Sonographic diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease and comparison with retained products of conception.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and retained products of conception (RPC) can be difficult to distinguish sonographically. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were any sonographic criteria that could prospectively distinguish one from the other. METHODS: Institutional ethics approval was obtained, and acquisition of consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board. A retrospective review of gynecologic oncology and pathology databases identified 17 cases of GTD and 14 cases of RPC. Findings from the pre-evacuation transvaginal sonographic examinations were analyzed. The scans were independently reviewed by 2 senior radiologists with specific expertise in pelvic sonography using several predetermined sonographic features. The reviewers were blinded to the diagnosis. A consensus reading was obtained. RESULTS: The sonographic features that predicted GTD were a myometrial epicenter (P = .0002; odds ratio [OR] = 28), depth of myometrial invasion of more than one third (P = .001; OR = 20), placental venous lakes (P = .04; OR = 9), maximum mass dimensions of more than 3.45 cm (P = .009), and maximum endometrial thickness of less than 12 mm (P = .02). The remaining criteria were not statistically significant and included the characteristics of the mass, ascites, a "snowstorm" appearance, mass vascularity (including resistive index and peak systolic velocity), and the presence of ovarian cysts. CONCLUSIONS: There are specific transvaginal sonographic features that can accurately differentiate GTD and RPC.     

Color Doppler sonography as an adjunct to repeat uterine evacuation for gestational trophoblastic disease: Case report

Repeat uterine evacuation is a therapeutic option for preserving fertility in patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasms and chemoresistance, but remains controversial due to the risks of hemorrhage and perforation. A 25‐year‐old patient with low‐risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasm became chemoresistant; however, chemotherapy reduced intrauterine tumor vascularity as observed by color Doppler sonography, suggesting that patients could undergo uterine evacuation without major risk of bleeding. After 18 months, she achieved a normal pregnancy. Serial assessment of tumor vascularity with color Doppler sonography may provide information regarding the appropriate time to perform a repeat uterine evacuation without significant bleeding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41 :54–58, 2013     

A Pictorial Ultrasound Essay of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes a wide variety of clinical and histopathologic entities that require prompt identification and definition by the integration of clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Recently, the role of grayscale ultrasound and spectral and power/color Doppler techniques has become pivotal in the diagnosis, staging, and management of GTD, thanks to both technical improvements and the growing expertise of dedicated operators. The aim of this essay is to summarize the most recent data on the ultrasound and Doppler findings of GTD and to provide a pictorial overview, including useful prognostic and therapeutic implications for clinical practice.     

超声在恶性滋养细胞疾病诊断及疗效评价中的价值

超声作为一种无创的检查手段已成为评价肿瘤的发生、恶变、复发的一项重要指标及不可缺少的手段.本文着重对超声在恶性滋养细胞疾病诊断、化疗疗效与预后评价方面的价值做一综述.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断滋养细胞疾病腹股沟转移1例

患者女,28岁,以"完全性葡萄胎在外院接受清宫术后2周,因发现左侧腹股沟包块1周及血β-HCG升高"而就诊.体检于左侧腹股沟触及鸡蛋大小包块,质韧,边界清晰,活动度不大.超声:左侧腹股沟区探及一混合性回声团块,大小约7 cm×4 cm×5 cm,界限清晰,切面类圆形,似有包膜回声,内部回声不均质,呈中等偏强回声与管状无回声相间,以无回声为主的混合性回声.CDFI发现无回声内血流信号丰富,脉冲测得低阻血流信号(图1).超声诊断:左侧腹股沟区混合性包块,结合病史考虑滋养细胞疾病转移灶不除外,建议β-HCG及细胞学检查.细针穿刺过程中穿刺部位出血较多,细胞学检查为恶性肿瘤(图2),β-HCG测值明显升高(55000IU/L);临床予以氟尿嘧啶联合更生霉素化疗后β-HCG明显降低(4.04 IU/L),超声复查包块体积减小为4.8 cm×1.9 cm,同时CDFI显示包块内血流信号明显较少(图3).     

