我国7城市中小学生食物购买行为调查

目的分析城市中小学生食物购买行为,为开展中小学生营养健康教育提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,从北京等7个城市选取7427名中小学生作为研究对象,使用问卷调查收集中小学生食物购买相关行为及影响因素等信息。结果城市中小学生家庭中,母亲是食物的主要购买者,总是或经常购买的比例为72．2％。总是或经常参与食物购买的比例以小学生最高,为39．0％,初中生和高中生分别为28．9％和21．0％。总是或经常要求购买食物的比例以高中生最高,为27．5％,小学生和初中生分别为14．9％和25．5％。总是或经常被征求购买意见的比例以高中生最高,为50．8％,小学生和初中生分别为35．5％和41．9％。中小学生购买食物优先考虑的因素为口味、自己喜好和卫生等。结论城市中小学生家庭主要由母亲负责食物购买,中小学生对家庭食物购买有一定的影响力,应加强对中小学生及其家长的食物和营养知识的教育,提高他们合理选择和搭配食物的能力。     

父母提示对儿童少年饮食行为的影响

目的 了解父母提示或强迫对城市儿童少年饮食行为的影响，为制定营养教育策略提供科学依据。方法 采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法从广泛，上海，济南和哈尔滨等4个城市，随机选取学龄前儿童和中小学生家长9464名作为调查对象，使用问卷调查子总是或经常服从的比率为38．0％－44．0％；有10．1％－10．9％的父母在就餐时总是或经常强迫孩子吃某种食物，强迫后，孩子总是或经常服从的比率为28．2％－33．5％。结论 城市儿童少年父母就餐时对孩子的提示或强迫会影响孩子的饮食，应在家长中开展营养知识教育，使他们能够正确指导孩子的饮食。     

北京海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭食物选购及消费教育情况调查

目的了解北京海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭食物选购及消费教育状况,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据。方法采用二阶段分层随机整群抽样原则,选取北京海淀区969名中小学生作为研究对象,采用问卷调查法进行调查。结果25．3％的家长当孩子表现好时给零用钱作为奖励（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例低于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．05）,14．1％的家长想到孩子需要就给零用钱,2．3％的家庭中孩子要多少零用钱家长就给多少。76．9％的家庭由母亲经常购买食物,31．8％的儿童少年经常和家长一起购买食物。19．7％的儿童少年经常独立购买食物（海淀区户籍儿童少年的比例低于流动儿童少年,P〈0．05）。海淀区户籍和流动儿童少年选购食物时经常考虑的主要因素前四位相同,依次为“是否卫生”、“食物的新鲜度”、“食物的味道”、“食物的品质”。22．5％的儿童少年经常要求家长购买某种食物（海淀区户籍儿童少年的比例高于流动儿童少年,P〈0．01）。对于儿童少年购买食物的要求,5．6％的家庭中孩子要什么家长就给买什么（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例高于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．001）,14．0％的家庭由家长决定是否购买,但不加任何说明,2．4％的家长一律不准购买。结论海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭在食物选购及消费教育方面存在诸多不合理现象,应积极采取措施对儿童少年及其家长进行干预,改变不合理行为。     

我国4城市儿童少年食物好恶及其影响因素调查

目的：了解我国城市儿童少年食物好恶现状及其影响因素，为制订营养教育措施提供科学依据。方法：采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法，从广州、上海、济南和哈尔滨等4城市抽取10216名儿童少年作为调查对象，采用问卷调查的方法收集数据。结果：92．3％的学龄前儿童、87．0％的小学生和68．8％的中学生中有食物喜好，他们最喜欢吃的前5种食物依次为水果、肉类、甜食、米饭和西式快餐，食物的味道和气味是影响他们食物喜好的主要因素。分别有64．3％的学龄前儿童、68．5％的小学生和67．4％的中学生厌恶某些食物，他们不喜欢吃的前4种食物是肥肉、鱼、苦瓜和绿叶蔬菜，食物的味道是他们厌恶这些食物的主要原因。结论：大多数城市儿童少年有食物好恶，这会影响他们的膳食摄入，应制订有效的营养教育措施以培养儿童少年健康的饮食行为。     

