交通警察尿金属谱与血脂水平的关联性分析

目的 在交通警察中探讨23种尿金属与血脂水平的关联性。方法 采用横断面研究设计,在185名交通警察中（56名内勤人员,129名外勤人员）分析尿金属对血脂水平的影响。对研究对象进行职业健康检查。尿金属浓度采用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪检测。结果 外勤组甘油三酯（TG）、高密度和低密度脂蛋白均高于内勤组（P＜0.001,P＜0.001和P = 0.036）。外勤组铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、铷、锶、钼、镉、锡、锑、钨、铊、铅和铀浓度均高于内勤组,差异有统计学意义（所有P＜0.05）。校正年龄、性别、吸烟、吸烟包年、饮酒、锻炼、工龄、工种、BMI和尿肌酐后,尿铜与TG、尿钴与总胆固醇（TC）的关联性有统计学意义（β = 0.16, 95%CI 0.05～0.28, P = 0.007和β = 0.05, 95%CI 0.01～0.10, P = 0.009）,且在校正了其他金属后,此关联仍有统计学意义。此外,校正辅助变量后,尿铜与血脂异常正相关。结论 尿铜和尿钴分别与TG和TC水平升高有关,表明金属对交通警察血脂代谢具有调节作用。     

唐山市交通废气污染与交通警察血脂水平关系的研究

目的探讨城市交通废气污染对交通警察血脂水平的影响。方法选择唐山市交通警察中169名外勤交警为暴露组,112名内勤交警为对照组。应用化学法测定血脂;用一氧化碳微型检测仪测定调查对象呼出气中一氧化碳（CO）浓度及血碳氧血红蛋白饱和度（HbCO％）。结果内、外勤交警血胆固醇均值分别为4．90mmol／L和5．43mmol／L,两组间差异有显著性（P〈0．01）;外勤交警血甘油三酯（2．57mmol／L）高于内勤交警（2．42mmol／L）,但差异无显著性。两组中血HbCO％高的人群,其血脂均高于HbCO％低的人群。在HbCO％〉1％的交背中,外勤交警的血胆固醇（5．48mmol／L）明显高于内勤交警（4．96mmol／L）,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论交通废气污染能引起外勤交通警察的血脂水平增高;交通环境中的CO是影响外勤交通警察血脂水平的一个重要因素。     

太原市交通警察生殖系统铅负荷初探

本研究以２３名外勤交警队员作接触组，分析精液，血铅水平，同时调查市内交通铅污染现状。结果显示，交通警察长期低浓度铅接触，生殖系统铅负荷明显增加（Ｐ＜０．００１），提示关方面应注意铅对交通警察生殖系统的影响。     

吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用对交通警察健康影响的研究

目的 调查唐山市交通废气污染现状，探讨吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用对交通警察的健康影响。方法 选择三个有代表性路口进行环境监测，包括可吸入性颗粒物(IP)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、总烃(CmHn)和铅尘(Pb)浓度。采用现况研究的方法，以唐山市196名男性外勤交通警察(外勤警)和148名男性内勤交通警察(内勤警)为研究对象，进行问卷调查和各种症状的体检，并测定了血碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(HbCO%)、肺最大呼气流速(PEF)，抽样测定部分调查对象血铅含量。结果各监测点的CO、NOx的浓度明显超标，Pb尘差异无显著性。外勤警的各种症状出现率、HbCO％显著高于内勤警，PET低于内勤警，血Pb差异无显著性。按是否吸烟分层后，内、外勤警中吸烟者的各症状出现率、HbCO％均高于不吸烟者，PET低于不吸烟者；吸烟内勤警的神经衰弱及心血管系统症状出现率、血铅甚至高于不吸烟的外勤警。结论交通废气污染是引起外勤警症状出现率升高、HbCO％升高、PET下降的一个重要因素，吸烟可使神经衰弱、心血管系统症状出现率、血铅增高更明显。吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用加重了对吸烟外勤警的健康损害。     

