儿童扁桃体与腺样体切除术后发热因素分析

目的 探讨儿童扁桃体和/或腺样体切除术后发热的相关因素,为手术治疗和护理提供参考.方法 收集408例因扁桃体和/或腺样体肥大引起阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍(OSDB)行扁桃体和/或腺样体切除术患儿的相关资料,分析发热与术中出血量、性别、扁桃体腺样体大小、扁桃体炎史、鼻窦炎现状、手术时段、手术季节和手术部位的关系.结果 408例...     

The role of tonsillectomy for recurrent sore throats in children: A qualitative study

IntroductionDecisions regarding tonsillectomy for children with recurrent sore throats are mainly based on guidelines that take the number of sore throat episodes into consideration. Anecdotally, parents report a number of additional factors that change after the operation. With this in mind, the first follow up tonsillectomy qualitative study was undertaken to identify what the operation truly offers this group of children.Materials and methodsTen families were interviewed between 3 and 14 months after their child's operation. A narrative method was utilised. Interviews with families were transcribed and analysed to identify key themes that had changed due to the operation.ResultsThemes identified included an improvement in general and specific symptoms. Psychosocial aspects such as education, socialising, family consequences and psychological consequences were also important factors that families noticed.ConclusionTonsillectomy has much more to offer families and children than an improvement in the numbers of episodes of sore throats and this study could form the basis of a specific quality of life assessment tool.     

PFAPA syndrome in children: A meta-analysis on surgical versus medical treatment

Objective

To compare the range of medical and surgical therapies for children with PFAPA syndrome.

Methods

A literature search was performed using Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane databases for studies between 1987 and 2010 that compared PFAPA treatment in children (surgical versus medical). Random-effect meta-analytical techniques were conducted for the outcome measures.

Results

The use of antibiotics and cimetidine in PFAPA syndrome are ineffective. However, there is evidence that the use of steroids is effective in the resolution of symptoms. Tonsillectomy (+/− adenoidectomy) as a treatment of PFAPA was found to be an effective intervention for resolution of symptoms (P < 0.00001). Meta-analysis of surgery versus cimetidine and surgery versus antibiotics demonstrated that surgery is a significantly more effective treatment for PFAPA syndrome. A comparison of treatment with steroids or surgery did not show any statistically significant difference, confirming the effectiveness of both therapies for the resolution of PFAPA syndrome (P = 0.83).

Conclusions

The most effective non-surgical therapy is corticosteroids. However, they do not prevent future fever cycles. The results of this meta-analysis showed that tonsillectomy (+/− adenoidectomy) is the most effective intervention for long-term resolution of PFAPA syndrome symptoms.     

部分或整体扁桃体等离子射频切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效对比

目的 探讨利用等离子射频技术切除部分或全部扁桃体,以治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的可行性及疗效观察。方法 将参与对比的儿童OSAHS患者239例分为两组。A组183例,行等离子射频扁桃体切除术和腺样体切除术;B组56例,行等离子射频扁桃体部分切除术和腺样体切除术。分别对比两组手术时间、术后3d内每天的疼痛度、恢复正常进食的时间。结果 B组在手术时间、术后疼痛度、恢复正常进食时间均低于A组(U=2.685, 582.00, 84.00, 2519.00, 306.00, P<0.05)。随访6～12个月,两组患者睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸均消失。结论 利用等离子射频方法,部分扁桃体切除术比全部扁桃体切除治疗儿童OSAHS疗效较好。     

Bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy in children

The purpose of this study was to compare bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy with traditional cold dissection tonsillectomy in the pediatric population. Forty children with recurrent tonsillitis and/or obstructive symptoms were included in the study. The study population was randomly divided into two groups, and the two techniques were compared with regard to operative time, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and postoperative pain. There were 23 children in the bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy group (mean age, 8.1 years; range, 5–12 years), and 17 children in the cold dissection tonsillectomy group (mean age, 6.7 years; range, 5–12 years). The average operative times were 15.2±8.5 min for bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy and 29.06±13.5 min for cold dissection tonsillectomy (P<0.05). The blood loss in bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy and cold dissection tonsillectomy was 5.0±4.2 ml and 32.1±11.3 ml, respectively (P<0.05). Postoperative hemorrhage was not observed. Bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy was less painful the first 30 min postoperatively (P<0.05). Bipolar electrodissection tonsillectomy in children is a useful technique, with results comparable to traditional cold dissection tonsillectomy.     

