全髋关节置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的分类和治疗进展

随着人工髋关节置换术在我国深入的开展，尤其是非骨水泥型假体的广泛应用，随之而来的股骨假体周围骨折亦日益多见。因其需要很长时间的随访，准确的发生率较难获得。Beal报道发生率是2，5％～27．8％，Sehwatz等报道人工关节翻修术后股骨假体周围骨折的发生率高于初次置换者，非骨水泥型假体置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的发生率（4．1％～27．8％）高于骨水泥型假体置换者（小于3％）。     

人工全髋关节置换翻修术术前假体松动的回顾性研究

目的通过对48例人工全髋关节置换翻修术术前资料的系统回顾性研究,评价采取不同固定方法的假体的临床疗效。方法笔者对行髋关节置换的48例实行了全髋翻修术,并对全部病例进行了术前X线评价及术中假体松动情况调查,并做χ2检验,判断不同假体固定方式对假体寿命的影响。结果早、中期假体松动主要为非骨水泥型假体。骨水泥固定的假体与非骨水泥固定的假体远期均存在很高的松动下沉率,以骨水泥臼的松动为多数。髋臼侧骨溶解发生率以Ⅰ区为高,股骨柄侧骨溶解发生率以股骨近端为最高。结论人工全髋关节置换术中生物性固定初期并不十分牢固。人工全髋关节置换术中骨水泥固定假体松动主要发生在远期,并且以髋臼侧骨水泥松动为主。     

人工髋关节置换术后翻修病例分析

目的分析人工髋关节置换术后翻修的原因,评价全髋翻修术的临床效果。方法本组33例34髋。初次关节置换类型:全髋置换21例,双杯髋关节置换1例,人工股骨头置换11例。翻修原因:无菌性松动23例24髋,髋臼位置不良1例1髋,股骨头置换后髋臼磨损5例5髋,感染4例4髋。翻修距初次手术时间:1年以内5髋,1～2年1髋,5～10年18髋,10～13年10髋。翻修假体类型:非骨水泥型假体20髋,混合型假体7髋,骨水泥型假体7髋。结果平均随访3.5年。1例术后半年发生股骨柄松动进行再翻修,其余病例假体保留,优良率为82.4%。结论翻修的最常见原因为无菌性松动,人工股骨头置换时髋臼磨损也是翻修原因之一,对较年轻的股骨颈骨折患者,如行假体置换,最好采用全髋关节置换。翻修术采用非骨水泥型假体较好。     

人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择. 方法 1995年1月～2002年6月进行全髋关节翻修术33例(33髋),其中男7髋,女26髋.翻修原因:无菌性松动22例,感染后松动8例(其中2例合并窦道形成);股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损3例,不伴有假体中心性脱位.对无菌性松动和股骨头磨损患者采用骨水泥固定型假体13例,生物固定型假体12例,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,8例感染患者均行一期骨水泥固定型全髋置换. 结果随访6个月～7年6个月,平均3年11个月.2例出现X线透亮带,但无临床不稳;4例遗留持续性疼痛,无假体脱位、断裂.本组Harris评分由术前的24～47分(平均38.6分),上升为术后的68～88分(平均82.4分),满意率87.9%. 结论无菌性松动是全髋关节置换术后翻修的主要原因.髋臼侧翻修假体可选择骨水泥型假体、也可选择生物型假体,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,感染后的翻修选择骨水泥假体较好.     

Zweymüller型柄髋关节置换术后股骨侧假体周围骨折的手术治疗

目的报道应用Profemur!Z柄行初次髋关节置换术后股骨侧假体周围骨折病例6例手术治疗后效果。方法纳入宁波市第六医院关节外科2009至2017年期间因终末期髋关节病或股骨颈骨折行初次髋关节置换术,术后外伤后发生假体周围骨折病例共6例(7髋)。其中5髋为长螺旋、长斜形或粉碎性骨折,2髋为短斜形骨折;Vancouver B1型2髋,B2型5髋,术中股骨侧假体根据不同骨折情况选用不同翻修方式,分别行单纯骨折复位内固定术和关节翻修术加骨折复位内固定术,并随访其疗效。结果本组患者术后随访均未出现假体松动或假体周围骨溶解等并发症,所有病例未发生术后并发症。术后3月X线显示骨折均愈合,患髋功能恢复好,末次随访髋关节功能HSS评分平均(85.5±4.5)分。结论 Profemur~Z柄初次髋关节置换术后发生假体周围骨折可根据骨折分型给予内固定或翻修手术治疗,术后随访显示功能恢复好,骨折与假体形态设计的相关性需要生物力学研究。     