北京海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭用餐及饮食教育情况调查

目的了解北京海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭用餐及饮食教育状况,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据。方法采用二阶段分层随机整群抽样原则,选取北京海淀区969名中小学生作为研究对象,采用问卷调查法进行调查。结果儿童少年家庭就餐分别以“家里做饭”、“到餐馆用餐”、“购买外卖”、“热剩饭菜”和“吃方便面等方便食品”为主的比例分别为92．9％、3．0％、1．2％、1．4％和1．1％。58．1％的家庭用餐时“一家人都轻松自在地谈话,气氛活跃”（海淀区户籍儿童少年家庭的比例高于流动儿童少年家庭,P=0．001）;8．7％的家长“常利用进餐时间对孩子进行说教”（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例低于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．05）;5．6％的家长“用餐时谈自己的事,不管孩子”（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例低于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．01）;20．2％的家庭“边吃饭边看电视”;4．9％的家庭“进餐时气氛严肃,很少交谈”;而67．9％的儿童少年表示在意用餐的环境和气氛（海淀区户籍儿童少年的比例高于流动儿童少年,P=0．001）。户籍和流动儿童少年家庭食物的主要制作人均为母亲。32．2％的家长“当孩子考试成绩好或表现好时给予某些食物当作奖励或安慰”;10．8％的家长“在孩子吃了某些食物后,才会答应孩子别的请求或允许孩子做某件事”（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例低于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．01）;33．3％的家长“经常提示或教育孩子吃某些食物”（海淀区户籍儿童少年家长的比例低于流动儿童少年家长,P〈0．05）;21．1％的家长“喜欢、经常吃某些食物”。结论海淀区户籍与流动儿童少年家庭在用餐及饮食教育方面存在诸多不合理现象,应积极采取措施对儿童少年及其家长进行干预,改变不合理行为。     

广东、吉林、四川、湖北四省0—6岁儿童家长有关营养教育前后知信行的比较

目的：了解广东、吉林、四川和湖北4省0－6岁儿童家长在营养教育前后的营养知识－态度－行为等方面的变化。方法：用自制的儿童家长知－信－行调查问卷在营养教育前后分别对4个省的4个县随机抽取7016名0－6岁儿童家长进行问卷调查，并对这些儿童进行身高、体重和血红蛋白的测定。结果：家长对食物与健康的关系的认识从教育前的47．7％上升至84．4％，对疾病的认识也从52．0％增至94．0％；给4－6月儿童添加合理辅食的人数百分比也从17．07％增至53．41％，添加的品种中蛋羹、菜末、肉末、豆腐及动物肝泥等食物增加的幅度较大。结论：营养教育是改善儿童营养状况的重要途径。     

少年儿童行为问题与家庭、学校因素关系

目的 了解合肥市城区儿童少年行为问题的现状，分析儿童少年行为问题与家庭及学校社会环境因素的关系。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（家长用表）对合肥市6～18岁的1978名儿童少年及其家庭和学校环境因素进行调查，并用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果检出有行为问题的儿童少年194名，检出率为9．8％。其中中学组检出率为10．5％，小学组为8．7％；男生检出率为10．1％，女生为9．4％，中、小学及男、女生间行为问题检出率差异无统计学意义。检出率较高的行为是分裂样、交往不良、攻击性、违纪、多动等。影响儿童少年行为问题的家庭危险因素主要有：单亲抚养，家庭中其他孩子有行为、学业问题，父母有心理问题，家庭氛围差，家长对孩子学业不满意等；学校危险因素主要为：不喜欢上学、与同学关系不融洽、与成人相处有问题、孩子完成作业有困难等。结论家庭和学校环境中的多种因素与儿童少年行为问题相关。     

贵阳市学龄前儿童营养状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解贵阳市学龄前儿童营养状况及其影响因素，为营养健康教育提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法，对500名贵阳市学龄前儿童家长进行儿童生长发育的KAP问卷调查。儿童生长发育采用Z评分法评价，在单因素分析的基础上，采用多元Logistic逐步回归分析的方法进行多因素分析。结果儿童生长迟缓率为11．3％，男女生差异无统计学意义，郊区大于城市；超重和肥胖率为10．2％。Logistic回归分析发现，儿童居住地区、家长营养知识水平．家长文化程度是儿童生长迟缓的主要影响因素。结论郊区儿童生长迟缓率高于城市儿童，家长的营养知识水平尚需要提高。     

济南市儿童少年饮食行为现况调查

目的：了解济南市城郊儿童少年饮食行为现状，为制定干预措施，培养良好的饮食行为提供依据。方法：采用分层随机整群抽样的方法，共抽取城效3－16岁儿童及家长各2534名，采用问郑调查方式调查他们的零食、快餐、早餐及饮料食用情况和相关认识。结果：95．5％的儿童少年有吃零食习惯，以水果、冰淇淋、面包及油炸食品为主，有70％以上的儿童少年了解并吃过西式快餐，但对快餐营养的认识存在片面性。大多数儿童每天吃早餐，但早餐营养及质量不高。饮料消费受大众传媒影响消费呈上升趋势。结论：济南市儿童少年饮食行为存在诸多问题，应通过有效途径和措施加强营养知识教育及良好饮食行为的培养。     