低温等离子刀、超声刀及传统方式行扁桃体切除术的术后两年随访比较

目的 通过对低温等离子刀、超声刀及传统方式行扁桃体切除术的患者进行2年随访,探讨三种手术方式的术后疗效差异。 方法 对行上述三种手术方式的86例患者在扁桃体切除术后6个月、1年及2年进行随访,观察术后扁桃体残体大小及黏膜炎症情况,并使用自制问卷调查咽部症状及满意度等信息。 结果 术后1年及2年随访时,低温等离子刀组和传统组的扁桃体上极残体评分较超声刀组要低,而低温等离子刀组和超声刀组的扁桃体下极残体评分则较传统组要低;术后6个月随访时低温等离子刀组和超声刀组的咽干症状均较传统组明显;术后2年随访时低温等离子刀组和超声刀组的患者满意度较传统组更高,而且传统组患者的咽部异物感更为明显;以上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外术后1年及2年随访时,三组患者的咽干症状、扁桃体窝黏膜慢性炎症程度、咽痛频率及术后下呼吸道感染发生次数均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。 结论 相较于传统方式而言,使用低温等离子刀切除扁桃体的患者术后扁桃体残体发生率低,除短期术后易发生咽干外,中长期咽部不适症状较轻,患者满意度较高。超声刀方式优点与低温等离子刀相近,但在术中要注意对扁桃体上极的处理,防止其残留。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术临床疗效分析

目的 评价扁桃体腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿的临床疗效。方法 行扁桃体及腺样体切除术患儿80例,术前、术后3个月或6个月行多道睡眠描记术（PSG）监测及OSA-18量表生活质量调查,分析手术疗效、PSG参数及OSA-18评分的变化。结果 80例患儿治愈70例（87%）,显效8例（10%）,有效2例（3%）,总有效率为100%。显效及有效的10例中8例合并变应性鼻炎经治疗变应性鼻炎后症状明显改善,另2例肥胖者经控制体质量后症状减轻。术后呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、OSA-18总分与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 扁桃体、腺样体切除术是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效方法,同时应治疗合并的其他上呼吸道阻塞因素。PSG结合OSA-18调查表可对患儿进行手术前后主客观的综合评价。     

扁桃体切除术后茎突综合征7例

目的 探讨扁桃体切除术后出现茎突综合征的原因及茎突切除术的实施疗效。方法对 7例扁桃体切除术后茎突综合征患者行茎突切除术,并对疗效进行临床分析。结果 行单侧茎突切除术治疗6例,行双侧茎突切除术治疗1例,术后随访3个月～3年,其中症状完全消失者5例,症状明显缓解者2例。结论 扁桃体切除术后出现茎突综合征可能与局部瘢痕形成牵拉有关,手术行茎突切除是有效的治疗手段。     

三种不同扁桃体切除术疗效比较

目的 探讨比较冷器械切除+缝合术、单极电凝切除术、等离子射频术三种不同手术方法切除扁桃体的疗效。 方法 将扁桃体切除术患者分为三组,冷器械切除+缝合术(A组)65例;单极电凝切除术(B组)40例;等离子射频切除术(C组)38例。记录扁桃体切除手术总时间、术中出血量、疼痛评分,术后复查时观察扁桃体白膜状况。 结果 A、B、C三组的平均手术时间分别为58.8 min、27.0 min、23.7 min;术中平均出血量分别为34.2 mL、16.1 mL、12.5 mL;术后3 h和术后第1天的疼痛评分之间,差异均有统计学意义。 结论 与冷器械切除+缝合术和单极电凝切除术相比,等离子射频术切除扁桃体费用较高,但其手术时间短,术中出血量少,术后疼痛程度小。     

