脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛机制的研究进展

脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛是脊髓损伤后的一种严重并发症,尚无有效的治疗措施,严重影响患者的康复和生活质量。近年来,国内外学者从不同方向对其进行了研究,并提出了胶质细胞激活、中枢神经系统兴奋性过高、不同感觉通路失平衡、神经免疫反应四大方面假说。其中胶质细胞的激活逐渐成为脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛机制研究的新方向。基于此,笔者就脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛机制的研究做一综述。     

脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛的治疗进展

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后引起的中枢性疼痛( central pain,CP)是指发生在脊髓损伤平面以下皮肤感觉消失或减弱的区域出现的表现形式多样的疼痛,是SCI后的顽固性并发症.目前其发病机制尚不明确,治疗上非常棘手,尚无常规、有效的方法.临床上常用的多是尝试性及经验性治疗.作者通过文献回顾拟就脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛的临床治疗现状做一综述.     

脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛病因探讨(附2例报告)

[目的]通过2例报道提示脊髓损伤区域脊髓残端或神经根刺激是诱发脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛的病因之一.[方法]脊柱骨折伴完全性脊髓损伤术后,致脊髓损伤残端刺激或神经根刺激诱发中枢性疼痛各1例,根据文献报道,探讨与分析其致病因素与脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛的相关联系,结合手术中的观察、术中脊髓残端及神经根的诱发电位检测结果以及术后疗效,进行综合分析.[结果]经手术去除脊髓残端及神经根刺激物后中枢性疼痛消失.[结论]脊髓损伤区域脊髓残端或神经根刺激是诱发脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛的病因之一,两者有其密切的相关性.     

序贯法药物治疗脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛

目的：研究应用序贯法药物治疗脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛及临床效果。方法：自1994年至2008年共收治脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛28例,其中男23例,女5例;年龄25—59岁,平均42岁。应用三级序贯法药物治疗,根据患者对药物治疗的反应,逐步调整药物治疗级别,直至疼痛缓解。根据治疗前后的VAS评分情况,评估药物镇痛效果。第一级：应用COX-2抑制剂。第二级：应用三环类抗抑郁药物阿米替林＋COX-2抑制剂＋卡马西平。第三级：应用阿米替林三环类抗抑郁药物＋加巴喷丁＋神经妥乐平或COX-2抑制剂。结果：28例均有不同程度的疼痛缓解。第一级药物治疗VAS评分降低（23．3±1．2）分,第二级药物治疗VAS评分降低（54．5±3．8）分,第三级药物治疗VAS评分降低（65．8±5．1）分。结论：应用三级序贯法药物治疗脊髓损伤后中枢性疼痛,具有疗效优良、不良反应少的优点。     

实验动物脊髓的损伤模型

随着工农业、建筑业及交通的发展,脊髓损伤的发病率有逐渐升高的趋势.由于脊髓是许多神经功能的中介通路,脊髓损伤及其继发性病理生理反应可直接导致神经功能损伤,从而引起组织、器官功能障碍;加之脊髓损伤治疗困难,因而致残率与死亡率非常高,不仅患者本人要受功能废损带来的不便和痛苦,也给社会和家庭带来了沉重的负担.     

脊髓损伤后肢体疼痛的研究及进展

本文综述脊髓损伤后肢体疼痛的临床特点、发病诱因、机理以及疼痛与疗效判定等方面的若干研究进展。     

脊髓损伤相关中枢性疼痛与CGRP阳性的初级传入纤维再生的相关性研究

[目的]观察脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后发生中枢性疼痛(central pain,CP)大鼠损伤远端脊髓背角中生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)和降钙基因相关肽(CGRP)的共定位表达情况,探讨CP与CGRP阳性的初级传入神经纤维出芽再生之间的关系。[方法]SD大鼠16只,随机等分为SCI组和假术(SHAM)组。SCI组大鼠用NYU撞击器损伤L1节段脊髓,撞击力为10 g×12.5 mm。SHAM组大鼠仅切除椎板,不损伤脊髓。术后每天观察双后肢自噬现象,每周测量双后肢运动功能评分(BBB scores,developed by Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan at Ohio State University)。术后4~8周每周测量后肢触压痛痛阈及冷热过敏症状,了解CP的发生情况。术后8周每组取4只行损伤远端脊髓GAP-43与CGRP免疫荧光双标记并在共聚焦显微镜下观察二者的共定位表达情况。[结果]SCI组大鼠术后均出现双后肢瘫痪及明显的CP症状,其损伤远端脊髓背角中GAP-43与CGRP的共定位表达量明显升高,分布范围明显扩大,与SHAM组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]CP的发生与SCI后感受伤害性刺激的CGRP阳性感觉传入纤维的出芽再生有关。     

