Comparative early and late outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (from the CADILLAC trial)

We determined the outcomes of patients with acute ST-segment elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The prognosis after primary PCI in STEMI has been extensively studied and defined. Outcomes of patients who undergo primary PCI for NSTEMI are less well established. In total, 2,082 patients with ongoing chest pain for > 30 minutes consistent with acute MI were randomized to balloon angioplasty versus stenting, each with/without abciximab. Of 1,964 patients, STEMI was present in 1,725 (87.8%) and NSTEMI in 239 (12.2%). Compared with STEMI, those with NSTEMI were more likely to have delayed time-to-hospital arrival (2.4 vs 1.8 hours, p = 0.0002) and increased door-to-balloon time (3.2 vs 1.9 hours, p < 0.0001). Patients with NSTEMI were more likely to have Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow at baseline (37.3% vs 19.4%, p < 0.0001) and higher ejection fraction (58.7% vs 55.8%, p = 0.001), but similar rates of postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow. At 1 year, patients with NTEMI had similar mortality (3.4% vs 4.4%, p = 0.40) but higher rates of major adverse cardiac events (24.0% vs 16.6%, p = 0.007) that was driven by more frequent ischemic target vessel revascularization (21.8% vs 11.9%, p <0.0001). In conclusion, patients with acute MI without STE who are treated with primary PCI have marked delays to treatment, similar late mortality, and increased rates of ischemic target vessel revascularization compared with patients with STEMI, despite more favorable angiographic features at presentation and similar reperfusion success. The adverse prognosis of patients with NSTEMI should be recognized and efforts made to decrease reperfusion times.     

Impact of stenting and abciximab in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (the CADILLAC trial)

We sought to determine the benefits of stent implantation and abciximab in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent primary angioplasty. In a 2-by-2 factorial design, 2,082 patients with AMI were randomly assigned to balloon angioplasty versus stenting, with or without abciximab. Diabetes was present in 346 patients (16.6%). The primary end point was the composite incidence of death, disabling stroke, reinfarction, and ischemic target vessel revascularization (TVR). The primary end point at 1 year occurred significantly more frequently in diabetic than nondiabetic patients (21.9% vs 16.8%, p <0.02), driven by increased rates of death (6.1% vs 3.9%, p = 0.04) and TVR (16.4% vs 12.7%, p = 0.07). Among patients with diabetes, TVR at 1 year was significantly reduced with routine stenting compared with balloon angioplasty (10.3% vs 22.4%, p = 0.004), with no differences in death, reinfarction, or stroke. Angiographic restenosis was also greatly reduced in diabetics randomized to stenting (21.1% vs 47.6%, p = 0.009). No beneficial effects were apparent with abciximab in diabetic patients at 1 year. Despite the improved outcomes with stenting in patients with diabetes, 1-year mortality remained increased in diabetic patients who received stents compared with nondiabetics (8.2% vs 3.6%, p = 0.005). Thus, routine stent implantation in diabetic patients with AMI significantly reduces restenosis and enhances survival free from TVR, independent of abciximab use, although survival remains reduced compared with survival in nondiabetic patients regardless of reperfusion modality.     

Effect of preinfarction angina pectoris on ST-segment resolution after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

The presence of preinfarction angina has been shown to exert a favorable effect on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whether or not preinfarction angina is beneficial for myocardial tissue reperfusion, however, remains to be determined. We sought to evaluate the influence of preinfarction angina on resolution of ST-segment elevation, which could be affected by microcirculatory damage after recanalization therapy. We studied 96 patients with a first AMI in whom Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-3 flow in the infarct-related artery was established by primary angioplasty. Percent reduction in the sum of ST elevation from baseline to 1 hour after angioplasty (percent delta summation operator ST) was examined. Poor ST resolution, defined as percent delta summation operator ST <50%, was observed in 25 patients, who had a worse clinical outcome, larger infarct size, and poorer left ventricular function. On multivariate analysis, the absence of preinfarction angina, as well as anterior wall infarction, were major independent predictors of poor ST resolution, whereas age, sex, coronary risk factors, ischemic time, Killip class on admission, multivessel disease, initial TIMI flow grade, and extent of collaterals were not significant. Patients with preinfarction angina had a greater degree of ST-segment resolution than those without angina (71 +/- 21% vs 49 +/- 43%, p = 0.02). Additional ST elevation after reperfusion was noted exclusively in patients without preinfarction angina (p = 0.02). Preinfarction angina is associated with a greater degree of ST-segment resolution in patients with TIMI-3 flow after primary angioplasty, suggesting a protective effect of preinfarction angina against microcirculatory damage after reperfusion.     