扁桃体加腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿睡眠结构的影响

目的探讨扁桃体加腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿睡眠结构的影响。方法选取45例OSAHS患儿行扁桃体加腺样体切除术,比较术前和术后3个月睡眠结构参数,包括睡眠效率（SE）、S1期比例、S2期比例、SWS期比例、REM期比例、觉醒指数（AI）、觉醒时间比例（AT%）、SaO2低于90%的持续时间占睡眠时间的百分比（SLT90%）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）和氧减饱和度指数（ODI4）,并与正常儿童对照组比较,观察患儿各项指标的变化。结果 OSAHS患儿SE、SWS期、REM期和LSaO2比对照组均降低（P〈0.05）,S 1期、O D I 4和S LT 9 0%比对照组升高（P〈0.0 1）,AI和AT%比对照组升高（P〈0.05）。OSAHS患儿术后3个月SE、SWS期、REM期和LSaO2比术前均升高（P〈0.05）,S1期、AI、AT%、ODI4和SLT90%比术前降低（P〈0.05）。结论 OSAHS患儿存在睡眠结构紊乱,扁桃体加腺样体切除术能有效改善睡眠结构紊乱。     

Incidence of unexpected malignancies in routine tonsillectomy specimens in children

OBJECTIVES: Controversy continues to exist regarding the necessity to routinely send for histologic examination those specimens obtained after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children. Otolaryngologists fear missing an unsuspected diagnosis, such as a tonsil malignancy. However, given the rare incidence of this event, the cost-effectiveness ratio of routine microscopic analysis is questionable. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of clinically relevant unexpected diagnosis among children who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in our units and to review current available series on this topic. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study and review. METHODS: All patients aged less than 16 years who underwent routine tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) at San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy from January 1994 to June 2002 were reviewed. Histologic examination is routinely performed in our units. Patients were excluded if the primary indication for surgery was to rule out a tonsil malignancy. RESULTS: One thousand one hundred twenty-three (1,123) patients were recruited. Two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were detected, corresponding to a rate of 0.18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.56). Three previously published series were identified. The reported incidences of unexpected clinically relevant diagnoses varied between 0.0% and 0.05%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study highlight that the incidence of unexpected clinically relevant diseases of the tonsil in pediatric patients is low, albeit not extremely rare. This finding could be used to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis.     

Confronting the challenges of effective pain management in children following tonsillectomy

Tonsillectomy is an extremely common surgical procedure associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The post-operative challenges include: respiratory complications, post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting and significant pain. The present model of care demands that most of these children are managed in an ambulatory setting. The recent Federal Drug Agency (FDA) warning contraindicating the use of codeine after tonsillectomy in children represents a significant change of practice for many pediatric otolaryngological surgeons. This introduces a number of other safety concerns when deciding on a safe alternative to codeine, especially since most tonsillectomy patients are managed by lay primary caregiver's at home. This review outlines the safety issues and proposes, based on currently available evidence, a preventative multi-modal strategy to manage pain, nausea and vomiting without increasing the risk of post-tonsillectomy bleeding.     

Acupuncture instead of codeine for tonsillectomy pain in children

Objectives

Severe throat pain can result from tonsillectomy and last up to 10 days in children. Codeine elixir has long been used for pain relief, but has recently been banned by the Food and Drug Administration due to a recently recognized risk of death. We explored acupuncture as an alternative means of pain relief for children and adolescents after tonsillectomy.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of children and adolescents who underwent tonsillectomy over a three-month period. No narcotics were prescribed after surgery. Patients who wanted help with pain relief were offered acupuncture. Perceived pain level was assessed before and after the acupuncture treatment. Following the 10-day recovery for tonsillectomy, patients or their parents were queried as to how long the pain relief from acupuncture intervention was perceived to last.

