ICOS基因多态性与中国南方汉族人群多发性硬化的相关性

目的探讨可诱导协同刺激分子(inducible costimulate,ICOS)基因多态性与多发性硬化(Multiple sclerosis,MS)遗传易感性。方法以来自中国南方汉族人群的83名确诊MS患者和110名非自身免疫性疾病的患者及健康志愿者为研究对象,利用PCR-RFLP技术监测ICOS基因-2394/2119位点酶切多态性。结果 ICOS-2394位点TT基因型频率MS组明显高于对照组(MS33.7%VS对照组10.9%,P<0.001),携带T等位基因可增加MS患病危险(OR=3.482,P<0.001),ICOS-2119位点TT基因型MS组明显低于对照组(MS4.8%vs对照组15.5%,P<0.05)。结论中国南方汉族人群ICOS基因多态性与MS发病相关,该基因可能是MS的易感基因。     

2q33区段CD28/ICOS基因多态性与中国南方汉族人群多发性硬化疾病易感性及严重程度关系的研究

目的 探讨2q33区段CD28及ICOS基因多态性与多发性硬化(MS)遗传易感性及病情严重程度的关系.方法 以来自中国南方汉族人群的83名确诊MS患者(MS组)和110名非自身免疫性疾病患者及健康志愿者(对照组)为研究对象,外周静脉血提取DNA,利用PCR-RFLP技术、琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术分析检测扩增产物CD28及ICOS基因的多态性.免疫荧光双标记流式细胞学法检测2组患者外周静脉血淋巴细胞表面CD28及ICOS表达水平.结果 MS组ICOS-2394位点TT基因型频率明显高于对照组(33.7%vs10.9%),T等位基因频率明显高于对照组(56.0%vs30.9%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3个位点单核苷酸多态性间无明显联合效应.ICOS-2394多态位点TT基因型与原发进展型(PP)-MS发病相关,而CT基因型与继发进展型(SP)-MS发病无关.3个位点基因型及等位基因频率与MS急性期患病严重程度均无明显相关(P＜0.05).MS组外周血淋巴细胞表面CD28及ICOS的表达均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 中国南方汉族人群ICOS-2394位点多态性与MS发病相关,其中TT基因型与PP-MS发病相关,而CT基因型与SP-MS发病无关,提示该基因为MS的易感基因.CD28基因多态性与MS患病无关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the polymorphisms of CD28 and COS genes in chromosome 2q33 region and susceptibility to and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS).Methods Eighty-three patients diagnosed as having MS from Han population of South China were studied; one hundred and ten patients with non-autoimmune diseases or healthy volunteers were selected as controls.DNA was obtained from peripheral venous blood; the polymorphisms of amplified productions (CD28 and ICOS genes) were detected by PCR-RFLP and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.Immunofluorescent two-color flow cytometry was used to study the expressions of CD28 and ICOS genes of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of these 2 groups. Results The genotype frequency of TT at ICOS-2394 site in patients with MS (33.7%) was significantly higher than that in controls (10.9%,P＜ 0.05), and the allele frequency of T in patient group (56.0%) was obviously higher than that in the controls (30.9%, P＜0.05). No marked combined effects were noted in the 3 SNPs (CD28-372, ICOS-2349 and ICOS-2119). TT genotype in the polymorphic site of ICOS-2394 was correlated to primary progressive MS, while CT genotype in the polymorphic site of ICOS-2394 was not correlated to secondary progressive MS. The genotype and allele frequencies of the 3 SNPs had no marked association with the severity of MS (P＞0.05). The levels of CD28 and ICOS gene expressions in lymphocytes of peripheral blood of patients with MS were significantly higher in patients than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion ICOS polymorphisms might be related to MS in Han population of South China,which suggests that ICOS might be one of genes having susceptibility to MS. No association between CD28 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to MS is noted.     

