经导管堵塞婴幼儿动脉导管未闭89例体会

目的探讨经导管堵塞婴儿动脉导管未闭的疗效。方法对８９例动脉导管未闭患儿采用了４种不同堵塞装置治疗。结果总成功率９８．８８％（８８／８９），失败１例，严重并发症２例，术后２４小时内残余分流１９例（２１．３％），经１个月～３．５年随访，微量残余分流７流（７．０８％）。结论经心导管堵婴幼儿动脉导未闭安全、有效、操作简单、适应证广，可作为治疗婴幼儿动脉导管未闭的首选方法。     

Visualization of the Patent Ductus by Means of a New Low Pressure Balloon Catheter

A new angiographic method of determining the anatomy of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) preparatory to its surgical or nonsurgical closure has been developed and compared to conventional angiographic techniques in 17 patients using a new low pressure balloon catheter (Edwards). The balloon, 5 cm long, is filled with contrast material and expanded to any diameter up to 20 mm. It may be passed into the ductus from either the arterial (14 patients) or venous (3 patients) side. The balloon is expanded by radiopaque material adjacent to the aortic orifice of the PDA and advanced (or pulled) through the ductus. Deformation of the balloon identified the length and caliber of the PDA providing virtually identical estimates thereof in all 17 patients when compared to conventional angiography. On the other hand, visualization of the PDA was good in only 41 (62%) or tolerable in 14 (21%) of 66 conventionally studied patients. (J In-terven Cardiol 1988:1:2)     

Virtual endoscopy using multidetector-row CT for coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus.

The objective of this study was to report the clinical value of virtual endoscopy using multidetector-row CT (MDCT) for coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). We studied 10 consecutive patients with PDA undergoing cardiac catheterization and coil occlusion. All patients had previously undergone MDCT, and subsequently underwent transcatheter closure of ductus. MDCT evaluations were performed again in 1-3 months after occlusion. Virtual endoscopy showed the anatomy of the orifice of the ductus and spatial relations of adjacent structures from both the aortic and pulmonary sides in all patients. We were able to observe the inner space, and fly through the PDA. This approach is the virtual view of the catheter advancing during coil occlusion. Following occlusion, visualization of the coil can also be established by viewing from inside. Coil protrusion into the aortic and pulmonary sides was clearly observed. Virtual endoscopy provides unique information regarding the ductal lumen that is of use for the coil occlusion of PDA.     

Patent ductus arteriosus balloon sizing: A new technique to evaluate the size in complex cases

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) transcatheter closure is a widespread procedure. However in some cases PDA measurements may be unclear and choice of the proper device could be quite difficult. This may happen in large PDA and in particular in adults. We have developed a new technique using an ASD sizing balloon to measure the PDA in order to better understand PDA anatomy and size. The first step is to create an artero‐venous circuit across the PDA. A 24 or a 34 mm Amplatzer balloon sizing for ASD closure is placed over the wire from the venous access in the descending aorta. Then, the balloon is inflated and gently pulled back across the PDA toward the pulmonary artery. The frame where the balloon is exactly across the PDA is chosen and measurements performed. In conclusion, a new method for PDA measurement in large PDA is reported. The procedure is safe and reliable. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Patent ductus arteriosus closure using an Amplatzer? ventricular septal defect closure device

The ductus arteriosus originates from the persistence of the distal portion of the left sixth aortic arch. It connects the descending aorta (immediately distal to the left subclavian artery) to the roof of the main pulmonary artery, near the origin of the left pulmonary artery. Persistence of the duct beyond 48 h after birth is abnormal and results in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA is rare in adults because it is usually discovered and treated in childhood. Mechanical closure remains the definitive therapy because the patency of ductus arteriosus may lead to multiple complications, depending on the size and flow through the ductus. PDA closure is indicated in patients with symptoms and evidence of left heart enlargement, and in patients with elevated pulmonary pressures when reversal is possible. Transcatheter closure is the preferred technique in adults because it avoids sternotomy, reduces the length of hospital stay and is associated with fewer complications compared with surgery. First demonstrated in 1967, both the technique and the occluder devices used have since evolved. However, designing an ideal PDA occluder has been a challenge due to the variability in size, shape and orientation of PDAs. The present article describes a case involving a 35-year-old woman who presented to the Center for Advanced Heart Failure (Houston, USA) with congestive heart failure due to a large PDA, which was successfully occluded using an Amplatzer (St Jude Medical, USA) muscular ventricular septal defect closure device. The wider waist and dual-retention discs of these ventricular septal defect closure devices may be important factors to consider in the future development of devices for the occlusion of large PDAs.     