脊髓损伤后继发损伤的机制

脊髓损伤 (ＳＣＩ)依其病理可分为四种〔1〕,最重者为脊髓横断。其次为完全性ＳＣＩ,其三为不完全ＳＣＩ ,最轻者为脊髓震荡。脊髓损伤有两种机制 :( 1)原发机械损伤 ,( 2 )因原发损伤而激发的一种或多种附加损伤而致的继发损伤〔2〕,继发损伤概念是Ａｌｌｅｎ于1911年提出 ,延用至今。自那时以来 ,许多其它病理生理机制已提出来说明脊髓组织的进行性自动性伤后损伤 ,包括 ( 1)血管改变 ,( 2 )电介质改变 ,( 3)生化改变 ,( 4 )水肿 ,( 5)能量代谢紊乱等。概括起来 ,不外乎血管机制及神经生化机制 ,如下所述 :1　血管机制实验表明 ,急性ＳＣ…     

神经干细胞与脊髓损伤修复实验研究进展

脊髓损伤治疗仍是一个世界性的难题,临床常用的药物治疗、手术减压等效果均不够理想.近年来神经干细胞的发现及成功分离培养,使人们看到了治疗中枢神经系统损伤的新希望.神经干细胞修复脊髓损伤的动物实验研究主要集中在两个方面,一是神经干细胞的直接移植,但是许多实验结果显示移植的神经干细胞很少转化为神经元和少突胶质细胞,大部分转化为星形胶质细胞,其主要与损伤部位的微环境有关;二是携带有外源基因的神经干细胞转基因治疗,由于所携带的外源基因具有部分调控损伤部位微环境的神经因子,提高了神经干细胞向神经元和少突胶质细胞分化的能力,成为近年来实验研究的热点.该文就神经干细胞与脊髓损伤修复的近年实验研究及其发展动态作一综述.     

脊髓损伤后肢体疼痛的研究及进展

本文综述脊髓损伤后肢体疼痛的临床特点、发病诱因、机理以及疼痛程度与疗效判定等方面的若干研究进展。     

Surgery in incomplete spinal cord injury

A case of spinal cord injury treated surgically is reported; it is unusual in that it showed the classic indication for surgery—a documented progression of neurological impairment. The patient made a full recovery following anterior decompression of the spinal cord. We believe this case gives added evidence that surgery does have a valuable place in the management of certain selected spinal cord injuries. The literature is reviewed.     

急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征的临床治疗

目的探讨急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征的临床治疗.方法对30例急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征患者,根据病情分别采取保守治疗、颈椎前路、后路脊髓减压手术.结果平均随访4年8个月,根据ASIA分级标准,在21例非手术治疗组中,治疗前B级1例,C级5例,D级15例,治疗后恢复至D级者4例,恢复至E级者15例,无明显恢复者2例;在9例手术治疗组中,治疗前B级2例,C级4例,D级3例,治疗后恢复至C级者1例,恢复至D级者3例,恢复至E级者4例,无明显恢复者1例.结论对于MRI显示脊髓无明显受压的患者,经保守治疗多可取得满意疗效.对于MRI显示脊髓明显受压的患者,行颈椎前、后路脊髓减压手术,有利于脊髓功能的恢复.     

Inpatient rehabilitation outcomes in neoplastic spinal cord compression vs. traumatic spinal cord injury

Objective: To compare neurological and functional outcomes, and complications of patients with neoplastic vs traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) after in-patient rehabilitation.Design: This study is a retrospective analysis.Setting: In-patient rehabilitation unit of a tertiary research hospital.Participants: A total of 252 patients with a SCI were included; 43 with neoplastic SCI (mean age: 60.9 ± 15.7 years, 60.5% were males) and 209 with traumatic SCI (mean age: 43.1 ± 16.8 years, 71.3% were males).Outcome measures: Comparisons were made of demographic characteristics, etiology, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, functional independence measurement (FIM) and Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC) scores, length of stay (LOS), bladder independence, medical comorbidities and complications in both groups.Results: Patients with neoplastic SCI were significantly older than those with traumatic SCI (P < 0.01). No difference was present between the groups in terms of sex and lesion level (P > 0.05). Incomplete SCI was significantly higher in the neoplastic group when compared with the traumatic group (P < 0.01). The LOS was significantly shorter in the neoplastic group than traumatic group (34.8 ± 41.03 vs. 60.02 ± 53.1, P < 0.01). There were no differences in the admission FIM scores (69.3 ± 24.7 vs. 58.7 ± 18.9, P > 0.05), discharge FIM scores (82.1 ± 25.1 vs. 74.02 ± 23.3, P > 0.05) and FIM efficiencies (0.43 ± 0.72 vs. 0.36 ± 0.51, P > 0.05) for the neoplastic and traumatic groups, respectively. However, neoplastic SCI patients demonstrated lower FIM gains compared to traumatic patients (12.9 ± 11.9 vs. 15.4 ± 15.2, P < 0.05). During rehabilitation, urinary tract infection (48.4% vs. 69.4%) and decubitus ulcer (11.6% vs. 35.9%) were significantly more common in the traumatic group than the neoplastic group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Neoplastic SCI patients who commonly present at rehabilitation units exhibit different characteristics from traumatic SCI patients but the rehabilitation results are similar. Similar functional development can be achieved in a shorter period of time with inpatient rehabilitation in the neoplastic SCI group.     