彩色多普勒血流显像对侵蚀性葡萄胎的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)对侵蚀性葡萄胎的应用价值。方法:对20例侵蚀性葡萄胎患者的子宫血流显像及主要血流参数进行评价。结果:子宫肌层局灶性分布的五彩血流丰富区,RI值0.27~0.41,动态观察化疗有效时可见肌层内局灶性血流丰富区范围渐小甚至消失。结论:CDFI对侵蚀性葡萄胎的诊断以及观察其疗效是一个非常有价值的方法。     

Color Doppler imaging in the sonohysterographic diagnosis of residual trophoblastic tissue

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of color Doppler imaging during sonohysterography in the diagnosis of residual trophoblastic tissue. METHODS: This prospective cohort study involved 25 consecutive women with clinical and sonographic signs of an echogenic intrauterine mass who were referred to the sonography unit of our institution for evaluation. All women underwent saline infusion sonohysterography with color Doppler sonographic evaluation. An operative hysteroscopy with histologic examination was performed in 17 cases. RESULTS: Thirteen women (group A) had sonohysterographic features suggestive of residual trophoblastic tissue (ie, an echogenic intrauterine lesion not detached from the uterine wall after introduction of saline). The initial diagnosis was confirmed by histologic analysis in all cases. Blood flow was detected within the intrauterine mass in 6 (46%) of these 13 women; the resistance indices were low in all 6 cases (mean +/- standard error, 0.38 +/- 0.01). Twelve women (group B) had sonohysterographic findings negative for retained tissue, and no blood flow was detected within any of the intrauterine masses in this group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the potential role of color Doppler sonography in the initial diagnosis of residual trophoblastic tissue. The detection of color Doppler signals, especially with low-resistance flow, within an intrauterine lesion should increase the confidence of the sonologist in the diagnosis of residual trophoblastic tissue.     

Sonographic appearance of an advanced invasive mole and associated metastatic thrombus in the inferior vena cava

We present a case of an advanced invasive mole with a metastatic thrombus in the inferior vena cava in which sonography clearly showed vesicles in the myometrium, ovaries, and metastatic thrombus leading to a diagnosis of invasive mole rather than choriocarcinoma. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013.     

彩色多普勒超声对部分性葡萄胎的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对部分性葡萄胎的诊断价值。方法常规经腹或阴道探查对36例超声诊断部分性葡萄胎病人与术后病理结果对照,分析其二维声像图特征及彩色多普勒检测结果。结果超声诊断部分性葡萄胎病人36例,病理结果符合30例,符合率为83.3%,6例误诊。其中13例患者的妊娠囊内可见死胎,2例可见活胎。31者胎盘组织中部分胎盘呈小蜂窝状液性暗区,或圆形及椭圆形液性暗区,5例胎盘组织仅表现为回声增强,稍增厚。部分性葡萄胎少见黄素化囊肿,本组患者仅5例可见单侧卵巢囊肿。结论用彩色多普勒超声检查在部分性葡萄胎诊断中具有重要作用。     

Persistent gestational trophoblastic disease following ovarian molar pregnancy: A case report of a rare entity with review of the literature

Ovarian molar pregnancy, though a very rare entity, behaves like any other molar pregnancy. After surgical management, close follow‐up with β‐hCG surveillance is invariable to detect progression to persistent gestational trophoblastic disease.     

