尿激酶辅助立体定向术治疗高血压脑出血的临床与实验研究

目的：研究尿激酶最短溶解、最佳溶解高峰时间、最低溶解有效浓度及计算机的优越性。方法：用高血压脑出血超早期取得的血肿块作为实验研究的血肿模型。采用ＢＨ－Ⅰ型国产立体定向仪和计算机立体定向软件。结果：ＡＤＬ１级２４例（３７．５％）,ＡＤＬⅡ级１９例（２９．７％）,ＡＤＬⅢ８例（１２．５％）,ＡＤＬⅣ级４例（６．２５％）,Ⅴ级两组均为０例;ＡＤＬⅥ级７例（１１．９％）。结论：采用尿激酶辅助定向术治疗６２     

A versatile, low-cost adaptor for stereotaxic and electrophysiologic spinal preparations in juvenile and adult rodents

Rats and mice provide excellent models for normal spinal cord physiology, traumatic spinal cord injury, and various disease states. Alternative and improved methodologies for experimental spinal preparations are desirable, particularly in the wake of expanding neuroscience technology, such as the diverse array of transgenic mice now available, and exciting new therapeutic approaches, including transplantation and gene therapy. This report describes a simple, low-cost instrument for spinal preparations in rodents of different sizes, including rat pups. The device adapts to standard small animal stereotaxic instruments, precluding the need for additional stereotaxic apparatus. Surgical methods utilizing the device are presented demonstrating the instrument's capacity for precise alignment and stabilization of the spinal column that is reproducible from animal to animal. Proof of concept is demonstrated with results from spinal cord injections and electrophysiologic recordings.     

Modification of rabbit head holder to facilitate stereotaxic brain surgery

The Narashige Stereotaxic headholder for the rabbit is modified by attaching a graduated scale and pointer on the metal arc of the machine. This modification greatly simplifies setting of the horizontal zero plane.     

Simple “planilabe” for rapid establishment of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in rabbits

A device for rapid determination of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in the rabbit is described. The instrument is designed to provide reference points needed to establish the appropriate relative position of the commonly used calvarial landmarks, bregma and lambda, in a single operation.     

Modification of rabbit head holder to increase speed and accuracy of stereotaxic surgery

Modification of a rabbit Stereotaxic head holder is described. The changes are designed to reduce the amount of time required to establish the horizontal zero plane and to increase the accuracy of Stereotaxic surgery by providing greater instrument stability.     

Pig brain stereotaxic standard space: mapping of cerebral blood flow normative values and effect of MPTP-lesioning

The analysis of physiological processes in brain by position emission tomography (PET) is facilitated when images are spatially normalized to a standard coordinate system. Thus, PET activation studies of human brain frequently employ the common stereotaxic coordinates of Talairach. We have developed an analogous stereotaxic coordinate system for the brain of the Gottingen miniature pig, based on automatic co-registration of magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in 22 male pigs. The origin of the pig brain stereotaxic space (0, 0, 0) was arbitrarily placed in the centroid of the pineal gland as identified on the average MRI template. The orthogonal planes were imposed using the line between stereotaxic zero and the optic chiasm. A series of mean MR images in the coronal, sagittal and horizontal planes were generated. To test the utility of the common coordinate system for functional imaging studies of minipig brain, we calculated cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps from normal minipigs and from minipigs with a syndrome of parkisonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-poisoning. These maps were transformed from the native space into the common stereotaxic space. After global normalization of these maps, an undirected search for differences between the groups was then performed using statistical parametric mapping. Using this method, we detected a statistically significant focal increase in CBF in the left cerebellum of the MPTP-lesioned group. We expect the present approach to be of general use in the statistical parametric mapping of CBF and other physiological parameters in living pig brain.     

丘脑腹外侧核定向毁损术中电生理定位的定量研究

目的了解帕金森病丘脑腹外侧核定向毁损手术中低频电刺激电压值与靶点中心至内囊距离的定量关系。方法18例施行丘脑腹外侧核定向毁损手术疗效满意的帕金森病患者进行手术后MR检查,测量毁损灶至内囊距离。以手术中低频电刺激电压(V)值作为应变量,靶点中心至内囊距离(L)为自变量,应用SPSS统计软件进行回归分析。结果靶点中心至内囊距离为4.6～12.0mm,平均7.32mm;刺激电压为1.2～5.0V,平均2.87V;V值与L值之间存在直线回归关系,具有显著性意义(P=0.000)。结论在施行丘脑腹外侧核定向毁损手术中,当运动性电刺激电压<0.6V,毁损灶至内囊距离<4.6mm时,手术安全性较低;若电压>4.0V,毁损灶至内囊距离>12mm时,电极至内囊距离过远,手术效果欠佳。     

Stereotaxic atlas of the trigeminal ganglion in rat, cat, and monkey

Stereotaxic maps of the trigeminal ganglion of rat, cat, and monkey are presented. Each ganglion drawing is a composite composed from means of coordinates from several ganglions sampled. Depth coordinates are supplied in relation to both the dorsal surface of each ganglion and the cranial bone directly underlying the ganglion.     

