海马测量对颞叶癫痫的研究

目的 :探讨MRI海马测量对颞叶癫痫的诊断价值。方法 :正常成人对照组 2 0例 ,测量海马体积 ;脑电图检查发现颞叶有癫痫波的患者 2 8例 ,用 1.5T超导磁共振仪检查 ,作垂直于海马长轴的倾斜冠状位 ,同时测量双侧海马。结果 :正常成人海马体积 ,右侧下限为 2 .60cm3 ,左侧下限为 2 .42cm3 。 2 8例患者中 15例未见海马萎缩 ,但其中有 5例颞叶病变 ,10例未发现异常病变 ;13例有海马萎缩 ,其中 9例单纯海马萎缩 (2例为双侧萎缩 ) ,2例为胶质瘤 ,其它 2例分别为海绵状血管瘤与囊肿。结论 :海马的萎缩是颞叶癫痫的重要原因 ,萎缩以单侧多见 ;T2 WI信号的升高反映了海马的硬化程度 ;MR的海马成像是脑外科开展癫痫外科手术治疗的不可缺少的部分。     

MRI海马结构体积分割分析对颞叶癫痫的诊断价值及临床相关性研究

目的　利用MRI体积分割分析的方法研究海马萎缩的不同形式 ,探讨颞叶癫痫的病因和发病机制 ,提高颞叶癫痫诊断的敏感性。方法　采用GE 1 5TSignaHorizonLX超导型磁共振机 ,行垂直于海马长轴的倾斜冠状面T1WI。将颞叶内侧结构分为杏仁核和海马头、体、尾部 4段 ,采用体积测量、逐层比较的方法对 5 0例病理诊断为海马硬化的颞叶癫痫患者行颞叶内侧结构体积分割分析 ,并比较各组间的临床特征及手术预后的差异。结果　 5 0例海马硬化患者中 ,海马弥漫萎缩者 2 2例(44 % ) ,同时伴杏仁核萎缩者 5例 (10 % )。海马局限性萎缩者 2 0例 (40 % ) ,无萎缩者 8例 (16 % )。 38例 (76 % )海马硬化萎缩累及海马体部 ,其次累及海马头部者 2 9例 (5 8% ) ,累及海马尾部者 2 4例(48% ) ,累及杏仁核者 8例 (16 % )。 10例患者MRI体积分割分析提示海马局限性萎缩而海马绝对体积正常。海马不同萎缩形式各组间的癫痫病程长短、发作频率及手术预后的差异具有显著性意义 (P<0 0 5 ) ;各组间的有无高热惊厥史、起病年龄及有无大发作史的差异不具有显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　颞叶内侧结构体积分割分析能提高颞叶癫痫诊断的敏感性 ,对探讨颞叶癫痫的病因和发病机制提供帮助。     

海马硬化的MRI及1H-MRS研究

目的:分析原发性颞叶癫痫与海马硬化之间的关系,探讨磁共振及波谱成像(1H-MRS)在海马硬化早期诊断中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析56例经手术证实的海马硬化患者的临床表现、MRI(包括SE T1WI、FSE T2WI、FLAIR T2WI序列)及1H-MRS资料,重点分析FLAIR T2WI征象及1H-MRS的NAA、Cr、Cho波峰特点.结果:FSE T2WI发现高信号病灶41例(73%),FLAIR T2WI发现异常45例(80%),1H-MRS发现异常53例(95%),3例在MRI及1H-MRS均未见异常.结论:1H-MRS可在MRI出现改变之前发现海马硬化改变,FLAIR T2WI序列优于FSE T2WI.FLAIR T2WI和1H-MRS检查相结合,可对海马硬化或伴有海马胶质细胞增生者进行早期诊断,提高了海马硬化诊断的敏感度.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的影像学诊断

目的：探讨放射性脑病的删表现及CT灌注表现，并分析其影像诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理临床综合诊断证实的鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的46例MRI、6例CT灌注检查资料。结果：82．4％(56/68)放射性脑病病灶分布在颞叶底部，13．2％(9/68)位于脑干，4．4％(3/68)位于额叶及小脑。其典型的加MRI表现为：①83．8％(57/68)的病灶T1WI呈低信号，T2WI呈高信号，增强后呈花环状、不规则斑片状强化，强化灶位于照射野内。②13．2％(9/68)的病灶T1WI、T2WI皆呈等信号，增强后呈结节状均匀强化。该类型部分病例经治疗可缩小或消失。③2．9％(2／68)的病灶囊变，信号均匀，T1WI、T2WI信号程度同脑脊液相仿，增强后未见明显强化。放射性脑病可有占位效应，其程度小于转移瘤的占位程度。MR动态观察可显示放射性脑病的大小变化。CT灌注示放射性脑病呈明显低灌注，脑相对血流量明显减少。手术切除及组织病理学检查显示血管内皮损伤、脑组织坏死。结论：鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病的MRI表现有一定的特征性，动态影像学观察及CT灌注对鉴别诊断有一定的帮助。CT灌注及手术病理支持放射性脑病的血管损伤学说。     

