1～3岁幼儿气质量表的修订和标准化

目的 为深入研究我国文化背景下幼儿的气质特性,时W·Fullard等设计的1～3岁幼儿气质量表(TTS)进行修订,建立中国常模.方法 根据量表修订步骤和常模制订方法,在全国六大行政区按整群抽样原则,测查1～3岁幼儿3 486例.结果 建立了以平均数加减标准差表示的TTS九个气质特性中国常模;幼儿九个气质特性中已有五个出现性别差异;幼儿的气质分型无明显性别差异;修订后的TTS具有较好信度和效度.结论 修订后的幼儿气质量表保证了项目的测量学质量和文化相容性,样本具有代表性.适合用于我国1～3岁幼儿的气质测查.     

8～12岁儿童气质量表的修订和标准化

本文对Robin所设计的8～12岁儿童气质量表进行了修订和标准化,建立了国内常模,该量表的重测信度和内部一致性信度平均达0.70以上,提示有较好的信度,可用于国内学龄儿童气质研究和临床应用。测试结果表明:学龄儿童在气质维度和气质分型上已有明显的性别差异。     

中国城市幼儿情绪及社会性发展量表标准化的信度和效度分析

【目的】评价修订版《中国城市幼儿情绪及社会性评估量表》的信度和效度。【方法】通过分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取全国七大区域14个城市的5 323名12~36月龄健康幼儿作为研究对象,由经过全国统一培训的调查员对研究对象的主要照顾者进行现场问卷调查。调查工具包括儿童一般情况调查表、1~3岁幼儿气质问卷、2~3岁儿童行为量表和中国城市幼儿情绪及社会性评估量表。【结果】量表具有较好的测量学特性:四个域两周重测信度为0.78~0.86,分半信度0.82~0.90,Cronbach-α系数为0.79~0.88;问题域得分与CBCL六个行为因子显著正相关,能力域则相反;确定性因子分析显示,除了感官敏感性维度外,模型拟合参数指标均在理想范围之内(GFI,AGFI,NFI,NNFI,CFI均>0.90,RMRSE<0.10,RMR<0.04),说明量表结构划分能较好地拟合样本数据。【结论】修订后的量表,具有良好的信度和效度,可用于中国城市幼儿情绪和社会性发展状况的评估及问题筛查。     

8—12岁儿童气质量表的修订和标准化

本文对Ｒｏｂｉｎ所设计的８－１２岁儿童气质量表进行了修订和标准要，建立了国骨常模，该量表的重测信度和内部一致性信度平均达０．７０％以上，提示有较好的信工，可用于国内学儿童气质研究和临床应用。     

中国幼儿气质特征相关影响因素的现状研究

目的 探讨现阶段影响中国幼儿气质特征的相关因素.方法 按现行中国行政区域划分,选择中国14个大中城市,并采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取5 928名12～36月龄幼儿为研究对象,应用<中国1～3岁幼儿气质量表>及自拟社会人口学问卷,对中国幼儿气质及相关因素进行调查.结果 中国男、女幼儿气质类型构成具有显著差异性(χ2=12.73,P<0.01),并以平易型(27.4%)及中间平易型(48.8%)居多;其中父亲职业、母亲文化程度、幼儿入托时间等影响幼儿气质类型;幼儿年龄、性别、父亲文化程度等与幼儿气质维度有关.结论 中国幼儿气质类型以易养型及中间易养型居多,部分气质维度在不同性别和年龄上存在差异;多因素综合作用影响中国幼儿气质.     

婴幼儿气质变化的追踪研究

目的:探讨婴幼儿气质类型和气质维度的变化情况。方法:采用Carey等设计,经张劲松等修订的小婴儿气质问卷、婴儿气质问卷和幼儿气质评估表,对81例婴幼儿分年龄组进行气质维度和气质类型测评,12个月后再次对其进行追踪调查。结果:小婴儿组的气质类型和除情绪本质外的8个气质维度有统计学差异;婴儿组的气质类型无统计学差异,适应性、反应强度,坚持性、注意力分散度和反应阈等气质维度有统计学差异;幼儿组的气质类型无统计学差异,气质维度仅反应阈一项有统计学差异。结论:婴幼儿气质具有可塑性。随着婴幼儿的成长其气质有所改变,年龄越小变化越明显,幼儿期气质逐渐趋于稳定。     

中山市2~3岁儿童的家庭养育环境与其气质相关性的调查分析

【目的】 探讨家庭养育环境因素与幼儿气质的相关性,为儿童保健工作及家庭养育提供参考。 【方法】 采用中国幼儿气质量表(CTTS)测查儿童气质,结合一般情况问卷和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)调查入组幼儿的家庭养育环境,并分析家庭养育环境与儿童气质特质的相关性。 【结果】 家庭环境中的亲密度因子分与幼儿气质维度中的反应阈呈正相关,情感表达与注意分散呈正相关,成功性与节律性、持久性呈正相关,知识性与适应性呈负相关,道德宗教水平与活动水平呈正相关(P均<0.05)。 【结论】 幼儿气质特征的多个维度与家庭养育环境特征有一定关联性,提示家庭氛围和养育态度等因素对幼儿气质的形成有一定影响。     