Occurrence and outcome of residual trophoblastic tissue: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of residual trophoblastic tissue after miscarriage or delivery, to assess the diagnostic value of sonography with color Doppler examination in the detection of retained tissue, and to define in what cases expectant management may be an option. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study using sonography with color Doppler imaging in consecutive patients at routine follow-up after miscarriage or delivery. Expectant management was proposed in all patients with suspected retained tissue providing they were hemodynamically stable and in the absence of signs of infection. In case of surgical removal of retained tissue, the histologic examination was compared with the sonographic findings. RESULTS: In total, 1070 patients were assessed. In 67 patients (6.3%), sonographic and color Doppler examination showed retained tissue, and in 41 (61%) of them, curettage was performed. In all but 1 case, retained tissue was confirmed on histologic examination. Cases of retained tissue were more often seen after first-trimester (17%) or second trimester (40%) miscarriage, in the presence of abnormal uterine bleeding (57%), and with areas of enhanced myometrial vascularity (77.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Sonography with color Doppler examination is clinically useful to confirm or exclude residual trophoblastic tissue.     

Crohn's disease and color Doppler sonography: response to treatment and its relationship with long-term prognosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of sonography to detect changes in patients undergoing treatment for Crohn's disease and whether these findings are related to the patient's long-term outcome. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with Crohn's disease were examined prospectively using gray-scale and color Doppler sonography before and during treatment. Three sonographic examinations were made: on the first day of treatment, between 3 and 8 days later, and approximately 4 weeks after starting the treatment. Sonographic examination included an evaluation of maximum bowel wall thickness and vascularity pattern. The sonographic data were compared with clinical and laboratory data, and possible relation with the patient's long-term outcome was considered. RESULTS: Initial baseline sonograms revealed at least 1 thickened segment of the bowel wall in all of the patients. In this initial examination, 18 of 22 patients (81%) with clinically active disease had moderate or marked parietal vascularity. A statistically significant reduction in the vascularity of the affected bowel was observed on the third sonographic examination (p < 0.05). Seventeen patients who were in clinical remission had relapses and were treated with immunosuppressive therapy or surgery during the follow-up. Eighty-six percent of the patients with residual hyperemia on sonographic examination after treatment had an unfavorable clinical course compared with only 30% of the patients with no, or barely visible, residual hyperemia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Sonography can identify bowel inflammation and its changes during treatment. In patients with Crohn's disease, hyperemia on color Doppler sonography during clinical remission after treatment may reflect an increased risk of relapse.     

合理情绪疗法在妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤护理中效果的研究

目的:探讨合理情绪疗法对恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤患者心理状态和情绪的影响。方法:将82例恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤患者随机分为实验组和对照组,各41例。实验组患者接受合理情绪疗法,对照组患者接受常规护理。采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)分别测评两组患者入院时和出院前的焦虑和抑郁程度。结果:对照组患者入院时和出院前的SAS、SDS评分比较无统计学意义(P0.05),而实验组患者出院前的SAS、SDS评分较入院时明显降低(P0.05)。结论:合理情绪疗法可以显著降低恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤患者焦虑和抑郁程度。     

Cerebroplacental Doppler ratio and adverse perinatal outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction: evaluating the impact of using gestational age-specific reference values.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of using gestational age-specific reference levels of the cerebroplacental Doppler ratio (CPR) with categorical threshold in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes in growth-restricted pregnancies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of cases of intrauterine growth restriction over a 3-year period was conducted. The umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility indices were converted to CPRs. The efficacy of using gestational age-specific reference levels of CPRs in predicting adverse outcomes was compared with the use of a CPR of less than 1.08. Adverse perinatal outcomes evaluated included cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart tones, umbilical artery pH less than 7.0, 5-minute Apgar scores less than 7.0, intraventricular hemorrhage greater than grade 2, periventricular leukomalacia, respiratory distress syndrome, and perinatal death. RESULTS: Of 183 pregnancies meeting our inclusion criteria, there were 70 with at least 1 adverse outcome. With the use of a CPR ratio below the 5th percentile for gestational age, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for predicting an adverse outcome were 65%, 73%, 73%, and 65%, respectively, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 5.2 (1.4-19.4; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.69). With a CPR threshold of less than 1.08, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 72%, 62%, 68%, and 67%, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 4.2 (1.2-15.3; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal CPR is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in growth-restricted fetuses. The accuracy of using gestational age-specific reference levels was similar to that of using a categorical threshold.     