体外循环下动脉导管闭合术179例分析

本文报告体外循环下闭合动脉导管179例。在深低温低流量体外循环下,经肺动脉切口闭合动脉导管142例;常温体外循环下结扎动脉导管6例;体外循环下阻断动脉导管经肺动脉切口缝合动脉导管内口5例;左胸后外侧切口常温体外循环并行下行切断缝合26例。近期死亡5例(2.8%),远期效果良好。作者就手术适应证、基本方法、手术方式的选择及术后并发症进行讨论。     

Surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in adults

The surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in adults as in children, usually comprises section and suture, but a certain number of technical precautions must be taken. The aortic wall is often fragile due to atheromatous lesions which are more common with increasing age. Associated hypertension may add to the fragility. Controlled medicated hypotension and reinforcement of sutures with a piece of pericardium may be useful in reducing the risk of haemorrhage. It is sometimes necessary to use partial femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. The presence of an aneurysm at the aortic end of a calcified ductus necessitates the same precautions. When PDA is complicated by pulmonary hypertension, the surgical indication can only be considered when the left-to-right shunt remains voluminous and when pulmonary artery pressures fall significantly during catheter or peroperative trials of closure. The operative risk in these cases increases with age. Cardiopulmonary bypass may also be very useful in these cases. Secondary repermeabilisation of an operated ductus, and cases complicated by endocarditis require an endopulmonary approach under cardiopulmonary bypass because of the fragility of the ductus region and difficulty in controlling haemorrhage. This technique is also preferred when an associated intracardiac malformation is to be corrected. Between 1965 and 1981, 37 patients were operated in the department of thoracic and cardiac surgery at the Pitié Hospital. The ages ranged from 20 to 65 years with a mean of 34 years. Cardiopulmonary bypass was necessary in 5 cases, (partial in 4, and total in 1 case of endoaortic closure).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A catheter for imaging the persistent ductus arteriosus

Nonsurgical techniques for patent ductus closure require precise knowledge of ductus diameter, length and shape. Angiographic visualization, especially in adults, may be difficult, due to the high flow and overlap of the aorta or the pulmonary artery. We have developed a new catheter for visualizing a patent ductus without intraarterial injection of contrast dye. A smooth latex balloon is mounted near the tip of this catheter and when it is filled with dye, the balloon fits the contours of the ductus. Ductus diameter may be established by measuring the diameter of the balloon. Furthermore, the hemodynamic consequences of ductus closure may be observed with the balloon occluding the ductus.     

Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder for catheter closure of a 20 mm hypertensive patent ductus arteriosus. A case report and literature review

The treatment of very large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was thought to be solely surgical. There is not enough experience in transcatheter closure of large hypertensive PDA. In this report, successful catheter closure of a large and hypertensive ductus using the Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder and a literature review are presented.     

Non-surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in children with the Rashkind double disk occluder

Since the first clinical application of transcatheter closure technique for patent ductus arteriosus in children and infants in 1977 by Rashkind and Coll., this technique is routinely performed only in a few major Pediatric Cardiology Centers. We report our successful series which is the first of its kind both in Italy and in Southern Europe. The series included 11 children aged 1.6 to 10 years (mean age 4.5 years) all affected with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Subaortic stenosis (1) and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis (1) were associated anomalies. In all of the cases, after the standard percutaneous cardiac catheterization, the Mullins method was attempted to advance and deliver the Rashkind PDA double-disk occluder. Successful closure was accomplished in 10 while almost complete closure was achieved in the 11th. Normal Doppler flow pattern after the procedure confirmed the successful results. No complications occurred. Although our experience is limited, non-surgical PDA closure provided an excellent alternative to surgical procedure.     

