精液中凋亡精子与精液分析参数的相关性研究

凋亡是许多哺乳类物种正常生精过程中调节生殖细胞增殖的一种机制。但发生在精子水平的凋亡是否与精液中精子的数量和质量有关尚不清楚。磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）是丝氨酸以酯键与磷脂酸的磷酸基相连的一种磷脂，在细胞凋亡的早期阶段，细胞膜的脂质不对称性丧失，位于细胞质膜内的PS转移到膜外。     

生殖激素对生殖细胞凋亡的调控

睾丸生殖功能受下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴活动的调节,下丘脑分泌的促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotrop in releasing hormone,GnRH)可调节垂体释放促性腺激素(Gonadotropic hormone,GTH),即卵泡刺激素(Folicle stimulating hormone,FSH)和黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)的分泌,这两种激素在生精过程中发挥着非常重要的作用.实验和临床结果表明,雄性生殖器官中的雌激素也是精子发生和成熟的必要激素[1].就激素对雄性生殖细胞(Genital cell,GC)凋亡调控作用综述如下.     

精液中凋亡精子与精液分析参数的相关性研究

凋亡是许多哺乳类物种正常生精过程中调节生殖细胞增殖的一种机制.但发生在精子水平的凋亡是否与精液中精子的数量和质量有关尚不清楚.     

精液中性激素水平与生殖细胞凋亡的关系

目的:探讨人精液中性激素水平与生殖细胞凋亡的关系。方法:随机选择66例不育患者及30例生育男性,采用ELISA法进行卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)和睾酮(T)水平分析,并用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶(TdT)介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测生殖细胞的凋亡。结果:精液中FSH、LH、PRL和T水平30例生育者分别为(1.63±0.15)U/L、(2.18±0.21)U/L、(6.34±0.30)nmol/L、(1.85±0.11)nmol/L,生殖细胞凋亡率为(4.61±1.23)%,而66例不育者4种性激素水平分别为(1.25±0.18)U/L、(1.76±0.32)U/L、(5.86±0.31)nmol/L、(1.45±0.13)nmol/L,生殖细胞凋亡率为(18.36±2.04)%。两者相比各参数差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。不育组FSH、LH、PRL、T水平与生殖细胞的凋亡率呈负相关(r分别为-0.88、-0.93、-0.90、-0.98,P均<0.01)。凋亡的生殖细胞体积缩小,核染色质致密,凝聚在核周形成新月形,或核裂解形成凋亡小体。结论:精液性激素水平与生殖细胞的凋亡有着密切关系,低水平的性激素可能导致睾丸生殖细胞凋亡率增加。     

精子多环芳烃类-DNA加合物与精液质量及精子凋亡的关系研究

目的:通过对男性不育患者的精子多环芳烃类-DNA(PAH-DNA)加合物进行分析,探讨精子PAHDNA加合物水平与精子凋亡率及精液常规参数的相关性。方法:收集433例男性不育患者精液,采用免疫荧光结合流式细胞术检测PAH-DNA加合物,末端转移酶介导的dUTP标记法(TUNEL)检测精子凋亡率。结果:多元线性回归结果显示:精子PAH-DNA加合物水平与精子浓度、精子总数及精子活动率呈负相关(回归系数β分别为-0.632、-0.830和-9.647);此外,精子PAH-DNA加合物水平与精子凋亡率呈正相关(回归系数β为0.130)。结论:精子PAH-DNA加合物水平与精液常规参数及精子凋亡相关,精子PAH-DNA加合物水平对评估男性生育力具有重要意义。     

男性不育患者精液质量与精子顶体酶活性关系分析

目的:分析男性不育患者精液参数与精子顶体酶活性变化,探讨精液质量与顶体酶活性的关系。方法:对214例男性不育患者的精液作精子顶体酶活性、弹性蛋白酶、果糖、α葡糖苷酶、锌、酸性磷酸酶、精子尾部低渗肿胀试验检测,同时精子质量检测仪作精液分析。以检出精子顶体酶活性正常的(48.2~218.7μIU/106精子)111例作为对照组,与顶体酶活性异常(<48.2μIU/106精子)的103例精液参数作对比分析。结果:两组精液参数的精子密度、精子活动率、a+b级精子百分率、精子尾部低渗肿胀试验差异均有非常显著性(P<0.001)。弹性蛋白酶差异有显著性(P<0.05)。果糖、α葡糖苷酶差异亦有显著性(P<0.05)。精液量、锌、酸性磷酸酶差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:精子顶体酶活性与精液质量关系密切,精子顶体酶活性是反映精液质量的一项可靠指标。     