Long-term outcome after primary angioplasty: report from the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI-I) trial

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare the two-year outcome after primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: Primary angioplasty, that is, angioplasty without antecedent thrombolytic therapy, has been shown to be an effective reperfusion modality for patients suffering an acute myocardial infarction. This report reviews the two-year clinical outcome of patients randomized in the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction trial. METHODS: At 12 clinical centers, 395 patients who presented within 12 h of the onset of myocardial infarction were randomized to undergo primary angioplasty (195 patients) or to receive tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) (200 patients) followed by conservative care. Patients were followed by physician visits, phone call, letter and review of hospital records for any hospital admission at one month, six months, one year and two years. RESULTS: At two years, patients undergoing primary angioplasty had less recurrent ischemia (36.4% vs. 48% for t-PA, p = 0.026), lower reintervention rates (27.2% vs. 46.5% for t-PA, p < 0.0001) and reduced hospital readmission rates (58.5% vs. 69.0% for t-PA, p = 0.035). The combined end point of death or reinfarction was 14.9% for angioplasty versus 23% for t-PA, p = 0.034. Multivariate analysis found angioplasty to be independently predictive of a reduction in death, reinfarction or target vessel revascularization (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The initial benefit of primary angioplasty performed by experienced operators is maintained over a two-year follow-up period with improved infarct-free survival and reduced rate of reintervention.     

Prognostic utility of comparative methods for assessment of ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial

OBJECTIVE: This study was done to assess and compare the prognostic significance of multiple methods for measuring ST-segment elevation resolution (STR) following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Resolution of ST-segment elevation (STE) is a powerful predictor of both infarct-related artery patency and mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent thrombolytic studies have suggested that simple measures of STR may be as powerful as more complex algorithms. The optimal method of assessing STR following primary PCI has not been studied. METHODS: We analyzed 700 patients with technically adequate baseline and post-PCI electrocardiograms from the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial. Five methods were used to assess STR: 1) summed %STR across multiple leads (SigmaSTR); 2) %STR in the single lead with maximum baseline STE (MaxSTR); 3) absolute maximum STE before the procedure; 4) absolute maximum STE after intervention (MaxSTPost); and 5) a categorical variable based upon MaxSTPost (High Risk). RESULTS: At 30 days, SigmaSTR, MaxSTR, and MaxSTPost all correlated strongly with mortality (p = 0.004, p = 0.005, and p < 0.0001, respectively) and the combined end point of mortality or reinfarction (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.0001). At one year, SigmaSTR and MaxSTPost correlated with mortality (p = 0.04, p = 0.0001), reinfarction (p = 0.02, p = 0.0015), and the combined end point (p = 0.02, p < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, only the simpler measures of MaxSTPost and High Risk categorization independently predicted all outcomes at both time points. CONCLUSIONS: The STR following primary PCI in AMI correlates strongly with mortality and reinfarction, independent of target vessel patency. The simple measure of the maximal residual degree of STE after primary PCI is a strong independent predictor of both survival and freedom from reinfarction at 30 days and 1 year.     

Impact of beta-blocker therapy at discharge on long-term mortality after primary angioplasty for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

This study analyzed the effect of beta-blocker therapy at discharge on 1-year mortality rate in a large, unselected cohort of patients who had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction that was treated by primary angioplasty. Our population is represented by 1,513 patients. At 1-year follow-up, beta blockers at discharge were associated with a significant decrease in mortality rate (2.9% vs 8.5%, RR 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18 to 0.59, p <0.0001), particularly in patients who had anterior wall infarction (3.9% vs 13.4%, RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.54, p <0.0001), whereas nonsignificant benefits were observed in patients who had nonanterior wall infarction (2.0% vs 3.3%, RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.07, p = NS). Benefits in terms of mortality rate that were conferred by beta blockers were confirmed at multivariate analysis that was restricted to patients who had anterior wall infarction (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.86, p = 0.022).     

