Triplet gestation outcomes in relation to maternal prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain

Objective.?To study prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) and overall maternal weight gain in triplet gestations in relation to maternal and newborn outcomes.

Study design.?This was a retrospective study of birth certificate data of all live-born triplet gestations occurring between 1999 and 2003 in an eight-county region in New York. An analysis of computerized birth certificate data for variables related to pregnancy and newborn outcomes was conducted, looking at neonatal birth weight, neonatal gestational age, and the occurrence of the maternal pregnancy complications of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.

Results.?In 56 triplet gestations studied, the prepregnancy BMI was not associated with mean newborn birth weights and gestational age at delivery. The total maternal weight gain was associated with increasing mean birth weight and higher gestational age at delivery. Pregnancy complications in triplet pregnancies of gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension were associated with prepregnancy BMI, but not maternal weight gain.

Conclusion.?For triplet gestations, a normal prepregnancy BMI and a total gestational weight gain of at least 15.9 – 20.5 kg (35 – 45 lb) are associated with fewer pregnancy complications.     

Effect of prepregnancy body mass index categories on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes

Objectives To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and obstetrical and neonatal outcomes.Methods We conducted a cohort study comparing prepregnant BMI categories with obstetrical and neonatal outcomes using the McGill Obstetrical and Neonatal Database on all deliveries in 10 year period (1987–1997). Prepregnant BMI was categorized into underweight (<20), normal (20–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), obese (30–39.9), and morbidly obese (40+). Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for age, smoking, parity, and preexisting diabetes using normal BMI as the reference.Results The population consisted of underweight 4,312 (23.1%), normal weight 10,021 (53.8%), overweight 3,069 (16.5%), obese 1,137 (6.1%), and morbidly obese 104 (0.6%). As compared to women with normal BMIs, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese women had an increased risk of preeclampsia 2.28 (1.88–2.77), 4.65 (3.71–5.83), 6.26 (3.48–11.26); gestational hypertension 1.56 (1.35–1.81), 2.01 (1.64–2.45), 2.77 (1.60–4.78); gestational diabetes 1.89 (1.63–2.19), 3.22 (2.68–3.87), 4.71 (2.89–7.67); preterm birth 1.20 (1.04–1.38), 1.60 (1.32–1.94), 2.43 (1.46–4.05); cesarean section 1.48 (1.35–1.62), 1.85 (1.62–2.11), 2.92 (1.97–4.34); and macrosomia 1.66 (1.23–2.24), 2.32 (1.58–3.41), 2.10 (0.64–6.86). Underweight women were less likely to have: preeclampsia 0.67 (0.52–0.86), gestational hypertension 0.71 (0.60–0.83), gestational diabetes 0.82 (0.69–0.97), cesarean section 0.89 (0.81–0.97), shoulder dystocia 0.88 (0.80–0.96), birth injuries 0.40 (0.21–0.77), and macrosomia 0.43 (0.28–0.68) but more likely to have small for gestational age infants 1.54 (1.37–1.72) and intrauterine growth restricted infants 1.33 (1.07–1.67).Conclusion In a large Canadian teaching hospital, increasing prepregnancy BMI category was associated with an increasing risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Underweight prepregnancy BMI was associated with a reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

To evaluate the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes among adolescent pregnant women

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes among adolescent pregnant women.

Methods: We conducted this prospective cross-sectional study on 365 singleton adolescent pregnancies (aged between 16 and 20 years) at a Maternity Hospital, between December 2014 and March 2015. We divided participants into two groups based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): overweight and obese adolescent (BMI at or above 25.0?kg/m) and normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.99?kg/m) adolescent. We used multivariate analysis to evaluate the association of the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and pre-pregnancy BMI.

Results: The prevalence of maternal overweight/obesity and normal weight was 34.6% (n?=?80) and 65.4% (n?=?261) in the study population, respectively. Compared with normal-weight teens (n?=?234), overweight/obese teens (n?=?71) were at higher risk for cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4–1.4), preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02–0.9) and small of gestational age (odds ratio [OR] 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1–0.9).

