Torsades de pointes, a potential complication of diuretic-induced hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in patients with congestive heart failure: Conference presentation of a generic patient

Background: Despite improvements in care, the prognosis for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) remains poor. Fifty percent of patients with CHF suffer from arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. This may be attributable in part to the use of medications that contribute to electrolyte imbalance.Objective: This article presents a case report of a woman with CHF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.Results: The case report involved a 52-year-old white woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, atypical chest pain, and dyslipidemia. Her medical treatment had included the use of furosemide (a loop diuretic), digoxin, and sotalol; she subsequently developed torsades de pointes (TdP). An electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm; the QT_c interval was 530 msec. Levels of digoxin, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ were 1.8 ng/mL, 3.5 mEq/L, and 1.5 mEq/L, respectively. Results of a Holter monitor recording suggested that the hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, interacting with the digoxin and sotalol, potentiated the development of a prolonged QT interval. To ensure the TdP did not recur, an IV bolus of Mg²⁺ was administered and oral triamterene therapy was added to the patient's current medications. These additions appeared to correct the electrolyte imbalance.Conclusion: This case exemplifies the importance of recognizing and managing electrolyte imbalance in the treatment of patients with CHF.     

Proton pump inhibitors prescribing following the introduction of generic drugs

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1068-1078 ABSTRACT: Background In many countries, the introduction of generic proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) onto the pharmaceutical market increased the phenomenon of therapeutic substitution in acid-related disorders (ARDs). Aim To investigate the treatment of ARDs in an Italian primary care setting from 2005 to 2008 by verifying: (i) dynamics of PPI prescribing; (ii) predictors of PPI switching; and (iii) healthcare resource consumption costs. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 102 general practitioners (GPs) who managed an average of 150?000 inhabitants in Naples. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the potential predictors of both PPI switching and termination. Primary care costs were expressed as the cost of ARD management per PPI user year. Results The percentage of PPI users with ARD increased from 5·5% (2005) to 7·0% (2008) (P?相似文献   

芪苈强心胶囊治疗慢性心力衰竭合并心律失常83例疗效

目的观察芪苈强心胶囊治疗慢性心力衰竭合并心律失常的疗效。方法入选83例慢性心力衰竭合并心律失常患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规抗心衰西药治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加服芪苈强心胶囊4粒,每日3次,疗程8周。对比治疗前后两组患者临床症状、动态心电图、超声心动图等相关指标的变化。结果治疗组总有效率90.7%(39/43),对照组总有效率70.0%(28/40),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组室性心律失常总有效率92.3%(24/26),对照组总有效率69.6%(16/23),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组房性心律失常总有效率88.2%(15/17),对照组总有效率70.6%(11/17),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗前后左室射血分数、左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、短轴缩短率等指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组LVEF比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论芪苈强心胶囊联合常规西药,能有效改善慢性心力衰竭合并心律失常患者的临床症状,改善心功能,减少期前收缩次数,提高生活质量。     

Influence of antisecretory treatment with proton pump inhibitors on serum pepsinogen I levels

It has been reported in literature that serum pepsinogen levels rise during omeprazole and lansoprazole administration. However, the influence of pantoprazole and esomeprazole on serum pepsinogens levels is still to be assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy on pepsinogen I (PGI) levels. PGI and gastrin (G17) levels (EIA; Biohit, Helsinki, Finland) in 126 consecutive patients (M 57; F 69, mean age 53, range 15-91), with upper gastrointestinal symptoms at baseline condition and after 2 months of PPI treatment, were evaluated. Patients underwent a therapy schedule based on: omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. (20 patients), pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d. (27 patients), esomeprazole 40 mg b.i.d. (29 patients), lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d. (21 patients) and rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. (26 patients) for 2 months. A significant increase in serum PGI (sPGI) levels was found after a 2-month treatment for all five different PPIs: omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole (P < 0.05). The effect of rabeprazole on sPGI was less pronounced as compared with other PPIs, whereas esomeprazole achieved superior sPGI levels, with no overall statistically significant difference among the five groups (P > 0.05). However, a comparison within a single group of PPIs showed a statistical significance when the esomeprazole group was compared with the rabeprazole group (P = 0.007). sPGI levels are significantly influenced by antisecretory therapy, rising under PPI treatment. Moreover, a statistically significant difference in sPGI levels between the rabeprazole and esomeprazole groups has been demonstrated.     

Proton pump inhibitors: update on their role in acid-related gastrointestinal diseases

Gastric acid is pathogenic in many gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the antisecretory drugs of choice for serious acid-related conditions. Ample recent data exist to explicate virtually every aspect of the clinical management of acid-peptic disorders with PPIs. Although all PPIs are effective, there are some differences in their clinical performance, particularly in terms of the degree and speed of gastric acid suppression. Rapid onset of acid suppression may be particularly relevant to newer approaches, such as 'on-demand' or intermittent therapy for non-erosive reflux disease and shorter regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. New data, in addition, highlight differences in PPI metabolism that may both affect efficacy and predispose patients to drug-drug interactions. PPI selection should involve the awareness of these issues.     