Impact of ST-segment depression resolution on mortality after successful mechanical reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the additional prognostic effect of ST-depression resolution in 610 patients who had ST-elevation myocardial infarction and underwent successful primary angioplasty (postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3 flow and complete resolution of ST-segment elevation). Incomplete resolution of ST-segment depression (<70%) was observed in 50 patients (8.2%). These patients were older, had a higher Killip's class at presentation, had larger infarcts, and had an increased 1-year mortality (10% vs 2%, p = 0.0004). At multivariate analysis, incomplete resolution of ST-segment depression was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (p = 0.028).     

Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) utilizing myocardial blush grade (MBG) and ST-segment elevation resolution (STR). BACKGROUND: Diabetes is an independent predictor of outcomes after primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whether the poor prognosis is due to lower rates of myocardial reperfusion is unknown. METHODS: Reperfusion success in those with and without diabetes mellitus was determined by measuring MBG (n = 1,301) and STR analysis (n = 700) in two substudies of the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial among patients undergoing primary PCI for AMI. RESULTS: There were no differences between those with or without diabetes with regard to postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3 (>95%), distribution of infarct-related artery, and the frequency of stent deployment or abciximab administration. Patients with diabetes mellitus were more likely to have absent myocardial perfusion (MBG 0/1, 56.0% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.01) and absent STR (20.3% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.002). Diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] 1.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 2.28], p = 0.004) was an independent predictor of absent myocardial perfusion (MBG 0/1) and absent STR (HR 2.94 [95% CI 1.64 to 5.37], p = 0.005) by multivariate modeling. CONCLUSIONS: Despite similar high rates of TIMI flow grade 3 after primary PCI in patients with and without diabetes, patients with diabetes are more likely to have abnormal myocardial perfusion as assessed by both incomplete STR and reduced MBG. Diminished microvascular perfusion in diabetics after primary PCI may contribute to adverse outcomes.     

Impact of diabetes on survival in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty: Insights from the POLISH STEMI registry

Background

It has been shown that, among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), diabetes is associated with a significantly higher mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate in a large cohort of patients the impact of diabetes on mortality in a large cohort of patients with STEMI treated with primary angioplasty.

Methods

Our population is represented by consecutive patients with STEMI treated by primary angioplasty and enrolled in the POLISH registry in 2003. All clinical, angiographic, and follow-up data were prospectively collected. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on history of diabetes at admission.

Results

Among 7193 patients, 877 (12.2%) had diabetes at admission. Diabetes was associated with more advanced age (p < 0.0001), higher prevalence of female gender (p < 0.0001), hyperlipidemia (p < 0.0001), shock at presentation (p < 0.0001), renal failure (p < 0.0001), previous myocardial infarction (p < 0.0001), more often treated after 6 h from symptom onset (p < 0.0001). Diabetes was associated with more extensive coronary artery disease (p < 0.0001), less often treated with stenting (p < 0.0001). Diabetes was significantly associated with impaired epicardial reperfusion (TIMI 0–2: OR [95% CI] = 1.81 [1.5–2.18], p < 0.0001), that persisted after correction for baseline confounding factors (OR [95% CI] = 1.33 [1.075–1.64], p = 0.009). At a mean follow-up of 524 ± 194 days, diabetes was associated with higher mortality (unadjusted cumulative mortality: 23.5% vs. 12.6%, unadjusted HR = 1.95 [1.66–2.3], p < 0.0001), that persisted after correction for confounding factors (adjusted cumulative mortality: 13.3% vs. 10.7%, adjusted HR = 1.23 [1.04–1.46], p = 0.013).

Conclusions

This study shows that among STEMI treated by primary angioplasty diabetes is independently associated with impaired epicardial reperfusion and higher mortality.     

