多特异性内参照模板的构建及应用

目的：构建多特异性内参照模板，用于Fas、FasL、GB、P、TIA-1和β-actin的竞争性PCR定量。方法：体外合成DNA单链，PCR扩增后，得到2个片段。片段1长。145bp，含有Fas、FasL、GB、P、TIA-1和pactin的5’引物序列；片段2长147bp，含有相同基因的3’引物序列。将片段1、2分别克隆在载体PKF3上。结果：克隆载体经酶切鉴定及DNA序列测定，证实为本实验所设计的多特异性内参照模板，以此为模板，用不同的引物进行PCR扩增，即可得到相应的竞争内参照。应用多特异性内参照模板对移植肾急性排斥患者外周血淋巴细胞中TIA-1进行定量，结果显示，底物量在一定范围内，靶序列和竞争性内参照模板的扩增效率基本一致，尤其是在指数期。这一结果同样适用于Fas、FasL、GB、P和β-actin的定量。结论：本实验构建的多特异性内参照模板可用于6种基因的竞争性PCR检测，为进一步研究打下了基础。     

双向等位基因特异性PCR快速区分纯合子和杂合子SNP分型的新方法

目的 建立一种基于单碱基改变基因分型的快速检测等位基因特异性双向PCR原理的改良SNP分型新方法:双向等位基因特异性PCR(Bi-PASA)在一次PCR反应中区分纯合子和杂合子的方法.方法 以SNP位点rs11293201和rs57148397为例,设计两个外部引物(F与R)和两个内部等位基因特异性引物(P与Q).同时与测序方法对比检测突变.结果 两个内部引物(P和Q)包含一个相对短的完全匹配区域和一个富含Gc的10核苷酸5'尾.当基因组DNA被先期扩增出的模板DNA取代时内引物完成从低效扩增到高效扩增的转变,其结果与直接测序完全一致.利用Bi-PASA参数的优化在人类SIP1基因常见突变的外显子中详细研究先天性巨结肠病,3种额外的Bi-PASA分析被快速优化.结论 Bi-PASA是一种简单快速而有效的SNP分型新方法,是在一个PCR反应中检测已知突变的方法.     

应用聚合酶链式反应鉴定实验细胞的来源种属

目的 应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴定常见细胞的种属来源,以判断培养细胞是否存在种间的交叉污染.方法 根据文献报道和NCBI数据库我们得到了32对种属特异性引物,并分别针对10种常见的细胞种属,对这些引物进行特异性和敏感性的筛选;以待检测细胞的基因组DNA为模板进行PCR及后续的琼脂糖凝胶电泳;以不同种属来源细胞的DNA混合物作为阳性对照模板,以水作为阴性对照模板.结果 针对上述10种常见细胞来源的种属分别得到了1对特异性和敏感性均较好的引物,经PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳后可以准确鉴定待检测细胞的种属来源,并判断该细胞是否存在种间污染.结论 应用聚合酶链式反应可以简便、快速地鉴定实验细胞的种属,并判断该细胞是否存在种间的交叉污染.     

PCR指纹图技术筛选鼠疫耶尔森菌种特异性探针的研究

目的 利用PCR指纹图技术筛选细菌种特异性探针，探索利用PCR指纹图技术实现病原菌通用检测的可能性。方法 以鼠疫耶尔森菌为实验对象，利用REP－1和REP－2引物对在非严谨的条件下进行PCR指纹图扩增；将所有扩增片段纯化后，克隆至pGEM-T载体，转化大肠杆菌JM109；用生物素化的载体引物扩增克隆化片段，进行末端标记；在硝酸纤维素膜上固定鼠疫杆菌的染色体DNA以及相应对照菌株的染色体DNA，以末端标记的扩增产物进行杂交，通过生物素－链霉亲和素－辣根过氧化物酶系统显色，判断扩增片段的特异性。结果 经杂交筛选，发现1个长度约为900bp的扩增具有较好的杂交特异性片段，将序列与鼠疫耶尔森菌已完成的基因组序列比较，仅发现4个核苷酸的差异；根据这段序列设计的引物对可以特异性地扩增鼠疫耶尔森菌的模板。结论 利用PCR指纹图技术成功筛选到一段鼠疫耶尔森菌的种特异性探针，为细菌通用检测技术的研究开辟了新的思路。     

猴空泡病毒40核酸序列检测法的优化研究

目的 对通常使用的猴空泡病毒40(Simian vacuolating virus 40,SV40)核酸序列检测法进行优化,寻找敏感性高、特异性强、适用面广的SV40核酸序列检测引物.方法 以21个SV40毒株完全基因组为基础数据,用Primer Premier 5.00软件重新设计两对SV40 DNA检测引物,用Oligo 6.71软件和DNAMAN 6.0.40软件对引物参数进行分析,将分析结果与通常使用的检测引物进行比较.用不同稀释度SV40核酸序列作模板,比较4对引物检测的敏感性.分别用无菌水、Vero细胞DNA、SV40 DNA作模板检测4对引物的特异性.结果 对于21个SV40病毒株,优化引物对VP1和T的序列是保守的;对于接受号为J02400、NC_001669、AF316139和AF316141的4个病毒株,通常使用的引物对GCVP1和GCT的序列是保守的;用同一稀释度的SV40 DNA作模板,引物对VP1和T的扩增效率明显高于引物对GCVP1和GCT;在特异性检测比较中,引物对VP1和T没有出现非特异性扩增条带,引物对GCVP1和GCT在100 bp处出现非特异性扩增条带.结论 优化的SV40核酸序列检测法具有敏感性高、特异性强、检测面广、引物及其PCR产物序列保守等特点.     