Detection and characterization of perianal inflammatory disease: accuracy of transperineal combined gray scale and color Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of transperineal gray scale and color Doppler sonography for the detection and characterization of perianal inflammatory disease with surgical correlation. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with suspected perianal inflammatory disorders underwent transperineal gray scale and color Doppler sonography with a linear 4- to 7-MHz transducer that was used to scan the entire perianal region for the detection of suspected inflammatory disorders. Each detected inflammatory disorder was evaluated to determine its morphologic characteristics and extent. Color Doppler sonography was applied to assess the presence of increased vascularity in the perianal region. In comparison with surgical findings, the diagnostic performance of transperineal sonography was assessed by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis for lesion detection and the Spearman rho test for lesion characterization. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess whether increased perineal vascularity was a predictive factor of perianal inflammatory disease. RESULTS: Seventy-seven perianal inflammatory disorders were confirmed in 62 patients. Gray scale sonography achieved a significantly good performance in the detection (area under the curve = 0.86; P < .001) and characterization (r = 0.65; P < .001) of perianal inflammatory disease. For the detection of perianal fistulas and abscesses, sensitivity was 100% for both, and specificity was 100% and 94%, respectively. With the use of color Doppler sonography, the diagnostic confidence increased slightly (area under the curve = 0.89) but significantly (P = .002). Logistic regression analysis identified hypervascularity at the periphery of a perianal lesion as a significant independent predictor of an inflammatory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Combined gray scale and color Doppler sonography enables a high detectability rate and comprehensive characterization of perianal abscesses and fistulas.     

葡萄胎组织细胞增殖标记物TK及PCNA的表达研究

目的　探讨葡萄胎中胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶 (TK)和增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)的表达水平及其对葡萄胎预后的影响。方法　采用免疫组化S P法检测 15例正常绒毛和 38例葡萄胎组织内TK和PCNA蛋白表达情况。结果　正常绒毛的TK阳性表达率为 33 33% ,而葡萄胎的表达率为 10 0 %。葡萄胎滋养细胞高度、中度增生者TK表达显著高于轻度增生者 (P =0 0 0 0 )。葡萄胎PCNA表达显著高于正常绒毛 (P =0 0 38)。 9例持续性滋养细胞疾病患者葡萄胎TK及PCNA水平显著高于自然恢复者 (分别P =0 0 0 2 ,P =0 0 15 )。结论　TK表达增高代表葡萄胎DNA解救途径合成增强 ,DNA解救合成途径的增强可能与葡萄胎的增生和恶变有关。TK与PCNA一样可作为葡萄胎滋养细胞增殖的指标     

Transvaginal color Doppler sonography versus sonohysterography in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic performance of transvaginal color Doppler sonography (TVCD) and sonohysterography (SHG) in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps. METHODS: Fifty-one women (mean age, 51 years; range, 27-75 years) with clinical or B-mode sonographic suspicion of endometrial polyps were included in this prospective study. Transvaginal color Doppler sonography first and then SHG were performed in all patients. On TVCD, a polyp was suspected when a vascular pedicle penetrating the endometrium from the myometrium was identified. On SHG, a polyp was suspected when a focal polypoid lesion was seen within the endometrial cavity. All patients underwent hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy, the findings of which were used as the criterion standard. Sensitivity and specificity for TVCD and SHG were calculated and compared by the McNemar test. RESULTS: Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy findings were as follows: endometrial polyps, 41; endometrial hyperplasia, 3; cystic atrophy, 4; proliferative endometrium, 2; and endometritis, 1. Sensitivity and specificity for TVCD and SHG were 95% and 80% and 100% and 80%, respectively (McNemar test, P = .5) CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal color Doppler sonography and SHG had similar performance for diagnosing endometrial polyps.