Spline functions in convolutional modeling of verapamil bioavailability and bioequivalence. I: conceptual and numerical issues.

A cubic spline function for describing the verapamil concentration profile, resulting from the verapamil absorption input to be evaluated, has been used. With this method, the knots are taken to be the data points, which has the advantage of being computationally less complex. Because of its inherently low algorhythmic errors, the spline method is less distorted and more suitable for further data analysis than others. The method has been evaluated using simulated verapamil delayed release tablet concentration data containing various degrees of random noise. The accuracy of the method was determined by how well the estimates of input rate and extent represented the true values. It was found that the accuracy of the method was of the same order of magnitude as the noise level of the data. Spline functions in convolutional modeling of verapamil formulation bioavailability and bioequivalence, as shown in the numerical simulation investigation, are very powerful additional tools for assessing the quality of new verapamil formulations in order to ensure that they are of the same quality as already registered formulations of the drug. The development of such models provides the possibility to avoid additional or larger bioequivalence and/or clinical trials and to thus help shorten the investigation time and registration period.     

盐酸特比萘芬片在健康人体中的相对生物利用度及生物等效性试验

目的:评价盐酸特比萘芬片在健康人体的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸特比萘芬片受试制剂(T)和参比制剂(R),采用液质联用分析方法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中特比萘芬浓度。结果:20名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数为:Tmax分别为(1.7±0.6)和(2.2±0.7)h;Cmax分别为(1 590±489)和(1 266.6±432.8)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为:(21.6±3.6)和(21.0±10.1)h;AUC0～t分别为(8 272.2±2 280.6)和(8 138.9±2 424.0)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的AUC0～t或Cmax的90%置信区间对应于参比制剂相应参数的93.44%～111.87%或112.83%～141.91%范围内;受试制剂相对于参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(105.5±26.3)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂的生物利用度相当,但受试制剂峰浓度增加,达峰时间提前,没有增加不良反应,疗效也未见降低。     

氨麻美敏分散片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性

目的：研究氨麻美敏分散片受试制剂与参比制剂中盐酸伪黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏、氢溴酸右美沙芬、对乙酰氨基酚的人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法：18名健康受试者采用随机分组自身交叉对照实验设计，口服氨麻美敏分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各2片（相当于对乙酰氨基酚650mg，盐酸伪麻黄碱60mg，氢溴酸右美沙芬30mg，马来酸氯苯那敏4mg），定时取血，用LC-MS／MS法测定血药浓度，以DAS软件计算人体相对生物利用度，评价生物等效性。结果：口服氨麻美敏分散片受试制剂和参比制剂，盐酸伪麻黄碱的消除半衰期分别为（4．3±1．6）h和（4．0±1．5）h，达峰时间分别为（1．8±1．3）h和（1．9±1．0）h，达峰浓度分别为（463．3±149．7）和（462．6±193．6）μg·L^-1。，相对生物利用度为（105．7±44．6）％；马来酸氯苯那敏的消除半衰期分别为（20．0±8．2）h和（18．2±8．5）h，达峰时间分别为（3．0±1．3）h和（3．2±1．6）h，达峰浓度分别为（8．8±3．8）μg·L^-1和（9．3±4．5）μg·L^-1相对生物利用度为（104．0±38．3）％；氢溴酸右美沙芬的消除半衰期分别为（4．0±1．4）h和（3．8±1．7）h，达峰时间分别为（2．6±1．2）h和（2．9±2．1）h，达峰浓度分别为（5．8±6．8）μg·L^-1。和（5．8±6．8）μg·L^-1，相对生物利用度为（93．7±25．3）％；对乙酰氨基酚的消除半衰期分别为（3．1±1．4）h和（3．2±1．6）h，达峰时间分别为（1．2±0．8）h和（1．2±0．6）h，达峰浓度分别为（9924．5±4419．6）μg·L^-1和（10131．1±5320．3）μg·L^-1，相对生物利用度为（112．3±57．9）％。结论：受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

依诺沙星胶囊在健康人体的相对生物利用度与生物等效性

目的　建立测定血浆依诺沙星浓度的HPLC-UV法并研究依诺沙星胶囊的相对生物利用度及其生物等效性。方法　按两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计, 20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服2种国产依诺沙星胶囊(参比制剂)和(受试制剂),用HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并评价2制剂的生物等效性。结果　口服依诺沙星胶囊参比制剂及受试制剂400mg后的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(2. 98±0. 65)和(2. 90±0. 63)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1. 23±0. 47)和(1. 43±0. 47)h;AUC(0→24)分别为(18. 20±4. 60)和(19. 71±4. 31)mg·h·L-1;t1 /2Ke分别为(6. 08±1. 23)和(5. 88±0. 89)h。受试制剂对参比制剂平均相对生物利用度F0→24为( 112. 0±26. 7 )%,F0-inf为(112. 2±28. 1)%。结论　2种依诺沙星胶囊制剂生物等效。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液与片剂人体生物等效性评价