Conclusion: BMI increased during pre-pregnancy could be an important preventable risk factor for poor obstetric complications in adolescent pregnancies, and for these patients prevention strategies (e.g., nutritional counseling, weight-loss, regular physical activity) for obesity are recommended before getting pregnant.     

The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birth

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between prepregnancy maternal body mass index and spontaneous preterm birth and indicated preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, Preterm Prediction study. Patients were classified into categories that were based on their body mass index. Rates of indicated and spontaneous preterm birth were compared. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-seven (20.5%) of 2910 women were obese. Obese women had fewer spontaneous preterm births at < 37 weeks of gestation (6.2% vs 11.2%; P < .001) and at < 34 weeks of gestation (1.5% vs 3.5%; P = .012). Women with a body mass index of < 19 kg/m2 had 16.6% spontaneous preterm birth, with a body mass index of 19 to 24.9 kg/m 2 had 11.3% spontaneous preterm birth, with a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 had 8.1% spontaneous preterm birth, with a body mass index of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 had 7.1% spontaneous preterm birth, and with a body mass index of > or = 35 kg/m2 had 5.2% spontaneous preterm birth (P < .0001). Indicated delivery was responsible for an increasing proportion of preterm births with increasing body mass index (P = .001). Obese women had lower rates of cervical length < 25 mm (5% vs 8%; P = .012). Multivariable regression analysis confirmed a lower rate of spontaneous preterm birth in obese gravid women (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39-0.83; P = .003). CONCLUSION: Obesity before pregnancy is associated with a lower rate of spontaneous preterm birth.     

Impact of pre-gravid body mass index and body mass index change on preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in singleton and twin pregnancies

Abstract

Objective: To examine pre-gravid body mass index (BMI) and gestational BMI change impact on preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: Retrospective population-based cohort study. Data from Slovenian National Perinatal Information System were analyzed for the period 2002–2011. Three singleton controls were matched by parity and maternal age to each twin pregnancy delivered at >36 weeks. Student’s t test was used to compare pre-gravid BMI and gestational BMI change in different groups (p?<?0.05 significant).

Results: 2046 twin and 6138 singleton pregnancies were included. Twin and singleton patients with preeclampsia or GDM had higher pre-gravid BMI (p?<?0.001). Gestational BMI change was smaller in twins with GDM (p?<?0.001), and not associated with preeclampsia (p?=?0.07). Smaller gestational BMI change in singleton pregnancies was associated with GDM (p?<?0.001), and greater BMI change with preeclampsia (p?=?0.004).

Conclusions: Pre-gravid BMI is more strongly associated with preeclampsia and GDM in twin and singleton pregnancies than gestational BMI change. Smaller gestational BMI change in GDM pregnancies reflect the importance of dietary counseling.     

The association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and pregnancy outcomes of preeclampsia

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) to pregnancy outcomes in patients diagnosed as preeclampsia.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospectively study on women who had been diagnosed as preeclampsia and delivered at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between June 2017 and March 2020. Multifetal gestation, major fetal anomaly, and fetal death in utero were excluded. A total of 150 singleton pregnancies were included and divided into four groups according to the pre-pregnancy BMI classification: underweight (<18.5 kg/m², n = 6), normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m², n = 66), overweight (23.0–24.9 kg/m², n = 26), and obese (≥25.0 kg/m², n = 52). Pregnancy outcomes including gestational age at delivery, birthweight, and delivery modes were reviewed.ResultsThe rates of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation were 67%, 49%, 35%, and 27% for underweight group, normal BMI group, overweight group, and obese group, respectively (p-trend = 0.006). The birthweight of newborn increased significantly as pre-pregnancy BMI increased (p-trend<0.001). The proportions of small for gestational age (SGA) were highest in underweight group and decreased as pre-pregnancy BMI increased (67%, 41%, 42%, and 10% for each group, respectively, p-trend<0.001).ConclusionThe rates of preterm birth before 34 weeks and SGA increased as pre-pregnancy BMI decreased in patients with preeclampsia.Implications for practiceWomen with underweight before pregnancy are at the highest risk for preterm birth and SGA, therefore they need to be monitored more intensively when diagnosed as preeclampsia.     