精液粘度与精液分析参数、解脲支原体感染和抗精子抗体关系分析

目的探讨精液粘度增高导致男性不育的机理。方法共4337例不育门诊就诊者,分为精液粘度增高和正常组,观察粘度与主要精液常规参数、UU感染率和AsAb阳性率关系。结果精液粘度增高率为65.02%。粘度增高组精子活动率、a,b级活力精子率显著低于粘度正常组(P<0.05,P<0.001);畸形精子率、液化时间均明显高于粘度正常组(P<0.001);两组精液量、精子密度和精液pH比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。精液白细胞>5个/HP组粘度增高率明显高于白细胞<5个/HP组(P<0.001)。粘度增高组精浆AsAb阳性率和精液UU阳性率均明显高于粘度正常组(P<0.001)。结论精液粘度可影响精液参数,并与精液白细胞数、精浆AsAb和UU感染有关。     

精子质量分析仪检测男性不育精液状况的研究

应用精子质量分析仪对１３１例不育及正常人精液进行精子活力指数（ＳＭＩ）检测，并与常规精液分析进行比较，发现ＳＭＩ与常规方法测得的精液质量参数有很好的相关性。不育组的ＳＭＩ值显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。对ＳＭＩ值〈８０．８０￣１６０和〉１６０的精液质量参数进行比较，发现各组间均有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示用精子质量分析仪测得的ＳＭＩ能客观地反映精液质量和男性生育力状况，使用简单易掌握，     

无精子症患者精液细胞学检测与延时细胞凋亡的变化

笔者对1例无精子症患者进行精液细胞学观察,在检出生精细胞的同时并行延时细胞凋亡变化观察,现报告如下.     

吸烟对重庆主城区成年男性精子凋亡及精液质量的影响

目的:探讨吸烟对重庆市主城区健康成年男性精子凋亡和精液质量的影响。方法:235例健康成年男性根据吸烟习惯分为吸烟组和不吸烟组。不吸烟组89例,吸烟组146例。采用计算机辅助精液分析系统检测精液常规参数;流式细胞术结合Annexin V-FITC/PI荧光染色检测精子凋亡(AN-/PI-、AN+/PI-、AN+/PI+、AN-/PI+精子比率),并对吸烟组和不吸烟组的各项参数进行比较研究。结果:与不吸烟组比较,吸烟组的早期凋亡精子(AN+/PI-)率高于不吸烟组[(8.1±5.1)%vs(6.8±3.8)%,P=0.039],而晚期凋亡精子(AN+/PI+)率两组间差异无显著性[(5.6±5.2)%vs(5.5±5.1)%,P=0.87];两组间精液量、精子密度、精子活动率、活力和正常形态精子率等精液常规指标的差异均无显著性(P=0.30;0.82;0.37;0.81;0.84)。结论:吸烟者早期精子凋亡率较不吸烟者高,提示吸烟可能诱导精子出现早期的细胞损害。精子凋亡可作为较精液常规指标更为敏感的生物标志物反映吸烟对男性精子造成的损伤。     

不育男性精子染色质结构与精液常规参数的关系

目的 研究不育男性精子染色质结构参数与精液常规参数的关系.方法 采集36例男性不育患者和18例健康对照者的精液标本,用TUNEL法检测精子DNA碎片化,CMA3染色法检测精子染色质包装质量,按照世界卫生组织标准(1999)检测精液常规参数.结果 不育组的精子TUNEL阳性率和CMA3阳性率均显著高于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),精液常规参数正常的不育男性精子TUNEL阳性率和CMA3阳性率也显著高于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),精子TUNEL阳性率和CMA3阳性率与精液常规参数之间具有显著的相关性(P＜0.05).结论 不育男性的精子染色质结构检测结果与健康男性存在显著差异,精子染色质结构检测可提供反映男性生育能力的信息.     