陕西省一般人群全血和尿液中铬、镉和铅负荷水平分析

目的 了解陕西省一般人群血液和尿液中铬、镉和铅的内暴露水平及其分布特点。方法 2017年采用分层随机抽样方法,选取陕西省5个县（区、市）720名3~79岁人群为监测对象,采集血液和尿液样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测样品中铬、镉和铅的含量。检测结果定量资料组间比较,符合正态分布采用方差分析,不符合正态分布采用独立样本非参数检验。结果 陕西省一般人群中,血铬和尿铬几何均数分别为0.31μg/L和0.51μg/L,男性尿铬高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=7.276,P＜0.05）;血镉和尿镉几何均数分别为0.20μg/L和0.19μg/L,男性均高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=14.022、5.698,P＜0.05）;血铅和尿铅几何均数分别为16.24μg/L和0.47μg/L,男性均高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=50.157、5.173,P＜0.05）。城镇地区血铬和血镉几何均数高于乡村地区（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=36.815、17.222,P＜0.05）,乡村地区尿铬和尿铅高于城镇地区（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=53.492、15.874,P＜0.05）。血镉和血铅,尿镉和尿铅浓度水平年龄段间差异有统计学意义（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=379.871、64.070、365.190、25.470,P＜0.05）。结论 陕西省一般人群血液和尿液中铬、镉和铅水平逐渐降低,铅平均水平偏高。铬、镉和铅存在地区间差异。     

江苏某电池厂工人血铅、血镉和尿镉的浓度及相关性

目的了解江苏某电池厂工作人员体内血铅、血镉和尿镉的浓度,对三者的关系进行比较分析。方法选择该电池厂437名员工为研究对象,并测定其体内的血铅、血镉、尿镉含量。结果血铅<400μg/L和≥400μg/L组血镉的均值分别为1.23μg/L和2.10μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.758,P<0.01);两组尿镉均值分别为1.03μg/g肌酐和1.10μg/g肌酐,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.618,P>0.05)。血镉与血铅之间存在相关关系(r=0.238,P<0.01),尿镉与血铅之间无相关关系(r=0.051,P>0.05)。结论该工厂工人体内血铅、血镉、尿镉含量均存在一定异常,血铅和血镉之间存在相关关系。为减少铅、镉行业对从业人员的健康损害,需要政府部门、企业、从业人员的共同努力。     

铅作业工人血铅、尿铅和血常规检测结果分析

目的比较铅作业工人和非铅作业工人血铅、尿铅和血红蛋白浓度的差异。了解长期低铅作业工人的健康状况。方法对2009年天津市某蓄电池厂400例铅作业工人和120例非铅作业工人分别进行血铅、尿铅和血红蛋白浓度的测定,并对结果进行统计学处理。结果铅作业组血红蛋白浓度低于非铅作业组。而血铅、尿铅浓度均显著高于非铅作业组（P〈0.01）。并且血铅和血红蛋白浓度间呈负相关性（r=-0.442）,尿铅与血铅和血红蛋白间的相关性均不理想（r值分别为-0.026和-0.018）。结论长期低铅作业可导致人体血铅尿铅升高,血红蛋白降低,但尿铅浓度波动大,且影响因素多,不能精确反映体内铅积蓄量,结果与其他指标的相关性较差。     

电子垃圾处理环境中居民体内重金属水平及其影响因素的研究

目的 分析暴露于电子垃圾处理环境的人群重金属内暴露水平及其影响因素.方法 于2005年8-12月在我国南方某有十余年历史的电子垃圾集散地及无明显工业污染的农业区随机选取调查对象各59名(暴露组)和79名(对照组).用原子吸收光谱法测定研究对象血和尿中铅、镉、铜水平,并分析研究对象体内的重金属水平及其相关影响因素.结果 暴露组和对照组人群血铅、血镉及尿铅的差异均无统计学意义.但暴露组的尿铜水平(中位数:38.06 μg/g Cr)却高于对照组(中位数:23.69μg/g Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);而对照组血清铜水平(中位数:0.86 mg/L)和尿镉水平(中位数:1.96 μg/g Cr)则高于暴露组(血清铜中位数:0.76 mg/L;尿镉中位数:1.04 μg/g Cr),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).此外,电子垃圾回收拆解从业史是血铅的危险因素(OR=3.2,P＜0.05),性别和吸烟是血镉升高的危险因素(性别:OR=7.4,P＜0.05;吸烟:OR=18.4,P＜0.05).结论 电子垃圾处理环境中的铜污染可能危及当地居民健康.对照区未知的镉和铜潜在污染源暴露可能与当地居民尿镉和血清铜水平有关.     