广泛微孔涂层非骨水泥假体在股骨翻修的应用

目的报告采用广泛微孔涂层非骨水泥股骨假体对失败的骨水泥固定股骨假体翻修的近期效果。方法1998年至2003年,对20例骨水泥固定型人工髋关节置换后无菌性松动的股骨假体采用广泛微孔涂层假体进行翻修。翻修前使用国产假体18例,进口假体2例;全髋关节置换14例,人工股骨头置换6例。所有假体均为骨水泥固定,早期骨水泥技术固定18例,第二代骨水泥技术固定2例。原始疾病为股骨头无菌性坏死14例,股骨颈骨折6例。从初次关节置换到翻修手术的时间最短5年,最长17年,平均11.5年。其中4例患者为再次翻修。根据Paprosky分型,Ⅰ型3髋,Ⅱ型6髋,ⅢA型11髋。翻修假体,AML(DePuy)5髋,Solution(DePuy)7髋,Full-coated(Zimmer)6髋,Perfecta延长柄(WrightMed)2髋。翻修时患者平均年龄64岁(41～77岁),术后平均随访时间40个月(18～60个月)。结果Harris评分从术前平均34分改善为术后平均85分。根据Engh骨长入分级标准评定,术后X线表现骨性固定17例,稳定性纤维固定3例。无一例因松动需要再翻修的病例,骨皮质密度和厚度均明显增加。结论广泛微孔涂层假体在股骨干骺端和股骨髓腔同时存在缺损时,可以在相对正常的股骨远端髓腔获得轴向及抗旋转初始稳定,为骨长入和生物学固定创造条件。     

髋关节置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的临床治疗分析

目的总结人工髋关节置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的病因及其治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析自2011年1月至2017年1月于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院治疗的并于术中、术后出现股骨假体周围骨折患者,排除初次手术前已经出现骨折的患者,共纳入男5例,女8例,平均年龄为(68±19)岁(34～93岁),初次置换病因：股骨颈骨折6例;股骨头缺血坏死5例,强直性脊柱炎1例,类风湿性关节炎1例。初次置换时股骨假体固定方式：骨水泥固定5例,其余8例病人为生物型假体。假体周围骨折病因包括7例有明确外伤史(不慎跌伤或车祸)、6例为翻修术中骨折。根据Vancouver分型,A_G型3例,A_L型1例,B2型4例,B3型3例,C型2例。翻修时骨折固定方式：5例采用大粗隆再结合装置加钢缆固定,7例使用钢板钢缆固定,1例病人使用异体皮质骨板加钢丝固定。在各类分型中,2例C型股骨假体周围骨折使用钢板钢缆固定骨折端,其余11例股骨假体均不稳定,仅1例使用骨水泥重新固定初次置换假体,余10例使用全涂层假体。通过Harris评分对患髋进行功能评价,X线或CT观察骨折愈合。采用Mann-Whitney检验对比术前、术后髋关节Harris评分、疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分。 结果平均随访时间(29±19)月,平均骨折愈合时间为(4.5±1.1)月。Harris评分由术前13.0(4.0,25.0)提高至末次87.0(82.3,93.3)分,(Z ＝－4.34,P <0.05)。异体皮质骨板病例在末次随访时显示与宿主骨融合,所有病人末次随访均未见假体松动、脱位及感染。 结论根据不同分型选择相应的骨折复位与固定方式,钢板钢缆组合有效提高了稳定性;对于骨量不足病人可以考虑使用异体皮质骨固定以增加患者骨量。     

