. The consistency of the uncontrolled data and the positive results of a single randomized clinical trial suggest a role for ERA therapy in CHD patients with shunt-associated PAH. Caution is suggested when considering bosentan therapy for CHD patients with WHO functional class IV PAH.