CD24基因多态性与多发性硬化患病易感性研究

目的探讨CD24基因多态性与多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)的相关性。方法以来自中国南方汉族人群的83名确诊MS患者和110名非自身免疫性疾病的患者及健康志愿者为研究对象,利用PCR—RFLP 技术检测CD24 E2 226C／T位点酶切多态性。结果 CD24 E2 226位点T等位基因频率MS组明显高于对照组 (MS 44．6％ vs CON 33．2％,P=0．022)。未发现CD24基因型等位基因与性别、疾病发病年龄、MS临床类型及临床严重程度之间存在相关性。结论中国南方汉族人群CD24基因多态性与MS患病相关,该基因可能是MS的易感基因。     

突触体维系蛋白-25基因与注意缺陷多动障碍的关系

目的探讨突触体维系蛋白125（SNAP-25）基因3’端未翻译区T1065G和T1069C多态性位点与注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应．限制性片段长度多态性技术，检测138例ADHD患者（患者组）和119名对照者（对照组）基因型和等位基因频率。结果（1）患者组与对照组SNAP-25基因T1065G多态性基因型及等位基因频率的总体分布差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中患者组1065T／1065T基因型（70．3％）和1065T等位基因频率（84．1％）高于对照组（分别为56．3％和74，4％；P〈0．05）；患者组1065G／1065G基因型频率（2．2％）略低于对照组（7．6％），但差异无统计学意义（P：0．07）。（2）SNAP-25基因T1069C多态性，两组均为1069T等位基因（100％，100％），均未发现1069C等位基因。结论SNAP-25基因T1065G多态性与ADHD可能存在关联，1065T／1065T基因型和1065T等位基因可能是ADHD发病的危险因素。     

5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与抑郁症的关联研究

目的探讨5-羟色胺2A（5-HT2A）受体基因T102C和A-1438G多态性与抑郁症的关系。方法采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和限制性片断长度多态性（RFLP）技术检测123例抑郁症患者和122名健康对照的T102C和A-1438G基因多态性分布,病例-对照关联分析法分析两组间基因型频率和等位基因频率的差异。结果5-HT2A基因T102C多态性等位基因频率和A-1438G等位基因频率在患者组和对照组间的分布均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,患者组C102等位基因频率（30．1％）明显低于对照组（41．0％）,在分层分析中,男性患者组中频率（26．2％）明显低于男性对照组（50．0oA）;患者组A-1438等位基因型频率（69．1％）明显高于对照组（56．6％）,A-1438等位基因在女性患者组中频率（69．1％）明显高于女性对照组（55．2％）。患者组中TT／AA（T102T／A-1438A）基因型组合频率（43．9％）明显高于对照组（20．5％）。结论5-HT2A基因T102C和A-1438G多态性可能与抑郁症的发病有关,其中C102等位基因可能是男性罹患抑郁症的保护因子,A-1438等位基因可能是抑郁症特别是女性抑郁症患病的危险因子,T102T和A—1438A基因型同时出现可能是抑郁症发病的重要危险因素。     

多药耐药基因1C3435T多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布

目的了解多药耐药基因1（MDR1）C3435T多态性在癫痫患者分布特点，探讨其与患者耐药的相关性。方法用常规酚-氯仿法提取72例癫痫药物治疗耐药患者和62例癫痫药物治疗有效患者的外周血DNA，应用PCR-RFLP方法检测其MDR1基因外显子26（exor26）C3435T的多态性。结果患者的MDR13435位点存在3种基因型，野生型CC、杂合突变型CT和纯合突变型TT在134例癫痫患者中分布频率分别为24．63％、53．73％和21．64％。TT基因型在耐药患者组和药物有效组中分别为18．1％和25．8％，CT基因型分别为48．6％和59．7％，差异均无统计学意义（P：0．277和P=0．200）。CC基因型在耐药患者组中的频率为33．3％，在药物有效组为14．5％，两者比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．012）。等位基因C和T在癫痫人群中分布频率为51．5％和48．5％，其中C等位基因在耐药组的频率（57．6％）明显高于药物有效组（44．4％）；相反，T等位基因在药物有效组的频率（55．6％）分布要高于耐药组（42．3％，P=0．03）。结论MDR1基因多态性分布中，CC基因型、C等位基因可能与癫痫耐药有关。癫疴治疗有效可能与TT基因型、T等位基因有相关趋势。     

N5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性与蒙古族原发性高血压病及高血压病合并脑血管病的关系