Neuroarthropathy of the hip following spinal cord injury

We present the case of a 33-year-old male who sustained a burst fracture D12 vertebrae with spinal cord injury (ASIA impairment scale A) and a right mid-diaphysial femoral shaft fracture around 1.5 years back. The patient reported 1.5 years later with a swelling over the right buttock. Arthrotomy revealed serous fluid and fragmented bone debris. The biopsy showed a normal bony architecture with no evidence of infection and malignant cells. Hence, a diagnosis of Charcot’s hip was made. Charcot’s neuroarthropathy of the feet is a well-recognized entity in the setting of insensate feet resulting from causes such as diabetes or spina bifida. Although Charcot’s disease of the hips has been described, it is uncommon in association with spinal cord injury, syphilis and even with the use of epidural injection. The present case highlights the fact that neuroarthropathy of the hip can occur in isolation in the setting of a spinal cord injury, and this can lead to considerable morbidity.     

The prevention of iatrogenic spinal cord injury utilizing the evoked spinal cord potential

Summary The evoked spinal cord potential elicited by direct stimulation of the cord has been used clinically to monitor cord function in the course of operations on the spine. The technique used allows measurement of a relatively large amplitude of potential, which is fairly stable against anaesthetics and related drugs, by means of a simple recording system and is sensitive enough to indicate cord damage. Continuous monitoring can easily be carried out. We have encountered no complications when using this method on 99 patients.

---

Résumé Le potentiel évoqué provoqué par la stimulation directe de la moelle épinière a été utilisé en clinique pour contrôler la fonction de la moelle lors des interventions sur le rachis. Cette technique permet de mesurer une assez grande amplitude de potentiel, qui est relativement stable à l'égard des anesthésiques et d'autres drogues de même type, grâce à un système simple d'enregistrement; il est suffisamment sensible pour détecter des altérations de la moelle. Une surveillance continue peut aisément être effectuée. Aucun incident n'a été rencontré chez 99 malades lors de l'utilisation de cette méthode.

     

Anejaculation following spinal cord injury does not induce sperm-agglutinating antibodies

Antisperm antibodies were tested for by the MAR-test and the tray agglutination test in 16 men with spinal cord injury. None of these men could ejaculate without artificial methods. Seven men ejaculated externally by vibrator stimulation or electroejaculation, while seven exhibited retrograde ejaculation; in two cases no semen was obtained. Sperm density in the external ejaculations was high (average = 405 x 10(6)/ml), with 10-45% motility. None of these 16 men had antisperm antibodies. This result indicates that anejaculation and sperm retention in men with spinal cord injury, even of 30 years duration, does not result in antisperm antibody formation.     

Resection of glial scar following spinal cord injury

While many studies have focused on modulating the immune response and enhancing axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is limited work being performed on evaluating the role of glial scar in SCI. We sought to evaluate the effects of glial scar resection in contusion models and dorsal hemisection models of SCI. At 1‐week postinjury, 2 mm of glial scar was excised from specimens in one of the two groups from each injury model. Functional outcome was measured weekly using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale along with histologic evaluation of spinal cord tracts to determine axonal regeneration. Within the dorsal hemisection model, there was no significant difference in recovery for animals that underwent glial scar excision versus animals that did not have scar excision (p = 0.61). Animals subjected to the contusion model, however, demonstrated lower BBB scores in the glial resection group during the earlier postoperative periods (<4 weeks; p < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed no axons within the glial resection contusion model, and moderate axonal growth within the nonresection contusion group and both hemisection groups (p > 0.05 for differences among the three groups). While glial scar may serve to stabilize the preserved axonal tracts and thereby permit modest recovery in a contusion model of SCI, it may be of less importance with a dorsal hemisection model. These experiments highlight that basic biologic processes following SCI may vary tremendously based on the injury mechanism and that the role of glial scar in spinal cord regeneration must be elucidated. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 931–936, 2009     

脊髓损伤后膀胱传人神经元特性的适应性改变

下尿路的储尿和周期性的排尿功能依赖于大脑、脊髓和外周神经节的神经通路。脊髓在腰骶段的损伤能够消除自主和脊上神经对于排尿的控制,产生逼尿肌和括约肌的失协调。脊髓损伤后下尿路的功能障碍部分取决于膀胱传入神经通路的适应性改变。本文综述了脊髓损伤后膀胱传入神经元在免疫组织化学、电生理学及受体表达等方面的改变。     

内皮素与脊髓损伤后血脊屏障损害的关系

目的：阐明内皮素（ＥＴ）与脊髓损伤（ＳＣＩ）后血脊屏障损害的关系,为临床治疗ＳＣＩ提供指导。方法：ＳＤ大鼠２４只,分为４组,即生理盐水组、ＥＴ－１组、损伤＋生理盐水组和损伤＋ＰＤ１４５０６５组。实验一：无损伤组分别于鞘内注射生理盐８水或ＥＴ－１。实验二：压迫法致伤脊髓（５０ｇ,１ｍｉｎ）,分别于伤前１０ｍｉｎ鞘内注射生理盐水或非选择性ＥＴ受体拮抗ＰＤ１４５０６５。伊文思兰（ＥＢ）定量法评价血脊屏障