电子垃圾拆解集散地居民铅、镉、铜内暴露水平与淋巴细胞双微核率的关系

[目的]研究电子垃圾拆解集散地居民血尿铅、镉、铜的暴露水平和淋巴细胞双微核率的变化及其影响因素。[方法]选择某电子垃圾拆解集散地居民58人为暴露组（男性44人，女性14人），平均年龄为33．0岁；距离集散地50km，且无明显工业污染的农业区人群80人为对照组（男性41名，女性39名），平均年龄为43．7岁。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测血铅、血镉和尿铅、尿镉、尿铜含量，火焰原子吸收光谱法测定血清铜含量；胞质阻滞双微核实验测定淋巴细胞双微核率。[结果]暴露组居民血铅和尿铜中位数分别为0．52μmol／L和51．97μmol／mmol肌酐，均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。暴露组人群双微核率中位数（4‰）是对照组（1‰）的4倍，年龄是血镉增高的危险因素（OR=1．1，P〈0．01）；电子垃圾拆解职业暴露史是影响血铅水平及双微核率的危险因素（OR=2．9，P〈0．05；OR=6．7，P〈0．01）。[结论]电子垃圾拆解地居民血铅、尿铜水平及淋巴细胞双微核率均高于对照区居民。     

儿童体内铅,镉水平及其对儿童智力影响的研究

目的探讨铅、镉在儿童体内的负荷及其对儿童智力的影响。方法在山东省二个城市3700名7~12岁普通小学生中,以学习成绩、智商测验等方法选出IQ＜80的小学生112名为实验组,IQ＞100的小学生80名为对照组,分别测定其末梢血、尿中铅、镉含量,分析影响智力和铅镉在体内水平变化的相关因素,结果实验组儿童血铅均值为1．38μmol/L,对照组为1．03μmol/L,两组间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。同时,相关分析表明,血铅水平与儿童智商总分、操作智商、语言智商之间均存在着显著的负相关关系（P均小于0．05）.两组间尿铅差异无显著性．实验组儿童血镉均值为0．51μmol/L,对照组为0．36μmol/L．实验组血镉水平高于对照组．但二者间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）本文还就其他可能影响智力发育的因素进行调查,排除可能影响结果的困素,结论血铅与儿童智商是负相关关系,而尿铅、血镉、尿镉与智商无相关性。     

Environmental and biological monitoring of arsenic in outdoor workers exposed to urban air pollutants

The aim of this study is to evaluate personal exposure to As in urban air in two groups of outdoor workers (traffic policemen and police drivers) of a big Italian city through: (a) environmental monitoring of As obtained by personal samples and (b) biological monitoring of total urinary As. The possible influence of smoking habit on urinary As was evaluated. We studied 122 male subjects, all Municipal Police employees: 84 traffic policemen and 38 police drivers exposed to urban pollutants. Personal exposure to As in air was significantly higher in traffic policemen than in police drivers (p=0.03). Mean age, length of service, alcohol drinking habit, number of cigarettes smoked/day and BMI were comparable between the groups of subjects studied. All subjects were working in the same urban area where they had lived for at least 5 yrs. Dietary habits and consumption of water from the water supply and/or mineral water were similar in traffic policemen and in police drivers. The values of total urinary As were significantly higher in traffic policemen (smokers and non smokers) than in police drivers (smokers and non smokers) (p=0.02). In the subgroup of non-smokers the values of total urinary As were significantly higher in traffic policemen than in police drivers (p=0.03). In traffic policemen and in police drivers total urinary As values were significantly correlated to the values of As in air (respectively r=0.9 and r=0.8, p<0.001). This is the first research in literature studying the exposure to As in outdoor workers occupationally exposed to urban pollutants, such as traffic policemen and police drivers. Personal exposure to As in the air, as well as the urinary excretion of As, is significantly higher in traffic policemen compared to drivers. These results can provide information about exposure to As in streets and in car for other categories of outdoor workers similarly exposed.     