目的探讨N5，10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）C677T位点突变与蒙古族原发性高血压病及高血压病合并脑血管病患者之间的关系。方法采用Sequenom系统检测110例蒙古族原发性高血压病患者、78名高血压病合并脑血管病患者及115例健康对照组MTHFR基因多态性。结果蒙古族原发性高血压病人群MTHFR基因TT基因型频率及T等位基因频率与正常人群相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；蒙古族高血压合并脑梗死人群与高血压合并脑出血人群的MTHFR基因型TT基因型及T等位基因频率分别明显高于正常对照组，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论MTHFRC677T位点TT基因型及T等位基因突变增加蒙古族原发性高血压病人群患脑血管病的危险性，可能是蒙古族原发性高血压病人群患脑血管病的易感基因。     

Cav1.1基因26内含子67位点A/G多态性与甲状腺功能亢进性周期性瘫痪的相关性研究

目的探讨钙通道α1亚基（Cav1．1）基因26内含子-67A／G多态性与男性甲状腺功能亢进（简称甲亢）性周期性瘫痪（TPP）的相关性。方法采用多聚酶链反应-单链构象多态性（PCR-SSCP）方法检测46例男性TPP患者（TPP组）、68例男性甲亢患者（GD组）和72名男性健康对照者（CON组）Cav1．1基因26内含子-67A／G多态性。分析比较此多态位点基因型和等位基因在不同人群中分布的差异。结果（1）TPP组、GD组及CON组AG＋GG基因型频率分别为47．83％、14．71％、29．17％，G等位基因频率分别为44．57％、13．24％、27．78％。（2）TPP组AG＋GG基因型频率明显高于GD组和CON组（OR=5．32，P〈0．01；OR=2．23，P=0．04），TPP组G等位基因频率明显高于GD组和CON组（OR=5．27，P〈0．01；OR=2．09，P=0．008）。结论Cav1．1基因26内含子-67位点A／G多态性与男性TPP有相关性。     

胆固醇24S-羟化酶基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病的相关性分析

目的探讨胆固醇24S－羟化酶（cholesterol 24-hydroxylase，CYP46）基因第二内含子单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism，SNP）与阿尔茨海默病（AD）的相互关系。方法采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（allele—specific PCR，A—SPCR）技术检测508例AD患者和549名健康老年人CYP46基因第二内含子基因SNP的分布，并通过比值比（OR）做疾病关联分析。结果AD组与对照组CYP46基因SNP分布差异有统计学意义（12，9％，8．1％；X^2=6．59，P=0．037），AD组携带T等位基因（C／T＋T／T）频率明显高于健康对照组（91．9％，87．0％；X^2=6，58，P=0．01）。Logistic回归分析表明，C／T和T／T基因型均是AD的危险因素，调整年龄和性别的影响后，其OR值分别为：1．70（95％CI=1．10—2．63，C／T），1．69（95％ CI=1．10—2．59，T／T）。结论CYP46基因的SNP与AD存在相关性，携带T等位基因可能是AD的危险因素。     

中国人纤维蛋白原β链基因-148C/T、-455G/A多态性与脑梗死关系的Meta分析

目的 对中国人纤维蛋白原β链基因-148C／T、-455G／A多态性与脑梗死相关性的研究进行Meta分析。方法 通过文献检索收集自1994年1月1日至2005年12月3013发表的中国人纤维蛋白原β链基因-148C／T、-455G/A多态性与脑梗死关系的病例-对照研究，剔除不符合要求的文献，以漏斗图检验入选文献的发表偏倚，并根据各入选文献结果的同质性检验结果进行数据合并．计算总OR值，Meta分析采用Review Manager 4．2版统计软件。结果 共9篇关于-148C／T多态性和11篇关于-455G/A多态性的文献符合条件纳入研究，入选文献无明显发表偏倚，各文献同质性检验显示有关-148C／T（χ^2=-16．42，P=0．04）和-455G／A（χ^2=29．89，P=0．0009）多态性文献间均存在显著异质性。数据合并结果显示-148C／T多态性位点（C／T＋T／T）比C/C发生脑梗死的OR值为1．35，95％CI为1．02-1．78（P=0．03），-455G／A多态性位点（G/A＋A/A）比G/G发生脑梗死的OR值为1.38，95％CI为1．03～1．85（P=0．03）。结论 纤维蛋白原β链基因-148C／T、-455G／A多态性与中国人脑梗死易感性相关，-148T、-455A等位基因可能是脑梗死的遗传危险因素。     