目的建立测定枸橼酸莫沙必利血浆浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,并对枸橼酸莫沙必利的口服液与片剂进行人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究.方法20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液或片剂10 mg,HPLC测定血药浓度,采用DAS 1.0程序进行药动学分析,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果单剂量口服10 mg枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液和片剂的药动学参数,AUC0→t分别为(170.2±40.7)μg·h·L-1和(176.6±69.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(182.2±43.7)μg·h·L-1和(193.2±73.3)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(61.3±17.0)μg·L-1和(58.6±22.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.60±0.21)h和(0.8±0.4)h.分别以AUC→t与AUC0→∞计算其相对生物利用度分别为(105.8±36.0)%和(102.9±35.1)%.结论两种制剂具生物等效性.     

阿替洛尔片在人体内的相对生物利用度与生物等效性

目的考察阿替洛尔片(AT)在人体内相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法22名男性健康受试者,采用单剂量、随机、自身交叉对照试验设计,空腹poAT试验片和参比制剂各50 mg后,用RP-HPLC荧光检测法检测血浆中AT经时血药浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果AT的相对生物利用度为100.6%±33.0%。主要药动学参数的方差分析和双单测t检验表明,试验制剂和参比制剂的AUC0~t、Cmax无显著性差异(P>0.05),AT试验制剂的AUC0~t、Cmax的90%的置信区间分别为90.72%~111.86%、87.48%~117.29%。结论AT试验片和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

头孢克肟片在健康受试者体内的生物利用度和生物等效性研究

目的:比较头孢克肟片和头孢克肟胶囊(世福素)的生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:20名健康志愿受试者随机交叉单剂口服头孢克肟片和胶囊各200mg,采用以头孢拉定作内标的高效液相色谱法测定头孢克肟血药浓度,以3p97程序计算两制剂的药物动力学参数和生物利用度。结果:建立的高效液相色谱法,以头孢拉定作内标,测定头孢克肟血浆药物浓度,检测限为1ng(S／N>3),线性范围为0.1-5.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9993,n=5)。0.25、1.0及2.5μg·mL-1三种浓度的回收率分别为(96.0±5.7)、(94.0±2.8)及(100.0±3.4)％,其平均回收率为(96.67±3.06)％,RSD为3.17％;日内误差分别为4.2、3.2及3.6％;日间误差分别为7.4、2.2及3.7％。头孢克肟片和胶囊的人体内血药浓度-时间曲线符合口服一室模型,主要动力学参数:T1/2Ke分别为(4.98±0.58)和(5.28±0.77)h;Tmax分别为(4.7±0.6)和(4.6±0.9)h;Cmax分别为(3.38±0.9)和(3.29±0.87)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(30.72±7.56)和(30.60±7.92)h·(μg·mL)-1。相对生物利用度为(102.8±19.7)％。结论:头孢克肟片与胶囊(世福素)具有生物等效性。     

法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒剂在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性

目的比较同一厂家生产的3种法罗培南钠(β内酰胺类抗生素)制剂中法罗培南在人体的药代动力学参数,评价3种制剂的生物等效性。方法 21名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服法罗培南钠胶囊剂、颗粒剂和参比制剂片剂300 mg后,采用HPLC法测定血浆中法罗培南的浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,AUC、Cmax经对数转换后进行方差分析,计算90%置信区间,并评价2种受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量口服法罗培南钠胶囊、颗粒剂和参比制剂片剂后,血浆中法罗培南的AUC0-6分别为(5.28±2.35),(4.78±2.40)和(4.93±2.19)μg.h.mL-1;Cmax分别(2.75±0.89),(2.79±1.24)和(2.81±1.04)μg.mL-1;tmax分别为(1.06±0.44),(0.79±0.22)和(0.89±0.43)h;t1/2分别为(0.89±0.11),(0.87±0.11)和(0.97±0.10)h。法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒中法罗培南的相对生物利用度分别为(111.5±35.0)%和(97.8±35.0)%。结论受试制剂法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒剂与参比制剂片剂具有生物等效性。     