孕前体重指数和孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)和孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响,为制定孕期体重分级管理方案提供依据. 方法 研究对象为2009年1月至2010年4月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院产科定期产前检查的健康单胎妊娠孕妇2409例.根据孕前BMI分为孕前体重过低(BMI＜ 18.5)、体重正常(BMI 18.5～)、超重和肥胖(BMI≥24.0)3组.孕期增重计算方法为分娩前最高体重减去孕前体重.将孕前体重过低和体重正常的孕产妇,分别按孕期增重＜10 kg、10 kg～、≥15 kg分为3个亚组;孕前超重和肥胖的孕产妇,按孕期增重＜5 kg、5 kg～、10 kg～、≥15 kg分为4个亚组.记录分娩孕周、分娩方式、新生儿出生体重和Apgar评分,以及妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、巨大儿、胎儿生长受限及早产的发生率.统计学分析采用t检验、方差分析、Student-Newman-Keuls检验、x2检验或Fisher精确概率法. 结果 (1)2409例孕妇中,孕前体重过低、体重正常、超重和肥胖组的构成比分别为18.5％(445例)、69.9％(1685例)和11.6％(279例).孕前超重和肥胖组HDP、GDM和巨大儿发生率、剖宫产率分别为12.9％(36例)、17.9％(50例)、13.6％(38例)和52.3％(146例),均高于孕前体重过低组[3.4％(15例)、4.3％(19例)、3.8％(17例)和25.8％(115例),x2分别为23.8、37.1、23.5和50.2,P＜0.05]和体重正常组[5.5％(92例)、7.8％(132例)、7.8％(132例)和31.6％(532例),x2分别为21.8、29.0、10.1和3.4,P＜0.05].(2)孕前体重正常者,孕期增重＜10 kg亚组FGR发生率和早产率分别为3.5％(4/115)和8.7％(10/115),高于增重10 kg～亚组[0.7％(4/548)和3.3％(18/548),x2分别为6.0和6.9,P＜0.05]和≥15 kg亚组[0.8％(8/1022)和3.6％(37/1022),x2分别为7.2和6.7,P＜0.05].增重≥15 kg亚组巨大儿发生率和剖宫产率分别为10.7％(109/1022)和34.5％(353/1022),高于增重＜10 kg亚组[3.5％(4/115)和32.2％(37/115),x2分别为6.0和63.0,P＜0.05]和10 kg～亚组[3.5％(19/548)和25.9％(142/548),x2分别为24.7和31.0,P＜0.05].(3)孕前超重和肥胖者,孕期增重不同的4个亚组妊娠并发症和妊娠结局比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 孕前超重或肥胖者妊娠并发症和剖宫产的风险增加.孕前体重正常者如果孕期增重过高或过低,也可能增加妊娠并发症风险,孕期增重控制在10～15 kg较为适宜.     

The mutual effect of pregestational body mass index,maternal hyperglycemia and gestational weight gain on adverse pregnancy outcomes

Objective: To investigate the mutual effect of obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: Charts of patients who delivered in our hospital between June 2001 and June 2006 singleton, live births >24 weeks gestation were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess pregnancy outcomes defined as large for gestational age (LGA), primary cesarean section (PCS) and a composite outcome of LGA and/or PCS.

Results: A total of 8595 women were included. Frequency of composite outcome increased with increasing body mass index (BMI), increasing hyperglycemia and above-recommended GWG. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis compared to women with normal BMI, odds ratio (OR) for composite outcome was 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.44) in overweight women, OR?=?1.86 (1.51–2.31) in obese women and in severe obesity OR?=?2.97 (2.15–4.11).

Compared to normoglycemic women, odds for composite outcome in women with abnormal glucose challenge test OR?=?1.46 (1.20–1.79), impaired glucose tolerance OR?=?1.65 (1.14–2.4) and GDM OR?=?1.56 (1.16–2.10). Women with GWG above recommended had OR?=?1.58, (1.37–1.81) for composite outcome.