Use of pneumoencephalography to increase stereotaxic accuracy in rhesus monkeys

A radiographic method for visualizing intracranial structures for Stereotaxic surgery is described. The procedure circumvents the problems associated with the use of radiopaque dyes, and it does not require modification of standard Stereotaxic equipment. Anatomical data derived from the use of the method are presented, as well as an example of its application for accurately placing cannulae in the midbrain.     

Development of a stereotaxic instrument for study of the bovine central nervous system

We have developed a bovine stereotaxic instrument in this study to be used for Holstein cattle from weanling to adult age. The bovine stereotaxic instrument is derived from the Horsley-Clarke principle. A pair of straight ear-bars and orbital ridge pieces with their carriers, head clamps, AP bars are symmetrically arranged across the head pace. For holding the heavy heads, a hard palate and a mandibular support are designed to be placed on the surface of the base frame. A new manipulator with long working distance has also been made. For ventriculography, a holder inserting an X-ray film cassette is placed just next to the AP bar. Finally, the instrument was combined together with an oil-operated lift, so that it can be adjusted to a proper height. Details of this instrument are described in this paper.     

Depth distribution of lipofuscin pigment in cerebral cortex of albino rat

Summary The proportion of neuron somata occupied by lipofuscin pigments was determined at 20 relative depth levels throughout the depth of cerebral cortex (area 3) through the use of an integrating ocular and application of the Chalkley (1943) hit method.The proportion of the neuron soma volume occupied by autofluorescent granules was calculated from the above data. The highest (peak) values were observed in lamina Vb (23%-aged, 13%-middle age, and 6%-young adult). Mean values for the entire depth of cortex increased from 3% in 100 day rats to 6% in 400 days and 13% at 630–700 days. Theproportional increase in the relative volume of cell soma occupied by lipofuscin pigment from young adulthood to old age was greatest in lamina III, followed closely by lamina II.Ultrastructural studies of neurons in lamina V of cerebral cortical area 3 of young adult (150 day) and very aged (1200 day) albino rats revealed that electron-dense pigment bodies in neuron somata tended to increase in amount and size with increase in age of the animals. These changes were accompanied by changes in gross configurations and internal structure of the pigment bodies and a tendency to congregate in groups within the perikarya. Similar changes, although more variable, were observed in pigment accumulation within perineuronal glial cells.This investigation was supported by AEC contractAT-(40-1)-3832     

Microvascular structure after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

OBJECTIVES: We analyze morphological alterations of cerebral neovascularization after stroke using a new 3D imaging software program. METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent unilateral embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by a single fibrin rich clot. Subjects were sacrificed from 1 to 28 days post infarct. Vessel perimeters were measured on coronal sections stained with endothelial cell-specific antibody to von Willebrand's factor. Vessel segment lengths, diameters and number of vessels were analyzed on cerebral microvessels perfused with FITC-dextran 14 days after ischemia using LSCM and a 3-D vessel quantification program. RESULTS: The mean number of microvessels with enlarged perimeters significantly increased in the ipsilateral cortex at day 7 when compared to the contralateral cortex (29.7+/-14.7 vs. 3.7+/-2.5, P<0.05). Subsequently, differences in the number of microvessels with enlarged perimeters decreased on days 14 and 28. Fourteen days post-MCA occlusion, microvessel segment length (15.0 vs. 26.0 microm, P<0.05) and diameter (3.14 vs. 3.75 microm, P<0.05) significantly decreased in the ipsilateral hemisphere when compared to the contralateral hemisphere, respectively. Furthermore, the mean total number of these smaller microvessels increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere (57.33+/-14.5 vs. 32.22+/-11.7, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Focal cerebral ischemia induces morphological changes (early dilated microvessels followed by decreased microvessel segment length and diameter) that are consistent with newly generated microvessels.     

Variability of the relay neurons in the corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis in the albino rat]

38 Golgi-impregnated relay cells from the Wistar rat's dLGN were investigated considering their possible differentiation into 2 types using camera lucida drawings with a magnification of 800. The following criteria were taken into account: 1. size of neurons (perikarya, size of dendritic domains) 2. structure of dendrites (number of dendrites, branching points, distribution of dendritic density in relation to the perikaryon, surface structures of dendrites). It was tried to correlate the investigated parameters quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that inspite of a missing clear subdivision into 2 types there exists a trend towards developing a second type of relay cells.     