Charnley型人工全髋置换术后10年以上随访的X线分析

目的:通过对骨水泥固定的Charnley型人工全髋置换术患者10年以上X线随访,探讨骨水泥型人工全髋的固定效果、松动及影响寿命的因素等.方法:获得10年以上随访的38例45髋作为研究对象,平均随访14.6年.X线包括术后及最后随访时髋关节正侧位片.结果:髋臼假体松动有24髋(53%),其中明显松动(definite loosening)14髋(13%),可能松动(possible loosening)10髋(22%).臼杯磨损共35髋(78%),平均磨损率为0.123mm/年;股骨假体柄松动有12髋(27%),其中明显松动8髋(18%),可能松动4髋(9%).假体柄周围骨溶解18髋(40%).本组45髋中8髋(18%)行翻修术,其中4髋因髋臼假体松动单纯髋臼假体翻修,其余4例行髋臼和股骨假体全部翻修.结论:骨水泥固定的Charnley型人工全髋置换术后10年以上长期随访结果,股骨假体的固定效果较好,但髋臼假体的固定效果并不满意.聚乙烯臼杯磨损不可避免,作为人工关节材料,聚乙烯对金属的关节组合应重新考虑.采用改良的骨水泥固定方法对人工全髋假体的早期稳定性和长期寿命非常重要.从髋臼假体的固定效果来看,金属臼(metal shell)假体的非骨水泥固定效果优于聚乙烯臼的骨水泥固定效果.     

初次全髋关节置换术中假体周围骨折的原因分析及处理策略

目的分析初次人工髋关节置换术中假体周围骨折的原因并探讨其处理对策。方法回顾性分析自2010年9月至2016年10月46例术中发生假体周围骨折的初次人工髋关节置换术病例,其中髋臼假体周围骨折9例,3例为髋臼边缘骨折,未处理;髋臼后壁骨折4例,其中3例术中重建钢板固定+骨水泥杯,1例术后发现,二期骨水泥杯翻修+钛网+打压植骨+重建钢板固定;2例臼底内陷骨折,颗粒打压植骨+生物杯置入+螺钉辅助固定。股骨假体周围骨折37例,术中股骨假体周围骨折Mallory I型17例,16例采用单纯钢丝环扎,1例保守治疗;MalloryⅡ型20例,17例单纯钢缆捆扎固定,3例二期长柄股骨假体加线缆或钢板固定。结果所有病例均获得随访,随访时间平均2.9年(10个月～5年),随访时进行Harris评分,平均90.94分(65～94分),优35例,良9例,差2例,优良率95.65%。X线片检查示假体骨折均愈合,愈合时间3～12个月,平均愈合时间7.3个月,其中1例术中臼底骨折,术后2年随访时臼杯松动。结论骨质疏松、高龄、肥胖、股骨解剖畸形、髋臼内陷、假体选择及操作失误等是初次髋关节置换术中假体周围骨折的主要原因,其具体治疗方案取决于骨折线的水平及假体稳定性,钢丝、线缆及钢板是主要固定手段,若假体出现松动迹象,可考虑选用长柄股骨假体及骨水泥假体。     

非骨水泥股骨假体翻修时术中骨折的相关原因分析

[目的]探讨采用非骨水泥型股骨假体进行髋关节翻修时术中骨折的发生率、发生原因及相关危险因素.[方法]回顾性研究北京积水潭医院矫形骨科2011年1 ～12月采用非骨水泥型股骨假体进行翻修的72例患者临床资料,其中男33例,女39例；均为单侧病变.患者翻修时的平均年龄61.7岁(32 ～ 82岁),距初次关节置换的时间平均为7.2年(1个月～ 20年).分析非骨水泥股骨假体进行髋关节翻修时术中骨折的发生率及发生原因,并将未发生骨折的病例作为对照组,分析术中骨折发生的相关危险因素.[结果] 72例翻修患者中有17例(23.6％)发生术中骨折.其中大转子劈裂骨折3例(13.3％)、股骨干部皮质穿孔3例(13.3％)、股骨干部螺旋形骨折8例(47.1％)、股骨干骨折合并股骨远端骨折3例(13.3％).术中骨折最多见于取骨水泥时(41.2％),其次为开髓及扩髓过程中(29.4％).[结论]采用非骨水泥股骨假体进行翻修时术中骨折的发生率较高.术中骨折的危险因素包括:术前严重的股骨骨缺损、较低的髓腔-皮质指数、术前假体力线不良及未采用大转子延长截骨的骨水泥型假体翻修.对于骨水泥型假体进行翻修时,大粗隆延长截骨可以有效避免术中骨折的发生.     