Results

56 children and adolescents underwent tonsillectomy in the three-month window selected for the retrospective review. 31 of these patients (ranging from 2 to 17 years in age) received an acupuncture intervention for postoperative pain. The mean reported pain level before acupuncture was 5.52 (SD = 2.28) out of 10. This fell to 1.92 (SD = 2.43) after acupuncture. Statistical analysis supported the general conclusion that pain reports decline after acupuncture in the sampled population. However, the limitations of the methodology and the sample suggest that this generalization should be treated as preliminary. 17 patients or their parents provided a post-recovery report for how long they believed the acupuncture intervention lasted. The mean duration of perceived acupuncture benefit was 61.24 h, though the standard deviation was large (64.58 h) with about 30% of patients reporting less than three hours of benefit and about 30% reporting more than 60 h. No adverse effects were observed as a result of acupuncture treatments.

Conclusions

The data tentatively suggest that acupuncture decreases perceived pain in children and adolescents after tonsillectomy. These data – combined with the cost effectiveness, safety and ease of administering acupuncture – suggest that further studies exploring the effectiveness of acupuncture in juveniles after tonsillectomy are merited.     

Evaluation of cytokines produced by β-hemolytic streptococcus in acute pharyngotonsillitis

IntroductionThe most common pathogen in bacterial pharyngotonsillitis is group A β-hemolytic streptococcus, although groups B, C, F,and G have also been associated with pharyngotonsillitis.ObjectiveTo assess the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6,IL-4, and IL-10 in bacterial pharyngotonsillitis caused by group A and non-A (groups B, C, F and G) β-hemolytic streptococcus.MethodsThe study was conducted at a pediatric emergency care unit. The sample comprised children (5–9 years old) with acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis diagnosed between December of 2011 and May of 2012. The research involved collection of blood samples from the patients, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of TNF-α, IL-6,IL-4, and IL-10, and collection of two oropharyngeal swabs for bacterial isolation. Additionally, the medical history of the study participants was also collected.ResultsIn the studied group (mean age: 5.93 years), higher pharyngotonsillitis incidence was observed in the female gender (64.76%). Higher incidence of tonsillar exudates was observed with groups A and C. No statistically significant differences in cytokine levels were observed among groups. However, the group A and the control group showed a difference in the IL-6 level (p = 0.0016).ConclusionsThe Groups A and C showed higher cytokine levels than the Groups B and control, suggesting similar immunological patterns.     

儿童扁桃体、腺样体低温等离子切除术后出血的临床研究

目的 探讨应用低温等离子手术或者传统手术方式行儿童扁桃体、腺样体切除术在术后出血方面存在的差异。方法 回顾性分析1597例接受手术治疗的儿童慢性扁桃体炎、腺样体肥大的患者资料,行等离子射频辅助的扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术者793例(等离子组),行传统扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体者804例(传统组)。比较两组原发性及继发性出血的发生率、出血程度和出血部位的差异。结果 等离子组发生术后出血25例(3.2％),传统组出血19例(2.4％),两组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3．34,P>0．05);其中等离子组原发性出血9例(1.1％),继发性出血16例(2.0％);传统组原发性出血11例(1.4％),继发性出血8例(1．0％),两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9．45,P<0．01)。两组术后的出血部位经卡方检验,出血程度经Wilcoxon秩和检验,P值均>0．05,差异均无统计学意义。结论 低温等离子辅助行儿童扁桃体、腺样体切除术,在术后出血的发生率、程度、部位三个方面相对于传统的手术方法治疗,二者差异无统计学意义。     

儿童睡眠呼吸暂停扁桃体与腺样体切除前后血气分析

目的探讨扁桃体、腺样体切除对儿童睡眠呼吸暂停的影响。方法对1998年10月-2003年12月施行的229例慢性扁桃体和／或腺样体切除术患儿术前术后血气分析的指标加以对照并进行分析。结果血气分析指标血氧分压、二氧化碳分压及pH值显示,34例有睡眠呼吸暂停病史者血气分析参数变化显著,195例没有睡眠呼吸暂停病史者血气分析参数变化不明显。结论扁桃体和／或腺样体的异常肥大是导致儿童睡眠呼吸暂停的主要原因,通过手术切除扁桃体及腺样体可以获得满意的疗效。