Association of common T cell activation gene polymorphisms with multiple sclerosis in Australian patients

Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) may be influenced by the interaction of several genes within a biological pathway. T cell activation and costimulation may be potentially important in MS pathogenesis. We have therefore investigated associations between MS and polymorphisms in the CD152 (CTLA-4), CD28, CD80 and CD86 genes in Australian patients. We found no significant MS association with CTLA-4 exon 1 +49 alleles, and meta-analysis showed no significant association across nine comparable datasets (OR=1.04, p=0.54), nor with primary progressive MS across seven datasets (OR=1.19, p=0.21). Haplotype analysis showed a trend towards a decrease of the CTLA-4-1722C, -1577G, +49G haplotype in +49 G positive MS patients compared with controls (p=0.06). Screening of CD28, CD80 and CD86 genes identified novel polymorphisms in the putative promoter regions of CD28 (-372 G/A) and CD86 (exon 2 -359 deletionAAG). There was a significant increase of the CD28 -372 G allele frequency in MS patients vs. controls (p=0.045) and a trend towards a significant interaction between this allele and the CTLA-4 +49 G allele (OR=4.00, p=0.058). Our results suggest that the CTLA-4 +49 alone is not associated with overall susceptibility to MS, but may be important in clinical subsets of patients and/or may interact epistatically with other gene polymorphisms.     

CD95 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to MS in women. A population-based study of CD95 and CD95L in MS

CD95/CD95L interaction results in activation-induced apoptosis thereby regulating clonal expansion of T cells outside the thymus. Genetic defects in this system result in autoimmune lymphoproliferation in mice and men. CD95-induced cell death may be defective in MS. We studied the association of CD95 and CD95L polymorphisms with MS in 221 unique patients representing 79% ascertainment in Olmsted County, MN, and 442 gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched controls. Being a homozygote for the G allele of CD95 5'(-670)*A-->G SNP (p=0.034; OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.06-2.38) and for the C allele of CD95 E7(74)*C-->T SNP (p=0.007; OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.17-2.56) increased susceptibility to MS exclusively in women. There was strong but incomplete linkage disequilibrium between the two markers (p<0.001; D'=0.546). Homozygosity for 5'(-670)*A or E7(74)*C explained 28% of risk of MS in women but 0% of the risk in men in Olmsted County, MN. Our results agree with the previously published studies and highlight that the association of the polymorphisms is restricted to women with MS. We did not find an association between CD95L and susceptibility to MS nor CD95 or CD95L and age of onset, disease course and disease severity.     

The CD28 related molecule ICOS: T cell modulation in the presence and absence of B7.1/2 and regulational expression in multiple sclerosis

Costimulatory signals play a key role in regulating T cell activation and are believed to have decisive influence in the inciting and perpetuating cellular effector mechanisms in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Inducible costimulator protein (ICOS), a recently identified member of the CD28-family, presumably affects the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells after primary activation and modulates the immune response of effector/memory T cells.

This study examines the expression and functional role of ICOS costimulation in healthy donors and patients with MS. After nonspecific or antigen-specific stimulation, ICOS is preferentially expressed on CD4 Th2-T cells. ICOS-costimulation affects the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines both in the absence and presence of B7/CD28 costimulation, thus suggesting that ICOS costimulation can modulate cytokine secretion also in a CD28-independent manner. Levels of constitutive and inducible ICOS expression on human T cell subsets from peripheral blood were quantified in healthy donors and patients with MS. Constitutive expression of ICOS on T cells varies between 0.1% and 42.3%. There were no significant differences between both groups in the baseline expression or inducibility of ICOS on CD4 or CD8 T cells. ICOS expression could be demonstrated on CSF T lymphocytes in patients with acute MS relapses but was not elevated compared with peripheral blood.