克拉霉素分散片与克拉霉素片人体生物利用度比较研究

目的比较克拉霉素分散片与克拉霉素片(利迈先)的生物等效性。方法采用双交叉单剂口服给药法 ,以藤黄八叠球菌为指示菌 ,采用微生物法测定健康志愿者克拉霉素分散片和利迈先经时血药浓度。数据经3p97药代动力学程序处理及双单侧t检验和(1 -2α)置信区间分析。结果克拉霉素分散片和利迈先药物动力学参数Ka 为0.7843和0.5893h-1,t1/2(α)为1.7324和2.3140h ,t1/2(β)为4.1449和3.8635h,Cmax 为2.2308和1.8742μg·ml-1,AUC为17.741和16.2751μg·h·ml-1。克拉霉素分散片的相对生物利用度为106.21 %。结论两种制剂AUC值剂型间、阶段间和个体间均无显著性差异(P>0.05) ,两制剂为生物等效制剂。     

布洛芬口腔崩解片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性

目的研究布洛芬口腔崩解片与普通片的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法20名成年男性健康受试者采用随机交叉自身对照分别口服布洛芬口腔崩解片和普通片200mg。用HPLC法测定血药浓度,用3P97软件计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价生物等效性。结果布洛芬口腔崩解片与普通片的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(2.22±0.28)、(2.16±0.43)h,tmax(2.04±0.78)、(1.74±0.84)h,ρmax(21.97±5.83)、(22.68±4.41)mg·L-1;AUC0→12(87.88±15.70)、(89.89±16.46)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞(90.93±16.40)、(92.62±17.11)mg·h·L-1。口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度F0→12、F0→∞分别为(98.9±12.7)%和(99.2±12.4)%。lnAUC0→12、lnAUC0→∞和lnρmax经方差分析、双单侧t检验及90%置信区间统计结果均符合要求。tmax非参数法检验结果,Z=-1.424,P=0.155,无显著性差异。结论2种制剂呈生物等效。     

恩替卡韦分散片的健康人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性研究

目的:以中美上海施贵宝制药有限公司生产的恩替卡韦片(博路定)为参比制剂,研究江苏正大天晴药业股份有限公司研制的恩替卡韦分散片受试制剂的相对生物利用度,以判断两种制剂是否具有生物等效性。方法:采用随机双交叉试验设计,20例男性健康受试者禁食过夜后空腹单剂量口服恩替卡韦0.5mg,液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中恩替卡韦的浓度,应用药物与统计(DrugAndStatistics,DAS)程序计算有关药动学参数并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(5.15±1.35)和(4.55±2.46)ng.mL-1;Tmax分别为(0.44±0.20)和(0.75±0.31)h;t1/2分别为(147±127)和(127±48)h;AUC0～96分别为(13.7±2.6)和(13.0±1.9)ng.h.mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(27.2±13.8)和(23.3±4.5)ng.h.mL-1;相对生物利用度为(107.5±24.7)%。两制剂的AUC0～96无显著性差异,Cmax和Tmax有显著性差异。结论:两制剂吸收程度等效;与参比制剂比较,受试制剂...     

A bioavailability/bioequivalence study of two oral lansoprazole formulations after single administration to healthy volunteers.

Two oral lansoprazole formulations, containing encapsulated microgranules, Lasoprol (test formulation) and Lanzor (reference), were administered to 12 healthy volunteers of both sexes in a single dose of 30 mg lansoprazole in order to investigate their comparative bioavailability. No statistically significant differences, at the probability level of 90%, were observed neither for the maximal serum concentrations (1.12:1.22 micrograms/ml) nor for the area under the concentration-time curves (5.01:5.77 micrograms/ml.h), the parameter to which the inhibition of acid secretion induced by lansoprazole is directly related. The similar holds true for the value of time to reach the maximal concentration of lansoprazole in serum, although this parameter was previously described as less sensitive in comparative bioavailability studies. The terminal elimination half-lives were 4.56 h for Lasoprol and 4.57 h for the reference formulation. The results indicate the bioequivalence and good tolerability of both lansoprazole formulations. The overall pharmacokinetic profile of the drug was comparable with the data previously reported by other investigators.     

Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of metforphin hydrochloride extended-released and immediate-released tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of a new tablet formulation of metformin hydrochloride with reference to a standard product in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers. Two randomized, comparative, two-way crossover studies were therefore conducted. In study 1, which was a single-dose study, 20 subjects received 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride test product extended-release (MXR) tablets followed by the same amount of metformin hydrochloride reference product immediate-release (MIR) tablets with a 7-day washout period between the two doses. In study 2, which was a multiple-dose study, 22 subjects received MXR 1000 mg/d for 9 consecutive days followed by MIR 1000 mg/d with a 14-day washout period between the doses of the test and reference product. The serum metformin concentrations were monitored using a selective and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a 3P97 program. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the half-life of the absorption phase (t(1/2ka)), the half-life of the elimination phase (t(1/2ke)) and the mean retention time (MRT) and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test of T(max) for the two preparations were significantly different. A significant difference was found in the ANOVA for C(max) in the single-dose study, while this was not the case in the multiple-dose study. Two one-sided t-tests showed that there were no significant differences in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values between the two formulations. The present study indicates that the test preparation was bioequivalent to the reference preparation when both MXR and MIR were investigated in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers. And on the basis of the mean AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity) and AUC(ss), the relative bioavailability of the MXR was found to be 107.80%, 111.89% and 110.61% respectively compared with MIR.     

头孢克肟片人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究头孢克肟供试制剂和参比制剂的药代动力学和人体生物等效性。方法用HPLC法测定18名健康受试者随机交叉口服200mg头孢克肟后血药浓度,用3P97进行最佳模型拟合,并计算药代动力学参数。结果不同时间药物在血清中的浓度符合2室模型,计算所得的供试制剂和参比制剂之间的主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax为2.56±0.69,2.32±0.63 mg·L-1;tmax为3.17±0.66,3.5±0.62h,;tl/2β为3.15±0.49,3.31±0.51 h;AUC0-∞为19.91±5.18,19.09±5.36 mg·h.L-1;供试制剂对参比制剂的生物利用度为(106.22±1 8.48)％。结论供试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

The study of bioavailability and bioequivalence of oseltamivir in Chinese health volunteers

Objective To evaluate the bioavailability and bioequivalence of oseltamivir capsule in Chinese health male volunteers.Methods A randomized,two period,two treatment,two sequence crossover bioequivalence trial was designed,24 Chinese health volunteers were randomly divided into two groups,each group was orally given single dose oseltamivir phosphate(tamifla)or AMMS 607 capsule.The active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate of oseltamivir in the plasma were determined by liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric(LC-MS/MS)method.The pharmacokinetics parameters and relative bioavailability were calculated to evaluate the bioequivalence of AMMS 607 and tamifla.Results Cmax of the AMMS 607 and tamifla were 602.07±153.27 ng·mL-1 and 620.09±132.39 ng·mL-1 respectively;tmax were 4.2±1.1 h and 4.8±1.0 h;t1/2β were 6.60±0.87 h and 6.61±0.83 h;MRT were 10.00±1.77 h and 10.40±1.62 h;AUC0-24 were 6285.88±1083.66 ng·h·mL-1 and 6546.01±1199.32 ng·h·mL-1;Compared with the reference of tamifla capsule,the bioavailability F0-tn of AMMS 607 capsule was 99.5±27.7%.The main pharmacokinetics parameters of AUC0-24,Cmax and Tmax showed no statistically significant difference between the two capsules.Conclusions The AMMS 607 capsule and tamifla capsule are bioequivalent.     

仿制药生物等效性研究中健康受试者的分阶段知情同意

生物等效性(BE)临床研究有别于Ⅱ～Ⅳ期临床试验,有其自身特点。健康受试者的知情同意是BE临床试验的一个极其重要的部分。从本院Ⅰ期临床试验中心的实践出发,发现渐进式的分阶段知情同意过程(网络平台和视频的预先教育、集体知情同意和一对一知情同意)有助于帮助受试者了解BE临床试验的具体细节,克服恐惧情绪,且能保护受试者的隐私,提高其参加试验的依从性,使BE临床试验能够获得真实准确的试验数据。     

Neoimmun versus Neoral: a bioequivalence study in healthy volunteers and influence of a fat-rich meal on the bioavailability of Neoimmun

In two crossover studies with 12 (6 males/6 females) healthy young volunteers each, we compared the bioavailability of Neoimmun capsules with the microemulsion Neoral and the influence of a fat-rich breakfast on the bioavailability of Neoimmun. Each volunteer received a single dose of 200 mg cyclosporine A in each period. Blood samples were taken up to 24 h and analysed for cyclosporine A by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and photometric detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis. The treatments were tested for bioequivalence and significant differences. The bioavailability of Neoimmun was significantly lower compared to Neoral, albeit Neoimmun met the bioequivalence criterion (90% confidence interval of AUC 0.80–0.94) or missed the criterion only marginally (90% confidence interval of c _max 0.75–0.91). The bioavailability of Neoimmun as determined by area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) increased by nearly 20% after a fat-rich breakfast. However, mean peak concentrations after food were only higher in male subjects, whereas mean peak concentrations in female subjects were lower compared to fasting administration. In conclusion, our data show that Neoimmun exhibits a lower bioavailability than the microemulsion Neoral and that food has a significant but variable and sex-dependent impact on the bioavailability of Neoimmun capsules.     

