Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus

Background and aimsThe aim of the study was to evaluate the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), compared to women with GDM.MethodsThis prospective observational cohort study was done on multiparous women with GDM attending the two tertiary care hospitals. Subjects were divided into two groups, recurrent GDM and GDM. Demographics, clinical variables, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were recorded between the two groups. The postpartum glycemic status was determined at six months.ResultsThere were 36 (20.2%) women with recurrent GDM and 142 (79.8%) women with GDM. Women with recurrent GDM were older (32.4 ± 6.2 versus 29.8 ± 5.6 years), had higher frequency of obesity, and insulin resistance than women with GDM. Women with recurrent GDM had poor glycemia at diagnosis as compared to GDM. Although the glycemic goals achieved were comparable but women with recurrent GDM have increased frequency of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and need for cesarean section. Women with recurrent GDM significantly had higher frequency of large for gestational age (LGA) and macrosomic neonates. Postpartum diabetes at six months was significantly higher in women with recurrent GDM.ConclusionWomen with recurrent GDM are at increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes despite achieving optimal glycemic goals and also at the most significant risk of postpartum diabetes.     

Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on maternal and infant outcomes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A three-year retrospective study

AimsTo explore the impact of HBV infection on maternal and infant outcomes of GDM women.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 8126 women with GDM in China from July 2017 to June 2020, and divided them into GDM with HBV infection group (n = 483) and GDM with non-HBV infection group (n = 7643). Two sample t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare differences between groups. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association between HBV infection and maternal and infant outcomes.ResultsPlacental abruption (PA), (2.3% vs. 1.0%, P = 0.008), placenta previa (4.3% vs. 2.8% p = 0.044), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), (6.4% vs. 3.0%, P < 0.001), cesarean section (52.0% vs. 46.0%, P = 0.011), fetal chromosomal abnormalities (1.2% vs. 0.4%, P = 0.021), and neonatal hyperglycemia (1.9% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.047) were more likely to occur in GDM with HBV infection group. After adjusting for the covariates, HBV infection was found to be associated with ICP (aOR, 2.35; 95% CI: [1.58–3.50]), PA (aOR, 2.34; 95% CI: 1.22–4.47), and fetal chromosomal abnormalities (aOR, 2.88; 95% CI: 1.18–7.03).ConclusionsHBV infection was associated with part of maternal and infant outcomes in the GDM population.     

妊娠期糖尿病对双胎妊娠母婴围产结局的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）对双胎妊娠母婴围产结局的影响。方法:对2013年1月至2019年10月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健院住院分娩的772例双绒毛膜性双胎妊娠孕妇进行回顾性研究,收集孕妇基本信息和母婴围产结局数据（包括年龄、孕产次、孕周、受孕方式、分娩方式）及孕产妇及新生儿并发症等。所有研究对象于孕24~28周行口...     

Risk factors and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes for women with dichorionic twin pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Aims/IntroductionThe association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies remains unclear. This study was undertaken to highlight risk factors for GDM in women with dichorionic (DC) twins, and to determine the association between GDM DC twins and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in a large homogeneous Taiwanese population.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study was carried out on 645 women with DC twins, excluding pregnancies complicated by one or both fetuses with demise (n = 22) or congenital anomalies (n = 9), who gave birth after 28 complete gestational weeks between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2018. Univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out.ResultsMaternal age >34 years (adjusted odds ratio 2.52; 95% confidence interval 1.25–5.07) and pre‐pregnancy body mass index >24.9 kg/m² (adjusted odds ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval 1.47–5.46) were independent risk factors for GDM in women with DC twins. Newborns from women with GDM DC twins were more likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.06–2.72) than newborns from women with non‐GDM DC twins. Other pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were similar between the two groups.ConclusionsAdvanced maternal age and pre‐pregnancy overweight or obesity are risk factors for GDM in women with DC twins. Except for a nearly twofold increased risk of neonatal intensive care unit admission of newborns, the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes for women with GDM DC twins are similar to those for women with non‐GDM DC twins.     

Benefit of insufficient gestational weight gain in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A multicenter study in Portugal

BackgroundBoth obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are independent risk factors for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends different targets for an adequate gestational weight gain (GWG), depending on the prepregnancy body mass index, but they have been questioned. We aim to compare obese pregnant women with GDM according to GWG stratification (insufficient, adequate and excessive) with regard to maternal and neonatal outcomes and to clarify whether insufficient GWG can be associated with better outcomes.MethodsA multicenter observational study with prospectively collected data of obese singleton pregnant women with GDM was conducted. GWG was expressed according to the 2009 IOM’s recommendations.ResultsOf 4563 obese women with GDM, 34.5%, 30.4% and 35.2% registered insufficient, adequate and excessive GWG, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women with insufficient GWG had lower odds of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, caesarean section, large for gestational age (LGA) neonates and prediabetes in postpartum. Despite the higher incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates, they were not associated with adverse outcomes. Women with excessive GWG had higher odds of caesarean section, macrosomic and LGA neonates.ConclusionsInsufficient GWG in obese women with GDM was beneficial due to better maternal and neonatal outcomes. In clinical practice, we should be strict with regard to weight gain in obese pregnant women with GDM and encourage a reduced GWG, provided an adequate fetal growth is guaranteed.     

Occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal and fetal outcomes beyond the 28th week of gestation in women at high risk of gestational diabetes. A prospective study

AIM: Among the numerous guidelines defining the diagnostic strategy of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), none of them suggest a follow-up in women with risk factors beyond the 28th week of gestation (WG). The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence of GDM beyond 28 WG in a group of women at high risk. The secondary objectives were to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes in early and late GDM (between 24-28 WG, and beyond 28 WG), as well as to compare them to a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group. METHODS: A prospective study conducted in 191 consecutive women. Between 24-28 WG, the diagnosis of GDM was performed in a two-step approach (50 then 75 g). Beyond the 28 WG, the diagnosis of GDM was based on self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). All women were educated about an individualized diabetic diet and to perform SMBG daily glucose profiles. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the women at risk had developed GDM. Among these, 54% had developed early GDM, between 24-28 WG, and 18% had developed late GDM, beyond the 28th WG. Gestational age of late GDM was estimated 30 WG. In late GDM, onset of diabetes seems to be predicted by an increase in capillary glucose value determined at 22:00 hours, but this needs to be confirmed. Women who develop GDM2 have a significantly higher rate of macrosomia and more important pre-pregnancy overweight, underlining this impact in the occurrence of macrosomia. Finally maternal outcomes were not different in the 3 groups with intensive intervention.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕产妇138例妊娠结局分析

目的探究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者的临床表现及妊娠结局,从而对GDM患者可能出现的情况进行预防。方法选取自2013-01~2014-01入院的138例患GDM孕妇进行各项指标的调查,对于患者妊娠过程中出现的合并症以及分娩后新生儿的情况进行统计和评价,同时对于138例非糖尿病的孕妇进行同样的调查统计,将结果进行对比,分析GDM对妊娠结局及围产儿的影响。结果通过对比发现在妊娠过程中GDM患者的羊水指数、孕期母体体重以及新生儿分娩体重均高于正常孕妇,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。通过对两组的分娩方式、羊水指数以及胎龄等指标进行对比发现,GDM患者剖宫产的比例、羊水量出现异常情况都要高于正常组,早产例数与正常组也具有明显的差异性(P0.05)。对比两组的妊娠结局发现,GDM患者合并妊娠期高血压、新生儿并发症及产后出血的发生率要远高出正常组。结论 GDM患者与正常组孕妇相比,其各项指标与妊娠结局有很大的不同,不仅影响孕产妇的身体健康,同时还影响围产儿结局,应该进行提早预防,根据不同的指标进行提前临床干预,减少母体并发症及改善围产儿结局。     

Prediction of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Aims/hypothesis  

We studied the incidence of postpartum diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus and investigated biochemical and clinical predictors of postpartum diabetes.     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes after energy-restricted diet for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 1% to 14% of pregnant women annually worldwide and is one of the most common pregnancy complications.Objective:We reviewed studies on maternal and neonatal outcomes after dietary managements for women with GDM comparing caloric-restricted (intervention group) and unrestricted diets (control group).Methods:We systematically searched online databases including Medline, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from inception until September 2019. We performed a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled risk ratios (RRs) or pooled mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:We analyzed data from 6 randomized controlled trials including 1300 participants, most of them with high bias risks. We found that the women in the intervention group achieved slightly better glycemic control (pooled MD, −0.72 mg/dL; 95% CI, −7.10 to 5.66 mg/dL) and overall pregnancy outcomes (except neonatal hypoglycemia) than the women in the control group.Conclusion:An energy-restricted diet does not seem superior to the usual/standard GDM diet based on maternal or neonatal outcomes. But, clinical recommendations cannot be made as the evidence is inconclusive.     

A case-control study of maternal recreational physical activity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Despite the maternal and infant morbidity associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), few modifiable risk factors have been identified. We explored the relation between recreational physical activity performed during the year before and during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy and the risk of GDM. 155 GDM cases and 386 normotensive, non-diabetic pregnant controls provided information about the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of physical activity performed during these time periods. Women who participated in any recreational physical activity during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, as compared with inactive women, experienced a 48% reduction in risk of GDM (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-0.80). The number of hours spent performing recreational activities and the energy expended were related to a decrease in GDM risk. No clear patterns related to distance walked and pace of walking emerged. Daily stair climbing, when compared with no stair climbing, was associated with a 49-78% reduction in GDM risk (P for trend <0.011). Recreational physical activity performed during the year before the index pregnancy was also associated with statistically significant reductions in GDM risk, but women who engaged in physical activity during both time periods experienced the greatest reduction in risk (OR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.23-0.68). These data suggest that recreational physical activity performed before and/or during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of GDM.