动脉导管未闭合并功能性二尖瓣反流的治疗策略

目的：探讨动脉导管未闭合并功能性二尖瓣反流的治疗策略及疗效观察 方法：回顾性分析2008年1月至2015年7月在本中心实施手术治疗的65例PDA合并功能性二尖瓣反流患者的临床资料。其中有轻度二尖瓣反流16例、中度反流26例、重度反流23例,其中41例行介入封堵术,19例行左侧经胸切口动脉导管结扎术。3例成人患者合并重度二尖瓣反流者行体外循环下PDA结扎及二尖瓣成形术,2例左室明显扩大伴重度二尖瓣反流、心功能低下者先行PDA封堵后2周再行体外循环下二尖瓣成形术。术后3月随访复查心脏彩超了解二尖瓣反流情况。 结果：围术期无死亡。PDA术后均无残余分流。8例术前有反复肺部感染的患儿术后呼吸机辅助时间2～5天后顺利脱机,其余患者均恢复顺利。单纯处理PDA的患者（共60例）,术后3月心彩超提示：二尖瓣无反流26例,轻度反流24例,中度反流10例,无重度反流病例。行体外循环手术者术后均恢复良好,3例一期手术者术后二尖瓣反流为轻度以下,2例分期行成形者术后二尖瓣反流为轻度、轻偏中度。 结论：对PDA合并功能性二尖瓣反流患者,单纯处理动脉导管即可获得良好的效果。对合并极重度二尖瓣反流伴左室扩大、心功能不全患者,行分期手术可获得良好的手术安全性。     

经导管封堵治疗动脉导管未闭伴重度肺动脉高压

目的评价经导管封堵术治疗动脉导管未闭伴重度肺动脉高压病人的临床疗效与安全性。方法选择在我院接受经导管封堵术治疗且肺动脉收缩压在80mmHg或以上，肺动脉平均压在60mmHg或以上的动脉导管未闭病人31例，回顾性分析病人术中及术后随访资料。结果31例病人术前肺动脉收缩压80～183（112±28）mmHg，肺动脉平均压63～130（82±22）mmHg。其中30例经导管封堵成功（成功率97％），1例巨大型动脉导管未闭因无合适封堵器而行手术治疗。封堵后10min，26例肺动脉收缩压下降30mmHg以上，2例肺动脉收缩压下降20％以上，另2例肺动脉收缩压无明显改变。1例用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵巨大型动脉导管未闭，在术后3d复查心脏超声时发现封堵器脱人肺动脉而转入外科手术治疗；在5例双向分流者中，1例于术后2个月因重度肺部感染死亡，1例于封堵后血氧饱和度明显增加，但肺动脉压无明显下降，术后2年出现右心功能不全表现。结论动脉导管未闭伴重度肺动脉高压病人，若心脏超声检查示左向右分流，可用经导管封堵术进行根治；但若为双向分流时，经导管封堵治疗应慎重。     

Transradial approach for percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer duct occluder II: A case report

Percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure is a safe and feasible treatment, and it is recommended over surgical approach in the majority of cases. Amplatzer duct occluder (ADO—AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN) is the preferred device for transcatheter treatment of PDA. Recently, the ADO II (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN), allowing PDA closure through a small delivery catheter from an antegrade or retrograde approach, received the European Community mark approval. Here, we report, for the first time, successful PDA closure in a 66‐year‐old female with the ADO II device, using a transradial approach. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

体外循环下闭合重症未闭动脉导管体外循环的经验体会

<正> 动脉导管未闭(PDA)合并重症肺动脉高压,血管弹性较差者,用导管结扎或切断缝合术,可能发生导管破裂大出血。PDA 合并室间隔缺损或其它心内畸形者,经正中切口一期完成手术,用常规方法解剖游离动脉导管比较困难,出血危险性也较大,有些病例结扎动脉导管后,可能发生急性心衰。Kirklin 在1961年报告了在低温体外循环下,短暂停循环,经主肺动脉切口,直接缝合关闭 Potts 手术的吻合口,同期完成法乐氏四联症根治手术,取得成功,这一经验被以后的作者吸取应用。对于粗大的动脉导管,有肺动脉高压的,有钙化形成的,有感染性心内膜炎的,有动脉瘤形成的,高年龄的,再通的动脉导管,或合并其它心内畸形的动脉导管,用体外循环或深低温、停循环方法,经肺动脉或主动脉切口,直接缝闭动脉导管,取得较好结果,减少了常温手术下直接结扎缝合此类动脉导管出血的并发症。     