社会支持量表（服刑人员版）的修订及信效度研究

目的 以服刑人员为对象对社会支持量表进行修订,为服刑人员社会支持的进一步研究提供评估工具。方法 运用访谈法了解服刑人员的社会支持情况,对肖水源编制的社会支持量表进行修订,形成服刑人员的社会支持量表条目。采用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析及信度和效度分析对量表进行检验。结果 获得包含17个条目的服刑人员社会支持量表。量表的信度较好,总量表及各分量表的Cronbach α系数都在0.80以上,2周后的重测相关系数为0.823。量表的效度较好,内容效度、结构效度（各分量表与总分的相关在0.679～0.791(P ＜ 0.001)之间）及效标关联效度（与领悟社会支持量表PSSS的相关系数为0.493(P ＜ 0.001)）均较好。结论 修订后的量表包括客观支持、主观支持、支持的利用度3个维度共计17个条目,且信度和效度较好,可作为服刑人员社会支持相关研究的工具。     

早期教育对婴幼儿气质和智力影响的研究

【目的】探讨早期教育对婴幼儿气质和智力的影响,促进儿童身心健康发展。【方法】采用Carey的儿童气质问卷(EITQ、RITQ、TTS)和盖泽尔发育量表对47例早教组和40例对照组儿童进行气质评定和智力测查。早教组婴幼儿进行早期教育及气质干预,两年半后与对照组(未进行干预)行气质和智力的比较。【结果】两组幼儿气质在活动水平、节律性、趋避性、适应性、反应强度、情绪本质、坚持性、注意分散度差异有显著性;难养型婴幼儿例数减少;发育商明显提高。【结论】早期教育可促进婴幼儿气质良好的发展,对一些难养型幼儿,可以减少儿童行为问题的发生,并可使婴幼儿的智力有明显提高。     

母亲依恋量表应用效果评价

目的:引进母亲依恋量表,评价其在国内的应用效果。方法:对原量表进行翻译、修订后,选择北京有代表性地区404例次3~6岁儿童进行测试。结果:总量表和两个分量表均具有较好的一致性信度(重测信度0.427~0.673,内部一致性α系数0.669~0.794)和效度。结论:该量表可在临床和社区用于评价孩子的母亲依恋。     

气质特点与婴幼儿发育相关性的初步探讨

目的：主要探讨气质特点与婴幼儿智能发育之间的联系。方法：对233名婴幼儿的气质和发育水平进行评价。采用Carey儿童气质问卷《婴儿气质问卷修订版》（RITQ）和《幼儿气质评估表》（TTQ），以及《Bayley婴儿发育量表》评价智能发育。结果：气质类型分布无性别差异，虽然不同气质类型婴幼儿的发育水平差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但与积极的气质类型相比，消极气质类型儿童的智能发育可能倾向于落后或较高，智能发育指数与节律性的得分呈显著负相关（P＜0．05），提示发育水平高者生物规律性高。结论：气质与儿童的发育水平可能存在一定关系，但由于婴幼儿的生物学特征未充分分化，发展，且社会化程度低，因而这种关系未明显地表现出来，对气质特点多消极的婴幼儿应重视采取恰当的抚养方法，以利于智力潜能的充分发展。     

Influences of biological risk at birth and temperament on development at toddler and preschool ages

Purposes This study aimed at investigating: (1) the effects of temperament and biological risk at birth on various developmental domains at toddler and preschool ages; (2) the interaction effects of the biological risk and temperament on development. Participants One hundred and ten full‐term and 98 preterm children without significant physical or developmental disabilities and consisting of various biological risks were examined at toddler age (18–36 months) and preschool age (51–67 months). Methods The Neonatal Medical Index was used to classify the biological risk level. Parental reports on the Chinese Toddler Temperament Scale at toddler age were collected and the temperament (easy, intermediate and difficult) of each child was assigned according to local norm. The Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers was used for assessing child development at toddle and preschool ages. Other family variables were also collected as possible confounders for child development. Two‐way ancova was conducted to analyse the predictability of biological risk and temperament, by controlling the potential family variables on child development. Results At toddler age, higher biological risk had significant adverse effects on both the Perceptual‐motor developmental quotients (DQs) (F_1,201= 19.4, P < 0.001) and Social‐adaptive DQs (F_2,200= 22.5, P < 0.001), while easy temperament had positive effects only on the Social‐adaptive DQs (F_2,200= 7.7, P < 0.01). At preschool age, none of the two factors had effects on DQs of the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers. There were no significant interactions between biological risk and temperament on DQs at both ages. Conclusion The biological risk and temperament affected child development at toddler age but not at preschool age. No interaction of biological risk and temperament effects on the child development at toddler age existed. The effects of biological risk and temperament on child development were temporary for the children with relatively low biological risk.     