广州市交通警察淋巴细胞DNA损伤的研究

目的研究交通警察的职业暴露与吸烟对淋巴细胞DNA损伤的影响.方法研究对象为广州市8个区的交通警共812人(男741人、女71人,其中内勤130人、外勤682人).静脉取血,以淋巴细胞分离液分离淋巴细胞.以彗星电泳的方法测定淋巴细胞DNA的损伤.结果未经校正的结果表明,内勤警平均年龄[(37.7±9.5)岁]较外勤警[(32.3±8.1)岁]大,且差异有显著性(P＜0.01).性别(P=0.08)与年龄(P=0.45)对DNA损伤无影响.外勤警淋巴细胞彗星尾矩为4.20μm,95%CI为3.98～4.42μm,内勤警为3.23μm,95%CI为2.82～3.70μm,表明外勤警的DNA损伤较内勤警为重,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).吸烟者淋巴细胞彗星尾矩为4.66μm,95%CI为4.37～4.97μm,不吸烟者为3.47μm,95%CI为3.21～3.75μm,而戒烟者则为3.28(2.57～4.17)μm,表明吸烟者的DNA损伤较戒烟者和不吸烟者为重,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).在非吸烟者中,仅在家中的被动吸烟可使DNA损伤增加,但如果将外勤警除外,则工作场所的被动吸烟也可使DNA损伤增加.以协方差分析调整了各因素的影响,发现外勤警的职业、吸烟与女性性别可使淋巴细胞DNA损伤增加,且差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).未发现年龄与被动吸烟对DNA损伤有影响.结论交通警的职业暴露与吸烟可使DNA损伤增加,女性交通警较男性交通警DNA损伤为重.     

Blood pressure, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, and exposure to cadmium: a population study.

In a population study conducted from 1985 to 1989 in Belgium, the authors investigated whether exposure to cadmium is associated with blood pressure elevation and with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The participants, aged 20-88 years, constituted a random sample of the households living in two low exposure areas (n = 803) and two high exposure areas (n = 1,283). For each exposure level, a rural and an urban district were selected. The cadmium levels in blood (8.5 vs. 11.0 nmol/liter) and urine (7.2 vs. 8.7 nmol/24 hours) were significantly (p less than 0.001) raised in the two high exposure areas compared with the two low exposure areas (p less than 0.001). Systolic pressure was similar in both rural areas, but in the urban area with high exposure systolic pressure was 5 mmHg (p less than 0.001) higher than in the control town. Diastolic pressure was similar in the four districts and the same was true for the prevalence of hypertension and of other cardiovascular diseases. Adjustment of systolic pressure for blood and urinary cadmium did not remove the difference in systolic pressure between both urban areas, suggesting that it was not related to the cadmium burden on the environment. Further analyses in individual subjects showed that neither blood pressure nor the presence of cardiovascular diseases were significantly and positively correlated with blood and urinary cadmium. Thus, the present population study did not confirm the hypothesis that increased exposure of the population to cadmium is associated with blood pressure elevation and with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.     

Cadmium exposure and hypertension in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

INTRODUCTION: Cadmium induces hypertension in animal models. Epidemiologic studies of cadmium exposure and hypertension, however, have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association of blood and urine cadmium with blood pressure levels and with the prevalence of hypertension in U.S. adults who participated in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We studied participants > or = 20 years of age with determinations of cadmium in blood (n = 10,991) and urine (n = 3,496). Blood and urine cadmium were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were measured using a standardized protocol. RESULTS: The geometric means of blood and urine cadmium were 3.77 nmol/L and 2.46 nmol/L, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the average differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparing participants in the 90th vs. 10th percentile of the blood cadmium distribution were 1.36 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.28 to 3.00] and 1.68 mmHg (95% CI, 0.57-2.78), respectively. The corresponding differences were 2.35 mmHg and 3.27 mmHg among never smokers, 1.69 mmHg and 1.55 mmHg among former smokers, and 0.02 mmHg and 0.69 mmHg among current smokers. No association was observed for urine cadmium with blood pressure levels, or for blood and urine cadmium with the prevalence of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Cadmium levels in blood, but not in urine, were associated with a modest elevation in blood pressure levels. The association was stronger among never smokers, intermediate among former smokers, and small or null among current smokers. Our findings add to the concern of renal and cardiovascular cadmium toxicity at chronic low levels of exposure in the general population.     