Conclusions: Higher pregestational BMI, maternal hyperglycemia and above-recommended GWG independently contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, there is mutual effect between these three factors and adverse outcomes. Appropriate pregestational weight and adequate GWG might reduce risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

The relationship between antenatal body attitudes,pre-pregnancy body mass index,and gestational weight gain

Objectivesan estimated 50% of women experience excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). Maternal body attitudes are associated with GWG, however this relationship is complex and may differ based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) or gestational age. The aim of this study was to explore the moderating role of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on the relationship between body attitudes in early-to-mid and late pregnancy and GWG.Design/Participantspregnant women less than 18 weeks gestation were recruited for a postal questionnaire study via Australian pregnancy online forums, pregnancy and parenting magazines, and antenatal clinics. In early-mid pregnancy (Time 1; mean (M) = 16.81 weeks gestation, standard deviation (SD) = 1.18), participants reported demographics, pre-pregnancy weight, height, and body attitudes (salience of weight and shape, attractiveness, strength and fitness and feeling fat). In late pregnancy, body attitudes (Time 2; M = 32.65 weeks gestation, SD = 0.91) and weight (Time 3; M = 37.15 weeks gestation, SD = 1.55) were reported. Pre-pregnancy BMI and total GWG were calculated. Moderation analyses were conducted.Findingsin early-mid pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI moderated the relationship between feeling fat and GWG. Pre-pregnancy BMI did not moderate the relationship between body attitudes and GWG for salience of weight and shape, attractiveness or strength and fitness in early-mid pregnancy. In late pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI moderated the relationship between all four body attitude facets (salience of weight and shape, attractiveness, feeling fat and strength and fitness) and GWG.Conclusion/Implications for practicethe relationship between body attitudes and GWG was moderated by pre-pregnancy BMI, particularly in late pregnancy. It is recommended that antenatal health care providers monitor women's body attitudes throughout pregnancy to aid in the management of healthy GWG and promote positive maternal and infant health outcomes. This is particularly important for women entering pregnancy with an underweight/normal weight BMI.     

Effects of maternal obesity on antenatal,perinatal and neonatal outcomes

Objective: Obesity is critically important to maternal and fetal health during the perinatal period. We have detected an increasing prevalence of maternal obesity in recent years and investigated its complications during pregnancy.

Methods: A total of 931 pregnant females were investigated between March 2012 and March 2013. The patients were divided into four groups: body mass index (BMI)?<?18.5?kg/m² was underweight, 18.5–24.9?kg/m² was normal weight, 25–29.9?kg/m² was overweight and ≥30?kg/m² was obese. The effects of obesity on fetal and maternal outcomes were investigated.

Results: Significant increases in pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, shoulder dystocia, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, abnormal heart rate pattern and postpartum infection rates were found in the obese group during the perinatal period. Adverse maternal effects in obese cases were significantly more frequent than those in normal-weight cases. Preterm birth, perinatal mortality, low APGAR scores, newborn intensive care unit requirement, hypoglycemia and macrosomia rates were significantly higher in obese cases than those in non-obese cases. However, low birth weight infant rate was higher in the low BMI cases than that in the other BMI categories (p?<?0.01).

Conclusion: We conclude that obesity is an important factor associated with pregnancy complications and the increase in maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality.     

The effect of maternal obesity on outcomes in patients undergoing tertiary or higher cesarean delivery

Objective: To estimate the association between maternal obesity and adverse outcomes in patients without placenta previa or accreta undergoing a tertiary or higher cesarean delivery.

Study design: Retrospective cohort of patients cared for by a single MFM practice undergoing a tertiary or higher cesarean delivery from 2005 to 2013. Patients attempting vaginal delivery and patients with placenta accreta and/or placenta previa were excluded. We estimated the association of maternal obesity (prepregnancy BMI?≥?30?kg/m²) and maternal outcomes. The primary outcome was a composite of severe maternal morbidity (uterine rupture, hysterectomy, blood transfusion, cystotomy requiring repair, bowel injury requiring repair, intensive care unit admission, thrombosis, re-operation, or maternal death).

Results: Three hundred and forty four patients met inclusion criteria, 73 (21.2%) of whom were obese. The composite outcome was significantly higher in the obese group (6.8% versus 1.8%, p?=?0.024, aOR 4.36, 95% CI 1.21, 15.75). The incidence of several individual adverse outcomes were also increased in obese women, including blood transfusion (4.1% versus 0.7%, p?=?0.033, aOR 7.36, 95% CI 1.19, 45.34), wound separation or infection (20.5% versus 5.9%, p?p?=?0.024, aOR 4.40, 95% CI 1.21, 15.94).