In essence we show that ICOS is upregulated on human T cells after stimulation and can modulate both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production in the absence and presence of B7-costimulation. In MS patients we demonstrate the functionality of the ICOS costimulatory pathway. Potential implications of ICOSL/ICOS interactions for MS immunopathogenesis are discussed.     

ICOS gene haplotypes correlate with IL10 secretion and multiple sclerosis evolution

Human ICOS is a T cell costimulatory molecule supporting IL10 secretion. A pilot study investigating variations of the ICOS gene 3'UTR detected 8 polymorphisms forming three haplotypes (A, B, C). Haplotype-A and -C displayed the highest difference. Activated T cells from healthy AA homozygotes expressed significantly less ICOS and secreted more IL10 than AC heterozygotes, whereas AB heterozygotes displayed intermediate levels. Analysis of 441 multiple sclerosis patients and 793 controls showed that frequency of AA homozygosity was significantly lower in MS patients with relapsing-remitting onset (N=416) than in controls (OR=0.70). Moreover, AA patients with relapsing-remitting onset had lower relapse rate and multiple sclerosis severity score than non-AA patients.     

Evaluation of apoptosis-related genes: Fas (CD94), FasL (CD178) and TRAIL polymorphisms in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease characterized by a relapsing-remitting course leading to progressive disability. Given the critical role of apoptosis-related genes in the maintenance of homeostasis in the immune privilege sites, mutations in these genes have a profound effect on occurring autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In the current study, polymorphisms in the apoptosis-related genes: Fas _-670 A>G, FasL _-844C>T, FasLIVS2nt _124 A>G and TRAIL_1595C>T were analyzed in 107 Iranian patients suffering from MS and 112 unrelated healthy controls using PCR-RFLP method. Our results demonstrated that among Iranian patients with MS and controls being homozygous in Fas_670A/A, G/G and FasL_-844C/C, TT in the promoter region and homozygocity in the minor allele for FasLIVS2nt_124G/G and TRAIL_1595C/C, polymorphisms were not associated with the MS risk in Iranian patients when compared with normal controls. However, the Fas _-670G/G genotype had a borderline significantly increased frequency with secondary progressive MS type (X(2)=5.8, P=0.05). In conclusion, no statistical association was found between the Fas, FasL and TRAIL polymorphisms and the risk of MS in Iranian patients.     

Association study of polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene and Alzheimer’s disease risk in Chinese

To determine if polymorphisms (?765G/C, ?1195G/A and 8473T/C) of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene can be associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). The frequency of the polymorphisms was determined in 244 cases and 226 controls. The results revealed that the distributions of COX-2 ?765G/C and 8473T/C polymorphisms were statistically not significant between AD cases and controls. The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of COX-2 ?1195G/A polymorphism in the cases were statistically significantly different from the controls (P < 0.05). The A/A distribution and A allele frequency were significantly lower in the AD group. COX-2 ?1195AA carriers showed a one-third lower risk of developing AD as compared to those with ?1195GG and GA genotypes (OR = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.194–0.465, P = 0.000). This study suggested that ?1195G/A polymorphism of the COX-2 gene is associated with the risk of AD, and the A allele represents a protective factor in patients with AD.     

胰岛素降解酶基因启动子区多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病的关系

目的检测中国汉族人群胰岛素降解酶(IDE)基因启动子区多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病(SAD)的关系。方法随机选取25名SAD患者和25名正常对照者进行IDE启动子测序筛查启动子区变异。采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法对中国汉族412例SAD患者和331例正常对照者进行多态性分型,遗传统计学分析多态性与AD发病风险的关系。结果中国汉族人群中IDE启动子存在三个多态性位点,分别为-1002T/G、-179T/C和-51C/T,-1002T/G和-51C/T多态性的基因型和等位基因频率在SAD和正常对照组中有显著差异。-1002T和-51C在SAD组中明显多于正常对照组。在不携带APOEε4等位基因的亚组中,各基因型和等位基因的频率有显著性差异。-1002T/G和-51C/T存在显著的连锁不平衡,构成了相对增加AD发病风险的单体型-1002T/-51C和相对保护的单体型-1002G/-51T。结论 IDE启动子区-1002T/G和-51C/T多态性与中国汉族人群SAD的发病相关。