Intraoperative periprosthetic hip fractures

Periprosthetic femoral fractures are among the most difficult and expensive complications of total hip arthroplasty. A rise in the elderly population and the increased indications of primary and revision hip arthroplasty has led to an escalating incidence. Intraoperative periprosthetic fractures are becoming more common given the increased numbers of revision total hip arthroplasty and the use of cementless fixation. Risk factors for intraoperative periprosthetic fractures include the use of minimally invasive techniques; the use of press-fit cementless stems and cups; revision surgery, specially when a long cementless stem or a short stem with impaction allografting is used; female gender; metabolic bone disease; bone diseases leading to altered morphology such as Paget disease and technical errors during the operation.     

全髋关节置换术中假体周围骨折的研究进展

全髋关节置换术是一个较为成熟的手术,术中假体周围骨折是其并发症之一,假体周围骨折分为髋臼假体周围骨折和股骨假体周围骨折,危险因素包括微创技术的使用、压配式非骨水泥假体柄的使用、髋关节翻修术和骨质疏松等。本文就全髋关节置换术中假体周围骨折的分型及治疗进展进行综述。     

Total hip arthroplasty for acute femoral neck fractures using a cementless tapered femoral stem

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osseointegration potential and implant-related complications of cementless total hip arthroplasty with a titanium alloy collarless, tapered, wedge-shaped femoral stem with a proximal circumferential plasma-spray coating in patients with acute hip fractures. The cohort consists of 85 patients with a mean age of 78.1 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. Total hip arthroplasty conferred significant improvement in function for all patients. All femoral components were stable with evidence of bone ingrowth (84 hips) or fibrous fixation (1 hip). Mild thigh pain was present in 3 patients. The complications included dislocation (3 cases), intraoperative femoral fracture (2 cases), and periprosthetic femoral fracture in the postoperative period (1 case). There was one reoperation for revision of the femoral component in the patient with a periprosthetic fracture. There were 25 (29%) deaths. Cementless total hip arthroplasty using a tapered proximally coated femoral stem is a viable option for the treatment of a displaced hip fracture and preexistent arthritis.     

非骨水泥长柄假体在髋关节翻修术中的应用

目的回顾性分析非骨水泥全涂层长柄假体在全髋关节翻修术中应用的临床疗效。方法对2006年1月至2011年1月四川大学华西医院收治的采用全涂层长柄假体全髋关节翻修术的53例患者（53髋）进行随访、分析。其中男26例,女27例;年龄49—78岁,平均62岁。股骨假体采用强生（Depuy）公司全涂层长度为165mm的直柄AML假体10例、全涂层165mm的Solution假体19例和203mm带弧度分左右侧的Solution假体24例。比较髋关节术前术后的Harris评分,x线片评价假体柄有无松动下沉及应力遮挡情况。结果53例患者均获随访,随访时间1．8～6．8年,平均4．7年。术前平均Harris评分为37分,最后随访时增加至86分。所有患者均在术后3个月后完全负重,原有髋关节疼痛缓解。在最后随访时,有45例股骨柄假体获得骨长人固定。并发症：术后脱位1例,手法复位后未再发生脱位,术后感染1例,假体柄明显下沉1例,后两例患者行再次翻修术,末次随访假体柄稳定。随访X线片显示多数患者骨质改建,密度增加,未发现假体周围有连续亮带及假体柄下沉的患者。结论复杂的股骨侧翻修手术,应尽可能选择非骨水泥长柄假体。特别是股骨干骺端骨质条件差,中段有骨缺损,近端不能获得牢固固定的病例。术中结合同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨处理股骨中上段中重度骨缺损,中期临床疗效良好,远期效果有待随访。     