精浆催乳素浓度变化与精子活率及活力关系的研究

目的：探讨精浆中催乳素（ＰＲＬ）的浓度变化及其对精子活率、活力的影响，ＰＲＬ与精子获能的关系。方法：对２０例男性和２０例女性进行空腹血清ＰＲＬ测定，并对其中１０例已婚育的正常男性精液进行检查。结果：男女血清ＰＲＬ水平差异有显著性意义，男性精浆中含有ＰＲＬ，且与血清值相近。结论：ＰＲＬ对精子活力既有抑制作用，也有激活作用。用ＰＲＬ改进精子培养液可提高人工授精的成功率。     

Relationship between human sperm lipid peroxidation, comprehensive quality parameters and IVF outcome

The membranes of human spermatozoa contain an extremely high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are therefore susceptible to lipid peroxidation damage. The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine the association between the lipid peroxidation levels of washed spermatozoa, as indicated by thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance concentration, and: (a) semen quality evaluated by basic routine, biochemical, cytological and quantitative ultramorphological analyses; (b) IVF fertilization rate. Semen samples from 45 male partners of couples who had been referred for IVF treatment due to a female infertility factor were evaluated for quality as well as for thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance concentrations. The latter were found to have a negative correlation with total sperm count, semen volume, zinc/fructose ratio, and the integrity of sperm acrosome and axonema. It was suggested that lipid peroxidation has a deleterious effect on the ultramorphological status of the sperm cells and, thereby, on the male fertilization potential. The content of the seminal fluid, about 30% of which is produced by the prostate, may protect spermatozoa from this destructive process. A negative correlation was also found between thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance concentrations and IVF fertilization rate. When the patients were subdivided into fertilizing (fertilization rate > 0%) and nonfertilizing (fertilization rate = 0%) subgroups (n = 33 and n = 12, respectively), the former exhibited significantly lower thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance concentrations than the latter. A new IVF fertilization index based on the lipid peroxidation level was established. This index had a predictive power of 93% (94% sensitivity and 92% specificity). The clinical value of this index should be further verified.     

Relationship between antisperm antibodies, sperm movement, and semen quality

The presence of antisperm antibodies might impair fertilization by affecting sperm function in different ways. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of antisperm antibodies and evaluate its impact on sperm movement, in normozoospermic and abnormal semen samples. Samples from 144 patients were classified as normozoospermic or abnormal, according to WHO guidelines and Kruger's strict criteria. Motilility was assessed by a computer-assisted system by placing a drop of semen in a Makler chamber. Antisperm antibodies were detected using the Mar Test and Immunobead tests to identify immunoglobulin location and isotype. Results showed no association between the presence of antisperm antibodies and semen quality. Antibody incidence was 15 and 9.5% for normozoospermic and abnormal semen samples, respectively. Motion analysis showed that, although sperm linearity was significantly reduced in abnormal patients with antibodies, the existence of an immune response did not affect the sperm pathway in most cases. This study suggests that sperm motion analysis would not be of great assistance in the screening of an immunological male fertility factor.     

Relationship between age and semen parameters in men with normal sperm concentration: analysis of 6022 semen samples

This study evaluates retrospectively the relationship between age and semen parameters among men with normal sperm concentration. It was based on computerized data and performed in an Academic Fertility and IVF Unit. Six thousand and twenty-two semen samples with sperm concentrations of >or=20 x 10(6) ml(-1) were examined according to WHO criteria and analysed in relation to patients' age. For each age group, mean values +/- SD of semen volume, sperm concentration, percentage of motile spermatozoa, normal morphology, acrosome index, total sperm count/ejaculate, total motile sperm count/ejaculate and sexual abstinence duration were examined. A peak semen volume of 3.51 +/- 1.76 ml(-1) was observed at age >or=30 to <35 years and a lowest volume of 2.21 +/- 1.23 ml(-1) was observed at age >or=55 years (P<0.05). Sperm motility was found to be inversely related to age with peak motility of 44.39 +/- 20.69% at age <25 years and lowest motility of 24.76 +/- 18.27% at age >or=55 years (P<0.05). A reduction of 54% was observed for total motile sperm, between values of 103.34 +/- 107 x 10(6) at age >or=30 to <35 years and 46.68 +/- 53.73 x 10(6) (P<0.05) at age >55 years. A statistically significant and inverse relationship was observed between semen volume, sperm quality and patient age, in spite of prolonged sexual abstinence duration. Top sperm parameters were observed at age >or=30 to <35 years, while the most significant reduction in sperm parameters occurred after the age of 55 years.     