1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及有关影响因素的探讨

【目的】 了解128名1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及母亲敏感性、气质等基本因素对其影响作用。 【方法】 采用陌生情境试验和现场观察对儿童依恋状况和儿童母亲敏感性进行测评,并由母亲填写家庭一般人口学资料和幼儿气质问卷。 【结果】 128名幼儿中,安全型依恋99人(77.3%),回避型24人(18.8%),抗拒型5人(3.9%),未发现混乱型。不同依恋类型儿童母亲的敏感性得分差异显著;趋避性、心境、持久性、注意分散等气质维度与儿童某些依恋行为呈现明显相关关系。 【结论】 济南市城区幼儿依恋安全型比例较高;母亲敏感性是影响儿童依恋重要因素之一;儿童气质对依恋类型不产生直接影响,但某些气质维度影响儿童特定情景下的依恋行为表现。     

西安市2～3岁儿童的气质结构探讨

本文采用幼儿气质问卷(TTS)对233名2～3岁入托儿童的气质结构进行了研究。结果显示:该年龄组不同性别儿童的气质结构无明显差异;本组儿童的主要气质类型为中间偏易型(I一E),其次为容易抚育型(E);同西方(美国纽约)儿童比较,我国儿童的气质结构有一定特征。     

Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (second report)--the relationship between toddler temperament and developmental delay]

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between toddler temperament and developmental delay, and to examine whether the result could be adapted to the health practice of mother and child. As the conceptual framework, we used A. J. Sameroff's transactional model. Questionnaires concerning toddler temperament, rearing environment and toddler development were sent to mothers whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health examinations, and collected 306 responses. We assessed the developmental status of 41 children among the 306 by means of the Japanese edition of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. All 306 children were classified into either the developmental delayed group (30) or the normal group (275). The data analyses were conducted both quantitatively and qualitatively with the following results. Compared with normal children, developmentally delayed children showed these characteristics: (1) The temperamental category scores of adaptability and persistence were higher, indicating low adaptability and persistence. The prevalence of difficult child, slow to warm up (STWU) child and intermediate high child was relatively higher, with STWU child the highest. (2) The score for the rearing environment was lower. (3) There were cases where disagreement between a child's temperament and the mother's rearing behavior had an influence on the child's development. As a conclusion, these results indicate that a child's temperament must be considered developmental and child-rearing counseling in child health examinations.     

家长育儿教育对幼儿情绪社会性发展的影响

目的探讨家长育儿教育对幼儿社会情绪发展的影响和效果,为寻求适合我国的儿童早期干预模式提供依据。方法在济南历下区2个条件相近的社区分别随机选取63名和62名儿童,均进行常规儿童健康管理;实验组在6月龄、8月龄和1岁时在儿童社会情绪发展养育环境测评基础上进行针对性育儿教育,18个月龄时进行儿童气质、家庭养育环境与儿童社会情绪性发展的测评,分析家长教育措施对儿童社会情绪发展的影响作用。结果家长教育对幼儿社会情绪中的外显行为、内隐行为和失调域行为问题具有一定预防作用,对个体能力具有一定促进作用。结论针对性育儿教育,指导家长改善家庭养育环境,是幼儿社会情绪发展早期促进的可行方法。     

Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (first report)--the correlation among toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment]

The purpose of this study is to clarify how a child's temperament and maternal perception influences the rearing environment. As the conceptual framework, we used A.J. Sameroff's transactional model and Miyake's conceptual model of mother and child. The following process was hypothesized: toddler temperament influences maternal perception, which in turn influences rearing environment under which children are developing. Questionnaires concerning toddler temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment were sent to mothers whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health examinations, and results from 306 mothers and children who answered the questionnaires were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Child temperament showed a tendency to accord with maternal perception of how easy it is to handle him/her. (2) Maternal perception was related to rearing environment. (3) Temperamental characteristics were related to rearing environment. (4) While the influence of child temperament and maternal perception on the rearing environment was not shown to be strong, the hypothesized process of this study was supported to a certain degree. From these results, it appears that it is important to pay attention to a child's temperament as a contributing factor in the health practice of mother and child.     

洛阳市1～3岁儿童气质结构浅析

为揭示本市儿童气质结构及特征,采用幼儿气质问卷对173名1～3岁儿童进行了调查分析。结果显示:不同性别及不同年龄儿童,其气质结构均无明显差异,本市儿童的主要气质类型为中间偏易型,其次为容易抚育型。本市儿童气质结构与国内(西安)儿童相比大致相同;同西方(美国纽约)儿童比较有一定差异。