Nefopam hydrochloride compatibility and stability with selected proton pump inhibitors in bionolyte G5 injection for intravenous infusion

Background: The use of extemporaneously prepared admixtures of drugs must be supported by documentation of their chemical stability. Objective: To assess the physical compatibility and the chemical stability of nefopam hydrochloride, a centrally acting non‐opioid analgesic, when admixed with selected proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole or pantoprazole), in bionolyte G5 injection for intravenous infusion. Method: Admixtures were assessed for periods of up to 72 h after storage at ambient temperature without protection from light and at +4 °C protected from light. A preparation was considered stable if the compounds of the mixture retained at least 90% of their original potency during the storage. Triplicate samples of nefopam and the selected proton pump inhibitors as well as the following mixtures (nefopam/omeprazole, nefopam/esomeprazole and nefopam/pantoprazole) were prepared in the concentrations required, in polypropylene bottles of bionolyte G5 injection. The physical compatibility was assessed by visual observation at each sampling interval. The chemical stability of the drugs was evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and by measurement of pH values. Results: During refrigerated storage, nefopam as well as the selected proton pump inhibitors, when prepared separately in bionolyte G5 injection maintained chemical stability for up to 7 days. At ambient storage conditions, the protons pump inhibitors maintained chemical stability for 24 h, but thereafter their concentrations decreased significantly at day 1. Nefopam maintained chemical stability for up to 72 h at +25 °C. Nefopam/omeprazole and nefopam/esomeprazole mixtures in bionolyte were physically incompatible with the mixtures exhibiting a black colour. They underwent rapid and extensive loss, making the combination unacceptable within minutes of mixing. However, the nefopam/pantoprazole mixture was compatible over the study period, but with a reduced duration of the stability. Conclusion: Within the limits defined above, nefopam and the selected proton pump inhibitors may be prepared separately in advance in bionolyte G5 injection. The nefopam/pantoprazole mixture was stable for a short period, while the nefopam/omeprazole and the nefopam/esomeprazole mixtures were incompatible and unusable, immediately upon admixture.     

体外循环术后低心排血量综合征患者应用主动脉球囊反搏护理

笔者通过对体外循环术后低心排血量综合征患者应用主动脉球囊反搏的护理,提出术后护理要点：严密监测生命体征、血流动力学变化、激活凝血时间,做好主动脉球囊反搏穿刺部位皮肤及肢体的护理,排除动脉球囊反搏以及撤除主动脉球囊反搏的护理。认为术后有效的监测和护理对预防并发症,提高抢救成功率有重要意义。     

Proton pump inhibitors versus histamine-2 receptor blockers for stress ulcer prophylaxis in patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the efficacy and risks of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) versus histamine-2 receptor blocker (H2B) use for stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in critically ill patients with sepsis and risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we used the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III Clinical Database to identify critically ill adult patients with sepsis who had at least one risk factor for GIB and received either an H2B or PPI for ≥48 hours. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to balance baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsAfter 1:1 PSM, 1056 patients were included in the H2B and PPI groups. The PPI group had higher in-hospital mortality (23.8% vs. 17.5%), GIB (8.9% vs. 1.6%), and pneumonia (49.6% vs. 41.6%) rates than the H2B group. After adjusting for risk factors of GIB and pneumonia, PPI use was associated with a 1.28-times increased risk of in-hospital mortality, 5.89-times increased risk of GIB, and 1.32-times increased risk of pneumonia.ConclusionsAmong critically ill adult patients with sepsis at risk for GIB, SUP with PPIs was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and higher risk of GIB and pneumonia than H2Bs.     

Effect of proton pump inhibitors on clinical outcome in patients treated with clopidogrel: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Summary. To investigate whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) negatively affect clinical outcome in patients treated with clopidogrel. Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Outcomes evaluated were combined major adverse cardiac events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis, death and gastrointestinal bleeding. Studies included were randomized trials or post‐hoc analyzes of randomized trials and observational studies reporting adjusted effect estimates. Twenty five studies met the selection criteria and included 159 138 patients. Administration of PPIs together with clopidogrel corresponded to a 29% increased risk of combined major cardiovascular events [risk ratio (RR) = 1.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.15–1.45] and a 31% increased risk of MI (RR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.12–1.53). In contrast, PPI use did not negatively influence the mortality (RR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.93–1.16), whereas the risk of developing a gastrointestinal bleed under PPI treatment decreased by 50% (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.37–0.69). The presence of significant heterogeneity might indicate that the evidence is biased, confounded or inconsistent. The sensitivity analysis, however, yielded that the direction of the effect remained unchanged irrespective of the publication type, study quality, study size or risk of developing an event. Two studies indicate that PPIs have a negative effect irrespective of clopidogrel exposure. In conclusion, concomitant PPI use might be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events but does not influence the risk of death. Prospective randomized trials are required to investigate whether a cause‐and‐effect relationship truly exists and to explore whether different PPIs worsen clinical outcome in clopidogrel treated patients as the PPI‐clopidogrel drug–drug interaction does not seem to be a class effect.     

Antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel is reduced in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest

Background

The platelet inhibitor clopidogrel is administered to patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest due to acute coronary syndromes. Interactions with proton pump inhibitors and genetics are factors with a known potential to attenuate the platelet inhibition of clopidogrel. In patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia, reduced gastrointestinal function and hypothermia may also reduce the effect of clopidogrel. To investigate the net platelet inhibition of clopidogrel, we have measured the platelet reactivity index in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia.

Methods and results

Twenty-five Caucasian patients treated with clopidogrel and therapeutic hypothermia were prospectively included. Therapeutic hypothermia was defined as 33-34 °C and delivered for 24 h. Clopidogrel loading doses (300-600 mg) were administered enterally the day of admission and followed by 75 mg daily. Blood samples were collected on day 1 (n = 25) and day 3 (n = 16). The samples were analysed for inhibition by clopidogrel with a vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation kit. On day 1 and day 3, platelet reactivity index was 0.77 ± 0.09 and 0.57 ± 0.16, respectively. The number of patients with a satisfactory antiplatelet effect (defined as platelet reactivity index <0.5) were 0 (0%) and 5 (31%), respectively.

Conclusion

In patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest, the effect of clopidogrel on platelets was virtually nonexistent on day 1 after administration, with some improvement on day 3.