Incidence,Classification, and Risk Factors for Intraoperative Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty With a Single Stem: A Retrospective Study

BackgroundThe collum femoris preserving (CFP) stem was a specially designed femoral neck preserving component. The incidence, classification, and risk factors for intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures with this special stem remain unclear.MethodsThis was a retrospective study. We analyzed the clinical and radiological data of all patients who underwent primary hip arthroplasty with a CFP stem in our hospital between January 2006 and November 2018. Demographic characteristics and radiological features were obtained from the medical records and the Picture Archiving and Communication System, respectively. The incidence, Vancouver classification, and risk factors for intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures were identified.ResultsA total of 1633 hips were included. The incidence rate of periprosthetic femoral fractures in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with a CFP stem was 3.2%. According to the Vancouver classification, there were 24 patients (45.3%) with Vancouver type A fractures, 27 patients (50.9%) with Vancouver type B fractures, and 2 patients (3.8%) with Vancouver type C fractures. Five independent risk (protective) factors were found, including surgical history (odds ratio [OR] = 3.275, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.192-8.997), neck-shaft angle (OR = 1.104, 95% CI = 1.058-1.152), neck length preserved (OR = 0.913, 95% CI = 0.850-0.980), canal flare index (OR = 0.636, 95% CI = 0.413-0.980), and bone mineral density (OR = 0.083, 95% CI = 0.016-0.417).ConclusionThe detailed characteristics of intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures in patients who received a CFP stem were identified in this study. Cracks of the femoral neck and fractures on the front side of the proximal femur were more common in patients with CFP stems. As a kind of a femoral neck preserving stem, the anatomical features (eg, neck-shaft angle, preserving length) of the remaining femoral neck might influence the incidence and characteristics of intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures in patients with CFP stems.     

Intraoperative periprosthetic fractures during total hip arthroplasty. Evaluation and management

Intraoperative periprosthetic fractures are becoming more common given the increased prevalence of revision total hip arthroplasty and increased use of cementless fixation. Risk factors for intraoperative periprosthetic fractures include the use of minimally invasive techniques; the use of press-fit cementless stems; revision operations, especially when a long cementless stem is used or when a short stem with impaction allografting is used; female sex; metabolic bone disease; bone diseases leading to altered morphology such as Paget disease; and technical errors at the time of the operation. Appropriate treatment of intraoperative periprosthetic fractures does not compromise the long-term results of total hip arthroplasty unless the bone damage precludes stable fixation of the implant.     

Cementless Tapered-Wedge Stem Length Affects the Risk of Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures in Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background

Although the popularity of the direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty has increased, the femoral procedure in this approach is considered technically challenging, and one of the most frequent complications reported was periprosthetic femoral fractures. The present study aimed to identify factors for predicting the risk of periprosthetic femoral fractures after using stems with a cementless tapered-wedge design through the direct anterior approach.

Bilateral femoral fracture at the site of bilateral hip prostheses. A case report]

Fracture of the femoral shaft after hip arthroplasty is a serious problem. In most cases, minimal trauma is responsible for the fracture. Predisposing factors include severe osteoporosis, loosening of the prosthetic stem and perforations of the cortex. The incidence in our patient material in 2.3% after total hip arthroplasty and 2.9% after revision. Operative treatment may consist in osteosynthesis with compression plates, screws, or cerclage wires with or without revision of the arthroplasty. We give a case report covering treatment and 2-year follow-up for a bilateral proximal femoral fracture in a 72-year-old farmer with bilateral total hip replacements. Both fractures were treated similarly, with replacement of the femoral components by a cementless Wagner revision stem prosthesis and cerclage wiring of the fragments. No classic osteosynthesis was required to manage the fractures.     

Reduced Incidence of Intraoperative Femur Fracture With a Second-Generation Tapered Wedge Stem

Background

Intraoperative fractures during total hip arthroplasty (THA) are more common when using cementless stems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a new shorter second-generation cementless, tapered wedge stem with improved proximal femoral fit in reducing the incidence of intraoperative fracture.