颞叶癫痫患者结核性胸膜炎被漏诊1例报告

病人，女，25岁。因癫痫发作18年，近2年发作频繁，3～4次／周，发作类型多为全身性发作，每次发作意识丧失，伴四肢强直、抽搐、口吐白沫等，在外院曾多次调整抗癫痫药物，发作次数没有减少。检查：MRI见左侧海马、颞叶萎缩，flair序列呈高信号，但未见脑底池狭窄、闭塞以及脑膜强化和占位病灶；视频长程脑电图检查发现癫痫放电局限于左侧颞叶。诊断：左侧海马硬化、颞叶癫痫。住院拟手术。     

脊柱转移瘤的MRI诊断(附34例分析)

目的：探讨MRI对脊柱转移瘤诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析34例脊柱转移瘤的MRI表现，均有明确原发瘤灶。结果：①6例为单椎体病变，28例为多椎体病变；②在T1WI上34例均呈低信号，在T2WI上26例(76．5％)呈高信号，7例(20．6％)呈等信号，1例(2．9％)呈低信号；③椎体骨质破坏分溶骨型、成骨型、混合型三种类型；④椎旁肿块形成者7例(20．6％)；⑤椎管狭窄者13例(38．2％)；⑥跳跃式分布者20例(59．9％)；⑦34例椎间盘的形态及信号均大致正常。结论：脊柱转移瘤具有特征性的MRI表现，综合分析有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

海马及邻近颞叶的正常解剖:志愿者高分辨快速SE磁共振图象与尸体组织切片的对照研究

海马是脑内的重要结构,它与许多疾病有关。在颞叶癫痫及Alzheimer病病人应用MRI检测如海马硬化或萎缩病变极有价值。T_1WI上所示的解剖细节同尸体切片非常一致,应用快速自旋回波方法在临床可接受的时间内可获得T_2重加权象(长TR/长TE)及大矩阵的检查。应用薄层(2mm)、高分辨(256×256)及4次激励,采用这种技术可改进解剖细节的显示,还可检测海马的信号异常。     

海马、杏仁核和前颞叶体积测量对颞叶癫痫定侧诊断价值的研究

研究海马、杏仁核和前颞叶体积测量对颞叶癫痫定侧诊断价值。材料和方法：以50例海马硬化患者和30例健康志愿者为研究对象，分别测量双侧海马、杏仁核和前颞叶的体积，井根据颅内容积大小行标化处理。以正常组体积的平均值减2倍标准差作为正常下限值来判断异常，定侧诊断以双侧体积差值为标准。结果：50例海马硬化患者中，病侧海马绝对体积小于正常的占66％，其中双侧海马萎缩的占总数的20％。病侧杏仁核和前颞叶体积小于正常的各占1O％。双侧海马体积差值(DHF)准确定侧的占68％，双侧杏仁核体积差值(DAM)和双侧前颞叶体积差值（DATL）确定侧的各占8％和l2％。将海马绝对体积和DHF相结合定侧诊断率为76％。结论：MRI体积测量对颞叶癫痫具有重要定侧诊断价值，将海马绝对体积与DHF相结合可提高定侧诊断率。杏仁核和前颞叶体积测量不具有定侧诊断价值。     

难治性颞叶癫痫海马和同侧前颞叶MRI特征及其与临床相关性

目的：探讨难治性颞叶癫痫海马硬化（HS）与同侧前颞叶 MRI特征及其与临床的相关性。方法：搜集经影像学或病理诊断为难治性颞叶癫痫 HS的34例患者的临床和影像资料,其中25例行手术治疗。34例中女15例,男19例,平均年龄（22．4±8．2）岁。观察海马及同侧前颞叶 MRI征象,根据海马及前颞叶 MRI 征象将34例分为同侧前颞叶正常组与前颞叶异常组,后者再分为同时出现灰白质分界模糊和颞叶萎缩组与仅出现一种征象组两亚组,比较各组间临床特征的差异。结果：34例中,22例（64．7％）出现 HS及同侧前颞叶异常,12例同侧颞叶正常。前颞叶异常组首次癫痫发作年龄低于前颞叶正常组（t＝－3．438,P＝0．002）,病程时间比前颞叶正常组长（t＝2．453,P＝0．020）。前颞叶同时出现灰白质分界模糊和颞叶萎缩组与仅存在一种征象组间临床特征无统计学差异。结论：难治性颞叶癫痫伴有前颞叶异常的颞叶癫痫多数首次发病年龄小,病程长,MRI特征与临床病情具有紧密的相关性,对于手术侧别选择意义重大。     

结节性硬化的MRI诊断

目的：报导11例脑结节性硬化并总结本病MRI特点。材料和方法：11例儿童结节性硬化患者。年5个月～14岁.均以癫痫为主要症状就诊，8例合并皮肤病变．2例胸部和肾脏分别受累，4例智力低下。采用Toshiba 0.35T超导型MRI系统以自旋回波T3加权T1 WI)500／25及T2加权(T2 WI)2000／80．横断面及矢状面平扫，层厚5-10mm.结果：MRI特点：(1)室管膜下结节11例，共55个结节．以侧脑室外侧壁分布最多51个，第三脑室旁1个，第四脑室旁3个，T1 WI上结节与脑实质呈等信号．与脑脊液形成对比，是发现室管膜下结节的最好办法。(2)皮层与皮层下结节10例，9例分布于额顶叶，1例以脑干小脑为主。在T1WI及T2Wl上结节均呈等信号．但在T2WI上结节周围有高信号环围绕（7例70%)具诊断特征性。结论：脑结节性硬化MRI检查中有典型征象，在本病协断中起重要作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）