交通警察精神及神经行为功能状况调查研究

目的：评价交通污染对交通警察精神及神经行为功能状况的影响。方法：选取202名外勤交通警察作为暴露组,171名其他警种警察为对照组,两组均为男性,采用SCL－90症状自评量表和WHO推荐的神经行为核心测验组合（NCTB）同时进行精神及神经行为功能状况调查。结果：SCL－90症状自评量表结果显示：交警阳性项目数平均为36．56,其他警种警察为28．82,两者差异有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）。神经行为功能测试结果显示：与对照组相比,交警多项指标得分降低,其中数字跨度－倒序的差异有高度显著性（P＝0．001）,视觉记忆（P＝0．095）、数字译码（P＝0．108）和目标追踪（P＝0．073）三项指标的差异接近显著性。随警龄增高,SCL－90症状自评量表中躯体不适因子分增高,神经行为标准得分则有降低的趋势。结论：由于多种职业有害因素的同时增加了对交通警察精神和神经系统损伤的危险性。     

镉接触对749名工人健康影响的随访观察

目的 分析镉镍电池生产企业工人尿镉水平升高的危险因素,了解镉接触对他们健康的影响。
方法 选取2011年新乡市某电池生产企业参加体检的749人为研究对象,对他们进行问卷调查,检测其尿镉水平。分析不同尿镉水平与血常规、肺功能、尿常规、血压、肝功能等指标的关系。并在2014年对270位工人进行随访。
结果 2011年749名工人尿镉水平为（8.89±4.00）μg/g Cr,尿镉超标率（尿镉≥ 5 μg/g Cr）为64.0%（479/749）。女性作业工人尿镉水平为（9.35±4.00）μg/g Cr,高于男性的（8.36±3.94）μg/g Cr,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。随着尿镉水平升高,工人肺功能、血压、肝功能、B超、胸片异常率亦随之升高（P < 0.05）。经多元线性回归分析,性别（β_女vs.男=0.680,P < 0.01）、年龄（β=0.048,P < 0.05）、工龄（β=0.114,P < 0.01）、接触水平（β_中vs.低=3.030,β_高vs.低=4.661,P < 0.01）是尿镉水平升高的影响因素,所得回归方程的R2=0.242,整体的F=47.519（P < 0.01）。2014年随访发现,270名工人尿镉超标率为70.0%,其中β₂-微球蛋白、血常规、血压和胸片检查的异常率均高于2011年（P < 0.05）。
结论 长时间镉接触可对职业工人血压、肝功能、肺功能等健康指标产生一定影响,须重点关注。
     

Blood lead levels of traffic policemen in Bursa,Turkey

This study was conducted in January 2001, in Bursa, Turkey. Of the 99 traffic policemen who were included in the study, 21 were office workers. Blood lead levels were determined by using an electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometer (ET-AAS). Average blood lead levels were 9.4 +/- 1.6 micrograms/l and 8.7 +/- 1.7 micrograms/l for policemen working outdoors and indoors, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). When policemen less than 15 years on duty were taken into account (n = 48) the difference between the outdoors and indoors working groups was significant (9.3 +/- 1.3 and 8.2 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l, P < 0.05). In order to prevent the negative effects of tetraethyl lead on humans and the environment the use of lead in petrol must be prohibited.     

Plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone in traffic policemen

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether traffic policemen exposed to urban pollutants and possible psycho-social stressors could be at risk of changes on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH(P)] levels compared to a control group. Traffic policemen were matched by sex, age, length of service and drinking habit (<50 g of wine or beer per day) with a control group after excluding principal confounding factors; 62 traffic policemen with outdoor activity (34 men and 28 women) and 62 control subjects with indoor activity (34 men and 28 women) were included in the study. The levels of ACTH(P) were significantly higher in male and female traffic policemen than in the control subjects (respectively P=0.040, P=0.043). The authors hypothesise that occupational exposure to chemical and physical stressors, that may interact with possible psycho-social stressors, could cause a change in ACTH(P) levels in traffic policemen.