一种改进的大引物PCR定点诱变方法

目的 建立一种改进的、简便易行的大引物PCR定点诱变技术。方法 在两轮PCR中设计了两种不同的质粒DNA模板，两者分别缺少正向或反向外侧引物可结合的互补序列；当两种模板和两条外侧引物同时存在于一个反应管时，可以完全避免对野生型目的基因全长的扩增。第1轮PCR由正向外侧引物和突变引物合成大引物，这一产和无需凝胶纯化而直接用于第2轮PCR。第2轮PCR的第1阶段由大引物延伸合成全长突变终产物，两条外侧引物则在第2阶段指数扩增，所有终产物均含所需致突变位点。结果 用此方法对中国人β地中海贫血15种稀少突变类型进行定点诱变，并将诱变得到的全长人β珠蛋白基因克隆到pGEM－T载体后全长测序，所有克隆均鉴定为所需突变型。结论 这种改进的大引物PCR定点诱变技术省时、省工，诱变的成功率可达100％，适于实验室常规应用。     

三种PCR方法在HBV基因整合位点确定中的应用比较

目的 比较反向PCR（Inverse-PCR,IPCR）、Alu-PCR、接头PCR（Cassette-ligationmediated-PCR,CLM-PCR）三种PCR（Polymerase Chain Reaction,聚合酶链式反应）方法在乙型肝炎病毒基因组（HBV DNA）整合位点筛选中的应用效果.方法 手术获取1例乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的肝癌患者的肝癌组织,提取基因组DNA,设计相应引物,分别采用三种PCR方法进行扩增,将PCR产物回收,克隆至PMD18-T载体进行基因测序,利用BLAST工具进行序列比对,分析三种方法在乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA整合位点确定中的效果.结果 采用Inverse PCR方法检测PCR产物后得到7个特异性电泳条带,克隆后得到测序结果22个,经序列比对发现3个整合位点;采用Alu-PCR方法,产物电泳得到13个特异性条带,得到测序结果32个,序列比对未发现整合位点;采用CLM-PCR方法,得到12个特异性电泳条带,得到测序结果4个,未发现整合位点.结论 在查找HBV整合位点的研究中,IPCR方法具有较稳定的扩增能力及较高的位点检测率.     

四引物突变特异性扩增系统法检测巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性分布

目的探讨中国浙江地区汉族人群巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（macmphage migration inhibitory factor，MW）基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism，SNP）分布。方法收集浙江地区142名无血缘关系健康个体的静脉血，提取DNA，分别应用四引物突变特异性扩增系统（amplification refractory mutation sysntem，ARMS）法和限制性片段长度多态性．PCR方法对MIF基因-173位点SNP多态性进行分型，并将PCR产物克隆及测序鉴定。结果MIF基因-173位点检测到3种基因型，其基因型分布皆符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。四引物ARMS法和限制性片段长度多态性-PCR两种方法结果完全一致。统计分析显示，中国汉族人MIF基因-173位点等位基因和基因型频率分布与欧洲白人差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），与日本人群的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论四引物ARMS法是一种准确、快速和经济的SNP测定方法。MIF基因-173位点等位基因频率分布具有种族的差异性。     

肾上腺脑白质营养不良的产前分子诊断

目的对2名来自不同家系的肾上腺脑白质营养不良携带者所怀胎儿进行产前分子诊断。方法在采用STR位点分析方法排除母体基因组DNA污染后，应用扩增阻滞突变系统和DNA斑点杂交的方法对胎儿1羊水基因组DNA进行检测，应用PCR-RFLP和DNA序列测定对胎儿2羊水基因组DNA进行分析。结果在针对R617G突变的扩增阻滞突变系统中，当使用突变引物时，从胎儿1羊水DNA、胎儿1母亲基因组DNA均扩增出185bp的预期特异性条带，而胎儿1父亲和对照则未扩出。在斑点杂交反应中，应用R617G突变型探针时，只有胎儿1羊水细胞及其母亲外周血基因组DNA出现特异性显色斑点。在第2个家系中，先用PCR扩增出横跨P534R突变位点的基因组DNA片段（506bp），应用HoeⅡ酶切此产物，胎儿2以及其父亲、无关对照均未见切割，其母亲的部分产物被切割成396bp和110bp两个片段。对此PCR产物进行DNA序列测定，未在胎儿2中检测出P534R突变。结论胎儿1带R617G突变，为肾上腺脑白质营养不良半合子；胎儿2不带P534R突变，为正常半合子。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.