Selenium, rubidium and zinc in human semen and semen fractions

The levels of selenium, rubidium and zinc were determined in samples of semen, seminal plasma and spermatozoa from men with suspected infertility, together with several parameters of semen quality. The proportion of whole semen selenium present in sperm increased with increasing sperm count from 0 to 40%. For rubidium 98 +/- 4% and for zinc 95 +/- 8% of the total amount in semen was contained in seminal plasma. In seminal plasma a positive correlation was found between the levels of zinc and selenium, and between the levels of zinc and rubidium, indicating that, like zinc, selenium and rubidium in seminal plasma also derive mainly from the prostate gland. Semen quality parameters, such as sperm motility, vitality, speed and morphology, were not correlated with the contents of the three elements in either whole semen or seminal plasma. As the seminal content of selenium is dependent on the proportion of prostatic secretion in seminal plasma and on the sperm count, and both factors can vary considerably, the selenium level of whole semen does not appear to be a suitable parameter for investigation of the relationship between selenium and semen quality. Provisional measurements suggest lower sperm selenium levels at abnormally low or high sperm counts.     

Semen quality and sperm functional parameters in fertile Indian men

The reports of a decline in the reproductive health of men worldwide prompted the present study to be undertaken so that baseline semen parameters could be established in Indian men. Semen profile and sperm function parameters were evaluated in 368 Indian men of proven fertility, settled in Delhi. The results of the study were compared with available published information from Indian men. The mean sperm concentration and semen volumes were 68.22 +/- 15.14 x 10(6) ml(-1) and 3.20 +/- 0.94 ml, respectively. Rapid, linear progressive motility and sluggish linear motility were 40.95 +/- 9.15% and 24.95 +/- 7.01%, respectively. A comparison of the results of the present study with earlier published data did not support the contention of a decrease in the semen quality in Indian men.     

Resazurin reduction and other tests of semen quality and fertility of bulls

Aim: This study was undertaken to compare the reduction in color of two dyes methylene blue (MBRT) anddye (RRT) with other tests of bull semen quality and to examine their relationship to fertility. Methods: One hundredsixty-four ejaculates from 59 bulls were examined, processed, fertility, and semen from these bulls averaged     

Aniline blue staining as a marker of sperm chromatin defects associated with different semen characteristics discriminates between proven fertile and suspected infertile men

A retrospective study of 49 men with proven fertility and 396 suspected infertile men was conducted with the primary objective of investigating the relationship between the nuclear maturity of sperm and male fertility. Acidic aniline blue staining was used to detect chromatin defects of sperm nuclei related to their nucleoprotein content as associated with DNA. The discriminant value of the percentage of unstained nuclei (= percentage of mature heads, MH) and of other semen characteristics, was analysed by a stepwise (forward) linear regression model. Semen characteristics that discriminated significantly between the two groups of subjects were, in descending order: (1) the percentage of normal sperm, (2) the percentage of amorphous heads, (3) the percentage of tapered heads, (4) semen volume, and (5) the percentage of MH. The discriminant value of each of the significant characteristics was studied by means of ROC-curves. MH had the best ROC-curve profile; its cut-off value was found to be equal to 70% (74.5 +/- 2.6% for the donor group versus 53.0 +/- 1.1% for the patient group). A simple infertility score (SIS) including MH, was built according to the cut-off values inferred from the ROC-curves. SIS allowed an overall satisfactory separation of the two groups (less than or equal to 4 = fertile, 5-6 = uncertainty zone, greater than 6 = infertile). Our results indicate that the addition of the evaluation of sperm head maturity to routine semen analysis improves the assessment of fertility in men.     

Evaluation of the effect of oxfendazole on sperm production and semen quality in boars

Twice the recommended dose of oxfendazole was given as a single dose to each of 6 boars. From these and 6 placebo treated boars of similar age semen was regularly collected both before and after the antihelminth treatment. Sperm production (volume and total number of spermatozoa) and semen quality (motility and morphology of spermatozoa) were examined in each ejaculate. From these measurements and post-mortem examination of the genital organs there was no apparent negative influence of treatment on sperm production or semen quality.