Impact of baseline platelet count in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction (from the CADILLAC trial)

Despite the well-recognized role of platelets in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in the vascular responses to angioplasty, the relation between platelet count and outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in AMI is unknown. We therefore determined the effect of baseline platelet count on clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients with AMI undergoing primary PCI. In the prospective, randomized CADILLAC trial, platelet count on admission was available in 2,021 of 2,082 patients (97.0%). Angiographic results and outcomes at 30 days and 1 year were stratified by quartiles of platelet count. Median platelet count was 231 x 10(9)/L (range 38 to 709). Primary PCI angiographic success rates were independent of platelet count. The 30-day incidence of target vessel thrombosis or reocclusion increased steadily across the higher quartiles of baseline platelet count (0.2%, 0.6%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, p = 0.027). At 1 year, patients with a baseline platelet count >or=234 versus <234 x 10(9)/L had higher rates of death or reinfarction (8.9% vs 4.5%, p <0.0001), death (5.8% vs 3.1%, p = 0.002), and reinfarction (3.4% vs 1.6%, p = 0.008). By multivariable analysis, a higher baseline platelet count was the strongest predictor of 1-year death or reinfarction (hazard ratio [HR] per 10,000 increase in platelet count 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.07, p <0.0001) and independently predicted reinfarction (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.09, p = 0.002) and cardiac mortality (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06, p = 0.055) at 1 year. In conclusion, a higher baseline platelet count in patients with AMI is a powerful independent predictor of death and reinfarction within the first year after primary PCI.     

Time-to-treatment significantly affects the extent of ST-segment resolution and myocardial blush in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty.

AIMS: The prognostic role of time-to-treatment in primary angioplasty is still a matter of debate. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between time-to-treatment and myocardial perfusion in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary angioplasty. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our study population consisted of 1072 patients with STEMI treated by primary angioplasty from 1997 to 2001. Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by using ST-segment resolution and myocardial blush grade. Time-to-treatment was defined as the time from symptom-onset to the first balloon inflation. Time-to-treatment was significantly associated with the extent of ST-segment resolution, myocardial blush grade, enzymatic infarct size, and 1-year mortality. After adjustment for baseline confounding factors, time-to-treatment was still associated with impaired ST-segment resolution (adjusted OR [95% CI]=1.01 [1.01-1.02], p<0.001) and myocardial blush (adjusted OR [95% CI]=1.01 [1.01-1.02], p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that in patients with STEMI treated by primary angioplasty prolonged ischaemic time is associated with impaired myocardial perfusion, larger infarct size, and higher 1-year mortality. Therefore, all efforts should be made to shorten ischaemic time as much as possible to achieve better myocardial perfusion and myocardial salvage in primary angioplasty for STEMI.     

Effect of tirofiban before primary angioplasty on initial coronary flow and early ST-segment resolution in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Sixty-one patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction were randomized to receive open-label tirofiban in the emergency room before primary angioplasty versus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors administered after initial coronary angiography. Early administration of tirofiban before primary angioplasty resulted in nonsignificant improvement in initial coronary flow (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction trial grade 2 or 3 flow, 39% vs 27%, p >0.20). Patients receiving early tirofiban treatment were more likely to achieve complete (>70%) ST-segment resolution at 90 minutes (69% vs 44%, p = 0.07).     

急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗再灌注时间对ST段回落的影响

目的探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中症状发作-球囊扩张时间(symptom-onset-to-balloon,SOTB)对再灌注后心电图ST段的回落、住院期间左心室射血分数、6个月内总的主要心血管事件(包括心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、因心血管事件再入院、心力衰竭和死亡等)发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年7月于北京大学深圳医院行直接PCI治疗的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者225例的基线资料、心电图资料以及随访资料,比较不同时间SOTB(>3 h及≤3 h)术前、术后1 h ST段抬高总和恢复百分比(sumSTR)%、住院期间超声心动图所测的左心室射血分数、随访6个月的主要心血管事件发生率。结果SOTB≤3 h组PCI治疗后1 h ST段完全回落≥70%的患者比例明显高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.4%vs.43.2%,P=0.005);住院期间左心室射血分数高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.69%±7.64%vs.53.80%±9.03%,P=0.014);6个月主要心血管事件发生率低与SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(14.9%vs.35.4%,P=0.001)。结论 STEMI患者PCI治疗中SOTB短,ST段回落就迅速而完全,住院期间的左心室射血分数高,6个月主要心血管事件发生率低。