动脉导管未闭介入治疗后肺动脉压改变的研究

目的：探讨动脉导管未闭（PDA）患者介入封堵治疗后肺动脉压改变的影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年9月在我院行介入封堵治疗的43例PDA患者的临床及介入手术资料。结果：与治疗前比较,PDA患者介入封堵治疗后肺动脉收缩压[PASP,（76±51）mmHg比（46.26±17.26）mmHg]、肺动脉舒张压[PADP,（39.47±17.11）mmHg比（15.84±10.74）mmHg]、平均肺动脉压[MPAP,（54.72±19.21）mmHg比（28.53±14.41）mmHg]均显著降低（P均=0.0001）,PADP下降程度比PASP更明显[（0.54±0.38）比（0.38±0.15）,P=0.012];PDA患者介入治疗后PASP、MPAP下降程度与年龄呈负相关（B=-0.04,P=0.012;B=-0.006,P=0.009）;术后MPAP下降程度与动脉导管管径呈正相关（B=0.022,P=0.01）。结论：介入封堵治疗对动脉导管未闭有益,应在年龄较小时尽早手术。     

新生儿动脉导管未闭10795例筛查和随访分析

目的探讨新生儿动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)的发病率及其自然病程。方法对2006年7月至2009年6月在佛山市妇幼保健院出生2～4 d的10 795例新生儿采用彩色多普勒超声心动图进行PDA筛查,并对诊断为PDA的患儿于出院后3、6、9个月定期进行超声心动图跟踪观察。结果 10 795例新生儿中,筛查出PDA 1 367例,发病率为12.66%。PDA患儿于生后3、6、9个月的自发性闭合率分别为82.1%,94.7%和97.1%。结论绝大多数新生儿PDA能于3个月内自愈。新生儿PDA可不必急于治疗,但应加强随访观察。     

Percutaneous Closure of a Large PDA in a 35‐Year‐Old Man with Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

The presence of a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may result in significant pulmonary hypertension, which may not be reversible. We present the case of a 35‐year‐old man with pulmonary hypertension who had successful percutaneous closure of a large PDA with an Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder and resolution of his pulmonary hypertension. The use of prior balloon test occlusion of the PDA suggested that the procedure would be successful, despite the lack of an immediate fall in the pulmonary artery pressure.     

浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环下动脉导管缝闭术

为探讨重症动脉导管未闭（PDA）的手术方法，在浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环下，经主肺动脉切口行动脉导管缝闭术12例，手术效果满意。此祛适用于成人粗大型PDA、PDA并重度肺动脉高压、PDA并感染性心内膜炎、PDA结扎后再通及PDA并存心内畸形。     

Safety and efficacy of using 0.052-inch Gianturco coil for closure of large ( > or = 4mm) patent ductus arteriosus

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is now a well-established treatment alternative to surgery in many cardiology centers. Of all the methods used, transcatheter coil occlusion is the preferred therapy. For small PDA, the method using 0.038" Gianturco coils has proven safe and effective. However, this therapeutic strategy has encountered some difficulties with large PDA. This study provides an alternative strategy, using 0.052" Gianturco coil and complete closure of residual shunt with multiple coils to close large PDA. Fifteen patients underwent transcatheter coil occlusion of large ( > or = 4mm) patent ductus arteriosus. The intermediate success rate was 86.7%. There were four complications and only two patients had to be referred for surgery.     

Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗动脉导管未闭疗效分析

目的 评价Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)的临床疗效。方法 对10例管型PDA患儿用Amplatzer PDA封堵器进行堵闭，2例窗型PDA用Amplatzer房间隔双伞封堵器堵闭。在透视下经6F输送器置入封堵器，术后10分钟，行右心导管检查及主动脉弓降部造影，术后24小时、1、3个月分别行彩色多普勒超声心动图、血常规及肝肾功能检查，评价治疗效果。结果 本组技术成功率为100％，患儿心脏双期连续性杂音均消失，术后10分钟主动脉弓降部造影显示少量残余分流2例，均为窗型PDA。术后24小时超声心动图示上述2例仍有微量分流。术后24小时、1、3个月行彩色多普勒超声心动图检查，均未发现残余分流、PDA再通及封堵器移位，血常规及肝肾功能检查均正常。2例有分流的患儿术后均出现急性溶血，经积极内科治疗后好转。其余10例无并发症发生。结论 应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗PDA安全有效，近中期疗效满意，远期疗效尚待进一步观察。对窗型PDA可试用Amplatzer房间隔封堵器堵闭。对术后发生急性溶血者可采用内科治疗。