上海市儿童少年饮食行为及其影响因素调查

[目的 ]　了解目前上海市儿童少年的饮食行为及其影响因素。 [方法 ]　采用问卷调查。 [结果 ]　91.8%的儿童和 6 8.0 %的青少年有特别的食物喜好。绝大多数孩子有吃零食的习惯 ,青少年比儿童更普遍。大部分孩子吃过肯德基等西式快餐。碳酸饮料是孩子的最爱 ,白开水 (或矿泉水 )、牛奶等健康饮料也有相当高的饮用率。大部分青少年购买时经常考虑食物的卫生因素等 ,一半以上的青少年还注意了食物的营养成分。食物的口味、营养是影响儿童少年食物选择的主要因素。 [结论 ]　上海市儿童少年具有较好的营养与食品卫生概念 ,未发现十分突出的不良饮食行为。     

Relationship of mother and child food purchases as a function of price: a pilot study

To our knowledge, there are no data on parental influences on child purchasing behavior of healthy or unhealthy foods. Mothers and children in ten families were given 5.00 US dollars to purchase portions of preferred fruits/vegetables and high energy-dense snack foods for each of ten trials of price manipulations. For five of the trials the price of the fruit/vegetable increased in price from 0.50 US dollars to 2.50 US dollars (in 0.50 US dollar increments), while the price of the energy-dense snack food remained constant at 1.00 US dollar. For the remaining five trials, the commodity that previously rose in price remained constant at 1.00 US dollars and the other commodity varied from 0.50 US dollars to 2.50 US dollars. Same-price elasticity was shown for both the child and parent purchases, and parent purchases were significantly related to child purchases of both healthy (regression estimate = 0.46, p < 0.001) and unhealthy (regression estimate = 0.12, p = 0.036) foods. Children's purchases of unhealthy snack food items were positively related to family socioeconomic status, and negatively related to child age. These results indicate that parental food choice and purchasing behaviors may play a role in the development of children's purchasing of both healthy and unhealthy foods.     

Evaluation of a nutrition education program for head start parents

This study investigated the effects of a parent education program on the nutrition-related behavior of Head Start parents and the dietary intake of their preschool children. Six New York City and five Maryland Head Start centers were assigned to either the treatment (nutrition education) or control group. Treatment group mothers received 13 weekly nutrition newsletters and were encouraged to attend four nutrition workshops addressing child nutrition, meal planning, food preparation, and food shopping. A total of 89 mothers in the treatment group and 82 mothers in the control group completed pre- and post-program interviews examining their children's food consumption and their nutrition-related behaviors. One to two months after the nutrition education program, Maryland treatment group parents reported that their children were consuming a significantly more diverse and high quality diet, and were consuming significantly more servings of selected nutritious foods than were children in the control group. There were no significant differences in the food consumption of New York treatment and control group children following the program. Treatment group parents from both Maryland and New York reported making more positive changes in their meal planning, food shopping, food preparation, and cooking practices than did their control group counterparts. Findings indicate that nutrition education programs can have a positive effect on Head Start parents' nutrition-related behaviors and can lead to improvements in the diets of children who have been eating fewer than the recommended number of servings of nutritious foods.     

Use of the think-aloud method to identify factors influencing purchase of bread and cereals by low-income African American women and implications for whole-grain education

The think-aloud method was used to determine factors influencing bread and cereal purchase by low-income African American women that have implications for whole-grain education. Women (N=70) were audiotaped as they thought aloud while purchasing groceries. Because bread and cereal account for the majority of whole-grain products consumed, transcribed verbalizations regarding purchase of bread and cereals were analyzed using content analysis procedures. Cost, preferences, eating and buying habits, and nutrition were the most important factors that influenced purchase. Nutrition issues included a general desire to eat healthy foods and specific concerns about fat, calcium, and calories, but no mention of wanting to purchase whole-grain products. Whole-grain education should focus on identification of whole-grain products, health benefits, and low-cost and tasty whole-grain options for mothers and children.     