脑缺血预处理降低大鼠脑一氧化氮水平抗脑缺血损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨脑缺血预处理对大鼠缺血性脑损伤的保护作用及其与一氧化氮(NO)的关系。方法:缺血预处理组大鼠钳夹阻断两侧颈总动脉15min;3天后,线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞模型,线栓阻塞右大脑中动脉8h。非缺血预处理组除不钳夹阻断两侧颈总动脉外,其余步骤相同。右大脑中动脉阻塞8h后,对大鼠进行神经功能缺失评分及亚硝酸盐还原法测定大脑皮层及海马的NO含量。结果:(1)缺血预处理组大鼠神经功能缺失评分较非缺血预处理组有显著改善(P＜0．01);(2)缺血预处理组大鼠缺血侧和自身对照侧皮层、海马的NO含量较非缺血预处理组大鼠明显下降(P＜0．05)。结论:大鼠脑缺血预处理对随后的脑缺血损伤具有保护作用,其机制之一可能是降低了脑组织的NO水平。     

皮质发育不良大鼠脑皮质中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂受体的表达

目的观察γ-射线照射诱导的皮质发育不良(CD)模型大鼠皮质尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂受体(uPAR)的表达,探讨其在癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法建立CD模型,按大鼠的不同年龄分为新生组、幼年组(又分为2周龄和4周龄)和成年组(2.5个月龄)。分别利用苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组化及免疫荧光染色,光镜下观察不同组之间大脑皮质的病理变化及uPAR阳性细胞表达的情况。结果免疫组化显示各组中均有uPAR阳性表达细胞;随着年龄的增长,阳性表达细胞逐渐减少,但CD模型组阳性表达细胞在皮层中所占比例明显高于正常对照组;免疫荧光双标显示uPAR阳性表达细胞主要是神经元。结论uPAR在CD发病过程中对神经组织的迁移发挥着关键作用,而较高比例的阳性神经元表达可能在CD致癫过程中发挥着重要作用。     

Ganglioside glycosyltransferase activities in the cerebral hemispheres from developing rat embryos

The developmental patterns of three ganglioside glycosyltransferases were determined in the embryonic rat cerebral hemispheres from day 14 of gestation until birth. Considering the values of day 14 of gestation as 100%, the activity per μg of DNA at birth of the CMP-NeuAc:GM3 sialosyltransferase decreased to 40%, that of UDP-GalNAc:GM3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase increased to 230% and that of UDP-Gal:GM2 galactosyltransferase showed minor variations. The changes in the activities of these enzymes correlated with the changes occurring in this embryonic period in the complexity of the oligosaccharide chain of gangliosides which result in a relative increase of gangliosides having the gangliotetraosyl backbone.     

双侧肾上腺切除大鼠脑缺血后血脑屏障破坏的研究

目的观察脑缺血时体内自身的糖皮质激素变化对血脑屏障（ＢＢＢ）的影响。方法采用线栓法造成脑缺血模型,用辣根过氧化物酶组织化学染色的方法,观察双侧肾上腺切除大鼠局灶脑缺血后血脑屏障的改变。结果双侧肾上腺切除后脑缺血组（Ａ组）大鼠ＢＢＢ破坏的范围为１０．１０１±１．４１１ｍｍ２;单纯脑缺血组（Ｂ组）大鼠ＢＢＢ破坏范围为６．１９１±１．０４５ｍｍ２,Ａ组大鼠ＢＢＢ破坏的范围大于Ｂ组大鼠ＢＢＢ破坏的范围（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论脑缺血时体内自身的糖皮质激素升高对ＢＢＢ具有保护作用。     

载脂蛋白JmRNA在大鼠脑梗死模型中的表达

目的探讨载脂蛋白J(apoJ)在大鼠脑梗死急性期的作用及其可能的机制.方法清洁级SD雄性成年大鼠84只,随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑梗死后6 h组、24 h组、3 d组、5 d组和7 d组.用线栓法制备永久性局灶脑梗死模型,动物处死后测脑含水量,并检测apoJ及补体C3mRNA的表达值.结果对照组大鼠脑内有apoJ mRNA表达;各模型组缺血侧ApoJ mRNA表达增高.ApoJ mRNA表达值与脑含水量呈负相关(r=-0.212,P＜0.05),与补体C3mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.509,P＜0.01).结论大鼠脑梗死后apoJ表达增高,3 d达高峰.ApoJ可能有保护缺血脑组织的作用.