Conclusions: In patients undergoing a tertiary or higher cesarean delivery without placenta previa or accreta, obesity increases the risk of adverse outcomes. Obese patients are at risk for blood transfusion, low 1-min Apgar scores and postoperative wound complications.     

The impact of maternal obesity and weight gain on vaginal birth after cesarean section success

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the impact of maternal obesity on success of a trial of labor (vaginal birth after cesarean section [VBAC]) after a single low transverse cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Individual charts of women with low transverse cesarean delivery in their first viable pregnancy who underwent a VBAC in their second viable pregnancy at our urban tertiary care institution were reviewed. Maternal body mass index (BMI) was classified as underweight (<19.8 kg/m2), normal (19.8-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), or obese (> or =30 kg/m2). Clinical characteristics and labor outcomes were assessed. Factors potentially affecting VBAC success were analyzed by univariate analysis. Logistic regressions were performed to determine the impact of maternal pregravid BMI on VBAC success after controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Of 510 women attempting a trial of labor, 337 (66%) were successful and 173 (34%) failed VBAC. Decreased VBAC success was seen in obese (54.6%) but not overweight (65.5%) women compared with women of normal BMI (70.5%), P = .003 and .36, respectively. Underweight women had more VBAC success than women of normal BMI (84.7% vs 70.5%, P = .04). Controlling for other factors, the association between increasing pregravid BMI and BMI > or =30 kg/m 2 with decreased VBAC success persisted, P = .03 and .006, respectively. Normal BMI women who became overweight before the second pregnancy had decreased VBAC success compared with those whose BMI remained normal (56.6% vs 74.2%, P = .006). However, overweight women who decreased their BMI to normal before the second pregnancy did not significantly improve VBAC success (64.0% vs 58.4%, P = .67). CONCLUSION: Increasing pregravid BMI and weight gain between pregnancies reduce VBAC success after a single low transverse cesarean delivery.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇体重指数变化与围产结局的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇妊娠前体重指数(BMI)及妊娠期体重指数增幅与围产结局的关系。方法2006年1月至2007年12月间在浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院产科门诊行常规检查并确诊为GDM的238例患者,按妊娠前体重指数分为正常组(18.5≤BMI<23)、超重组(23≤BMI<25)、肥胖组(BMI≥25),按早孕至终止妊娠前BMI的总增幅,分为A组(BMI总增幅<4),B组(4≤BMI总增幅≤6),C组(BMI总增幅>6),比较分析各组间围产结局的差异。结果肥胖组子痫前期、早产发生率均(26.0%,32.7%)显著高于正常组(11.9%,8.3%)及超重组(10.8%,13.7%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。正常组孕妇胎儿窘迫发生率(8.3%)显著低于超重组(23.5%)和肥胖组(23.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组子痫前期(10.4%)、羊水过多(10.4%)、胎膜早破(10.4%)、胎儿窘迫(11.3%)和早产(8.0%)的发生率均明显低于C组(22.2%,23.8%,25.3%,30.2%,30.2%),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。C组胎膜早破发生率明显高...     

The association between body mass index and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis

Background: Several observational studies have reported a positive association between elevated body mass index (BMI) and preeclampsia, but no meta-analysis has been conducted yet. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall association between overweight or obesity and preeclampsia.

Methods: Major electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until August 2015. The reference lists of included studies were screened as well. Epidemiological studies addressing the association between BMI and preeclampsia were enrolled. The heterogeneity across studies was explored by Q-test and I² statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests. The results were reported using odds ratio (OR) estimate with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model.

Results: We identified a total of 1298 references and included 23 studies with 1 387 599 participants. Preeclampsia was associated with overweight (OR?=?1.73; 95% CI: 1.59, 1.87; 21 studies; I^2?=^?62.3%) and obesity (OR?=?3.15; 95% CI: 2.96, 3.35; 22 studies; I^2?=^?36.0%). There was no evidence of publication bias.

Conclusions: There is sufficient evidence that excess body mass index is significantly associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Therefore, overweight and obesity can be considered as a predictor of preeclampsia.