Children's food preferences: a longitudinal analysis

OBJECTIVE: To compare children's food preferences longitudinally and identify factors related to food preferences. DESIGN: Mothers completed the Food Preference Questionnaire for children at 2 to 3 years of age (T1), 4 years (T2), and 8 years (T3) and for themselves at T1 and T3. Both groups completed a Food Neophobia Scale at T3. SUBJECTS: 70 child/mother pairs who had participated continuously in the longitudinal study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Changes in food preferences over time were tested with paired t tests and correlations. Consistency percentages were calculated by summing the consistent matches (like/like) for each food between two time periods. Similarly, concordance percentages were calculated for child/mother pairs by summing the concordant matches for each food. General linear models were developed to identify influences on children's food preferences. RESULTS: Although children liked most foods, the number of liked foods did not change significantly during the 5 to 5.7 years of the study. The strongest predictors of the number of foods liked at age 8 years (R2=0.74) were the number liked at 4 years (P<.0001) and the food neophobia score (P=.0003). Newly tasted foods were more likely to be accepted between T1 and T2 than T2 and T3. Mothers' and children's food preferences were significantly but moderately related. Foods disliked by mothers tended not to be offered to children. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: The important role of children's early food preferences is confirmed by this study. Mothers influence children via their own preferences, which may limit foods offered to children.     

Parental nutrition knowledge and nutrient intake in an atherosclerosis prevention project: the impact of child-targeted nutrition counselling

Most of the counselling in health care targeted at child nutrition is delivered via the parents, but little is known about the effects of such counselling on the nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of the parents. In the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children (STRIP), we studied how 6.5 years of child-targeted nutrition counselling affected the knowledge, attitudes and dietary habits of the parent mainly responsible for food purchase and preparation. We used a questionnaire and a 24-h recall interview in a time-restricted cohort of 98 families belonging to the intervention group and 89 families belonging to the control group in the STRIP project. After controlling for background variables, the intervention parents had better knowledge than the control parents of causal relationships between food choices and coronary heart disease and of the nutritional composition of foods. Knowledge of nutrition concepts did not differ between the two groups. The quality of fat was better in the diet of the intervention parents, they consumed less salt and they also had more knowledge concerning these subjects compared to the control parents (higher behavioural capability scores). The behavioural capability scores of the total group correlated poorly with their nutrient intakes. Thus, child-targeted nutrition intervention delivered to the parents increased parental nutrition knowledge and improved the quality of the parents' diet. However, as nutrition knowledge of the parents correlated poorly with their nutrient intakes, other factors than knowledge appear to influence parental dietary decisions.     

The feeding demands questionnaire: assessment of parental demand cognitions concerning parent-child feeding relations

BACKGROUND: There are few validated instruments measuring parental beliefs about parent-child feeding relations and child compliance during meals. OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of the Feeding Demands Questionnaire, a parent-report instrument designed to measure parents' beliefs about how their child should eat. METHODS: Participants were 85 mothers of 3- to 7-year-old same-sex twin pairs or sibling pairs, and their children. Mothers completed the eight-item Feeding Demands Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire, plus measures of depression and fear of fat. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Psychometric evaluations of the Feeding Demands Questionnaire included principal components analysis, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, tests for convergent and discriminant validities, and Flesh-Kincaid for readability. RESULTS: The Feeding Demands Questionnaire had three underlying factors: anger/frustration, food amount demandingness, and food type demandingness, for which subscales were computed. The Feeding Demands Questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha ranging from .70 to .86) and was written at the 4.8th grade level. Mothers reporting greater anger/frustration during feeding were more likely to pressure their children to eat, while those reporting greater demands about the type of foods their children eat were more likely to monitor child fat intake. Mothers reporting greater demands about the amount of food their children eat were more likely to restrict eating, pressure children to eat, and monitor their fat intake. CONCLUSIONS: The Feeding Demands Questionnaire appears valid for assessing maternal beliefs that children should comply with rules for eating and frustration during feeding. Different demand beliefs can underlie different feeding practices.     

The Effects of a Nutrition Media Literacy Intervention on Parents’ and Youths’ Communication about Food

Interventions addressing links between media exposure and obesity risk for school-age youth have not explicitly addressed the role of family communication about media. Youths’ influence attempts on parents to purchase advertised foods can create conflict and negatively affect parental food choices. This study tested whether a family-based media literacy curriculum improves parents’ media management skills and decreases youths’ susceptibility to appealing but unrealistic food marketing. A matched-group pretest/posttest field experiment of parent–youth dyads with control group (N = 100 dyads, youth M = 11 years of age) tested the six-session curriculum. Hypotheses were analyzed using a Bayesian structural equation model. The curriculum increased parents’ active negative mediation to foster youths’ critical thinking about food marketing, b* = 0.35, 95% CCI [0.17, 0.50], increased parent Efficacy for making healthy dietary changes for their families, b* = 0.59, 95% CCI [0.41, 0.75], and fostered family discussion about nutrition labels (total effect = 0.22). Additionally, cumulative influences of Perceived Desirability and Wishful Identification on youths’ requests for marketed foods were reduced (total effect = 0.04). Media literacy education can empower parents and improve youths’ critical thinking to reduce effects of food marketing on families and improve use of media to obtain nutrition information.