Comparative bioequivalence study of leflunomide tablets in Indian healthy volunteers

The pharmacokinetics of teriflunomide [CAS No. 163451-81-8], the metabolite of leflunomide [CAS No. 75706-12-6] has been evaluated in adult human volunteers after oral administration of tablet formulation. However, no published data is available regarding the bioavailability of this in the Indian population. In light of the above, a study was designed to carry out a bioequivalence study of 2 preparations of leflunomide 20 mg in healthy Indian male volunteers.24 healthy male volunteers (age, 25±4.1 years; weight, 57.58±7.01 kg) were enrolled in this study. Each subject received a test and reference formulation in a single dose, fasting 2 period, 2 way crossover study with a wash out period of 4 weeks. Analysis of teriflunomide from plasma samples was done by a simple and sensitive HPLC method using UV detection developed in our laboratory. An analysis of variance was performed on the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ using GLM procedures in which sources of variation were subject, formulation, and period.The results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences between the 2 products in either the mean concentration-time profiles or in the obtained pharmacokinetic parameters. 90% confidence limits for the log transformed data of Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞. were within the acceptable range of 0.80-1.25.The results indicate that the 2 products are bioequivalent in terms of rate and extent of drug absorption. Both the preparations were well tolerated with no adverse reactions throughout the study.     

格列齐特片在健康人体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究格列齐特片在健康人体内的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服80mg格列齐特片后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果格列齐特在0.104～12.48μg/ml浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.99988),平均回收率90.125%～104.6%,日内和日间精密度(RSD)均<10.0%。试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:峰时(Tmax):(4.4±0.9)和(4.0±0.9)h;峰浓度(Cmax):(4.8±0.6)和(5.3±0.8)μg/ml;曲线下面积(AUC)0￣48h:(86±29)和(88±33)mg·L-1·h-1;AUC0￣∞:(99±45)和(103±58)mg·L-·1h-1;消除半衰期(T1/2):(13±4)和(14±5)h。以AUC0￣48h计算的受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99±9)%。结论建立的分析方法准确灵敏,统计学分析表明两种制剂生物等效。     

Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of etoricoxib tablet in healthy Bangladeshi volunteers

The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of two etoricoxib (CAS 202409-33-4) 60 mg formulations, namely Etocox-60 (test product) and reference product, and to evaluate whether these two formulations meet the FDA criteria to assume bioequivalence. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were enrolled into this randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover, open-label pharmacokinetic study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive the test formulation followed by the reference formulation or vice versa as a single dose of 60 mg tablets after 12 h overnight fasting, with a washout period of two weeks. Following oral administration, blood samples were collected at 0 (baseline), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0, 72.0, 96.0, and 120.0 h. Serum concentration of etoricoxib was assessed using a high performance liquid chromatographic-UV spectrometry procedure. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the non-compartmental method. After administering a single dose of 60 mg of each etoricoxib formulation, the obtained mean (SD) values for the test and reference products were 1.26 (0.33) and 1.29 (0.35) microg/ml for Cmax; 3.25 (2.64) and 2.63 (1.40) h for t(max); 29.63 (8.31) and 30.40 (5.85) h x microg/ml for AUC0-120; and 31.84 (10.97) and 33.00 (8.10) h x microg/ml for AUC0-infinity, respectively. The mean t1/2 was found 27.99 (7.87) h and 29.84 (7.93) h for test and reference product respectively. From paired t-test, no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) for any pharmacokinetic parameters. After analysis of variance, no period, sequence or formulation effects were observed for any pharmacokinetic property. The 90% confidence intervals of the test/reference mean ratios of the 1n-transformed AUC0-120, AUC0-infinity and Cmax mean values were 95.90% (85.37%-107.74 %), 94.69% (84.43%-106.20%) and 97.87% (85.54 %-111.98 %), respectively, which fell within the predetermined FDA bioequivalence range of 80%-125%. This single-dose study found that the test and reference formulations of etoricoxib met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence in terms of both rate and extent of absorption.