上皮细胞间质转化与肿瘤

上皮细胞间质转化(EMT)是胚胎发育中基本的生理过程,最新研究发现,EMT对肿瘤的浸润和转移也具有重要影响,在肿瘤演进过程中,EMT涉及到多种分子机制及其构成的复杂网络.因而,对其机制及标记物的深入研究对侵袭性肿瘤具有重要的诊疗意义.     

上皮-间质转化与胃癌

上皮-间质转化（EMT）是上皮细胞向间质细胞转化的现象。近年来发现EMT可以通过多种机制影响胃癌的发生发展,促进肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭。EMT的发生涉及多个信号通路,与微小RNA、幽门螺杆菌、转录因子等有关,其有望成为治疗侵袭性胃癌的新靶点。     

上皮细胞间质转化与肿瘤

上皮细胞间质转化（EMT）是胚胎发育中基本的生理过程,最新研究发现,EMT对肿瘤的浸润和转移也具有重要影响,在肿瘤演进过程中,EMT涉及到多种分子机制及其构成的复杂网络。因而,对其机制及标记物的深入研究对侵袭性肿瘤具有重要的诊疗意义。     

上皮间质转化在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用

上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transitions,EMT)与肿瘤的侵袭转移密切相关,涉及多个信号通路和复杂的分子机制.参与这一过程的信号通路有TGF-β信号途径、PI3K/AKT途径、受体酪氨酸激酶Ras-MAPK途径、WNT信号途径等,研究其在肿瘤侵袭转移中的发生发展机制,从而为阻断肿瘤转移提供新的有效的靶点.     

上皮间质转化与肿瘤转移的研究进展

目的:总结上皮间质转化(EMT)的调节机制并揭示其与肿瘤转移的关系。方法:应用PubMed检索及CNKI中国期刊全文数据库检索系统,以上皮间质转化和肿瘤转移为关键词检索2004-2008年的相关文献。纳入标准:1)上皮间质转化调节机制的研究;2)上皮间质转化与肿瘤转移的关系。根据纳入标准,精选60篇文献,最后纳入分析33篇文献。结果:EMT存在于人体多个生理和病理过程中。EMT的发生涉及E-钙连蛋白、TGFβ、wnt信号通路、转录因子以及microRNA等机制的调节,转化为EMT的细胞具有干细胞样属性。结论:EMT与肿瘤细胞的转移关系密切,肿瘤细胞通过EMT获得侵袭能力转移至远端组织,随后MET使间质细胞恢复成上皮细胞,使肿瘤细胞重新获得增殖能力为其转移提供保证。     

H2AX磷酸化抑制肺癌细胞发生上皮-间质转化的作用机制

背景 与目的:上皮-间质转化(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是肿瘤细胞发生转移的关键生物学过程,阻碍EMT将抑制肿瘤转移,因此阐明EMT的分子机制具有重要意义.抑癌蛋白H2AX调控肿瘤细胞凋亡相关基因表达,进而产生抗肿瘤作用.揭示H2AX与EMT的关系,探讨H2AX调...     

肿瘤细胞上皮间质转化表观遗传调控机制的研究进展

上皮间质转化(epithelial to mesenchymal transition,EMT)指上皮细胞向间质细胞转变的现象,其在组织损伤修复等生命过程中是必需的.研究发现,EMT在肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移中发挥至关重要的作用,EMT不仅使肿瘤细胞获得迁移、侵袭、转移能力,同时还与肿瘤细胞抑制衰老和凋亡、抵抗放化疗和形成肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)密切相关,因此抑制EMT成为抑制肿瘤转移的新策略.肿瘤细胞EMT受到表观遗传的复杂调控,DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA在EMT发生中扮演十分重要的角色,因此肿瘤细胞EMT的表观遗传调控已经成为国内外的研究热点.本文就肿瘤细胞EMT表观遗传调控机制的研究进展予以综述.     

YB-1调控上皮间质转化影响肿瘤的侵袭转移研究

上皮间质转化(EMT)是上皮细胞向间质细胞转化的现象,在肿瘤的发生发展尤其在肿瘤的侵袭转移方面发挥了重要作用。EMT的发生与多种因子相关,最近研究表明,YB-1通过作用于EMT相关转录因子,诱导细胞通路改变,以实现对EMT的调控。因此对YB-1调控EMT机制的研究,为发展新的治疗策略提供了重要信息。全文就YB-1在EMT发生中的作用及与肿瘤侵袭转移的关系等作一综述。     

上皮-间充质转化促进恶性肿瘤进展的机制及中药调控的研究进展

目前,上皮-间充质转化（EMT）是促进恶性肿瘤进展的重要环节,其发生由多种分子及信号通路参与,具有多样性、复发性。因此,研究EMT的发生机制及调控方法成为抗肿瘤研究的热点之一。随着中医药在肿瘤防治方面的广泛应用,其多靶点、不良反应小等优势被人们长期关注,本文对EMT促进恶性肿瘤进展的发生机制、中草药活性成分提取物及中药复方等通过抑制EMT抑制肿瘤进展进行综述,以分析中药调控EMT的研究进展,以期为基础实验研究及临床抗肿瘤治疗提供参考。     

基质金属蛋白酶与肿瘤上皮间质转化的研究进展

越来越多的研究表明,基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)与肿瘤细胞上皮间质转化(epithelial-mes-enchymal transition,EMT)的关系密切。MMPs是间质细胞表型的特有蛋白之一,既可以作为EMT发生的一个重要标志物,又可以诱发EMT。MMPs诱导肿瘤细胞发生EMT的机制是一个复杂的网络,可能涉及多个信号通路,如介导Rac1b激活ROS释放通路、活化TGF-β通路、降解E-cadherin促使β-catenin入核通路等。鉴于MMPs是诱导EMT促进肿瘤转移的一个关键因素,靶向MMPs已成为临床防治肿瘤的一个新策略。因此MMPs抑制剂则是当前研究热点,目前,多达50多种MMPs抑制剂被列入临床治疗肿瘤的候选药物,但其中大部分的疗效并未得到肯定。缺乏特异性则是其主要原因,故靶向MMP-EMT途径的肿瘤治疗仍然面临着很大的挑战,不仅需要鉴定出涉及肿瘤进展、促进EMT的主要或单一MMP,而且需要开发出具有高度特异性、选择性的MMPs抑制剂。     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.