阿托伐他汀和氟伐他汀短期治疗对ACS初期患者血管内皮功能的影响

将69例急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者随机分为三组。Ⅰ组予以常规治疗，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在Ⅲ组基础上，分别予阿托伐他汀20mg／d、氟伐他汀40mg／d，均治疗3d。结果三组治疗前后血脂差异无统计学意义，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组治疗后一氧化氮（NO）明显升高（P均〈0．05），内皮素-1（ET-1）水平下降，但P〉0．05，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间比较，P〉0．05，Ⅲ组治疗前后NO、ET-1无显著改变。证实他汀类药物短期治疗ACS可改善血管内皮功能。     

阿托伐他汀对不伴有高胆固醇血症的慢性心衰患者的血管内皮功能的影响

目的：研究短期使用阿托伐他汀对不伴有高胆固醇血症的慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响。方法：共52名CHF患者在不改变患者长期使用的抗心衰药物的基础上给予阿托伐他汀（40mg／d）或者安慰剂,为期6周,试验前后对受试者进行血管内皮功能、血管神经激素水平及超声心动图的检测。结果：与安慰剂组相比．阿托伐他汀组治疗后肱动脉内径明显扩张（P〈0．01）;含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径也明显扩张（P〈0．05）;②与安慰剂组比较,阿托伐他汀组C型尿钠肽,内皮素1水平明显下降。血一氧化氮和降钙素基因相关肽水平明显上升（P〈0．01）;③较之安慰剂组,阿托伐他汀组左室收缩末内径明显缩小,左室舒张末内径、左室射血分数及心输出量等明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论：不伴有高胆固醇血症的慢性心衰患者加用阿托伐他汀能更有效改善患者血管内皮舒张功能、血管神经激素水平及心功能。     

小剂量氟伐他汀联合非诺贝特治疗老年混合型高脂血症的临床研究

目的观察小剂量氟伐他汀联合非诺贝特治疗老年混合型高脂血症的疗效及安全性。方法将入选的70例老年混合型高脂血症患者，随机分为氟伐他汀单药治疗组（12=35，20mg／d），氟伐他汀（20mg／d）、非诺贝特（200mg，隔日1次）联合治疗组（12=35），疗程均为12周。结果联合治疗组血脂参数变化最显著，降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、三酰甘油和升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的能力明显优于单药组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），且未发现明显不良反应。结论小荆量氟伐他汀与非诺贝特联合治疗可以更有效地改善老年混合型高脂血症患者的血脂异常，具有良好的安全性和耐受性。     

氟伐他汀治疗原发性高胆固醇血症疗效观察

目的;探讨氟伐他汀治疗原发性高胆固醇血症的临床疗效,并观察其安全性。方法：43例高胆固醇血症给氟伐他汀20－40mg,1次／日,口服,比较服药前,后4周,8周血脂变化,结果：服药4周后血清胆固醇（TC）均值下降19．7％（P＜0．01）,甘油三酯（TG）下降11．6％（P＜0．05）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）下降24．8％（P＜0．01）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）升高4％（P＜0．05）,第8周与4周变化不大,结论：氟伐他汀能有效降低TC,LDL－C和TG,并能轻度升高HLD－C,保护冠状动脉,且安全,价廉,易于接受。     

硝苯地平控释片与阿托伐他汀对高血压患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度及血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨硝苯地平控释片联合阿托伐他汀治疗高血压的疗效,分析其对高血压患者颈动脉血管内皮功能以及内膜中层厚度的影响。方法将100例危重高血压患者随机分成实验组与对照组,实验组采用硝苯地平控释片联合阿托伐他汀治疗,对照组则单独使用硝苯地平控释片治疗。治疗期间,两组患者均不服用影响血脂代谢的药物。观察比较两组患者的反应情况及治疗效果。结果治疗25周后,两组患者的舒张压、收缩压与治疗前相比,均明显降低（P〈0．01）,实验组患者舒张压、收缩压降低更为明显;实验组患者低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇低于治疗前（P〈0．01）。治疗25周后,两组病患的血管内皮功能均比治疗前改善,内膜的中层厚度相对减少,其中实验组的颈动脉血管内皮功能与内膜中层厚度改善程度明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论选用硝苯地平控释片联合阿托伐他汀治疗高血压患者,有助于降低其的血压、血脂内膜中层厚度以及改善其的血管内皮功能。     

不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀钙对腔隙性脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀钙对腔隙性脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的影响和调脂效应。方法将180例腔隙性脑梗死患者随机分为A、B两组,分别在常规治疗的基础上加用瑞舒伐他汀钙10mg和20mg。治疗前后检测两组肱动脉内皮细胞依赖性舒张功能（FMD）、内皮细胞非依赖性舒张功能、血脂、血清一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、可溶性细胞问黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）及血脂水平。结果治疗后A、B组FMD均显著改善,B组较A组改善更为显著（P〈0．01）;两组血清NO、SOD显著升高,sICAM-1显著降低,B组较A组血清NO、SOD显著升高（P〈0．05）;两组TC、HDL-C均显著降低（P〈0．01）,组问比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。相关分析显示,FMD与血清NO、SOD呈正相关（r=0．74、0．56;P〈0．01）,与血清sICAM-1呈负相关（r=-0．83,P〈0．05）。结论瑞舒伐他汀钙可改善腔隙性脑梗死患者肱动脉FMD,增加血清NO含量及SOD活性,降低血清sICAM-1含量,且有剂量依赖性;其改善内皮功能的作用具有剂量依赖性,与其调脂效应无显著相关性。     

阿托伐他汀对不同血脂水平的高血压病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的研究阿托伐他汀对正常血脂和高血脂的高血压病(EH)患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法采用双盲、随机、对照方法，将正常血脂(NC组)和高血脂(HC组)高血压病患者分为他汀治疗组(阿托伐他汀20mg／d，共8周，NC组，n=22；HC组，n=24)和未用药对照组(NC组n=21；HC组，n=24)；运用无创超声检查技术，观察用药前后颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(FMD)的变化，同时检测血清一氧化氮(NO)及内皮素-1(ET-1)的浓度水平。结果治疗前NC、HC各组IMT值和血清ET-1水平较健康对照组(n=40)明显升高(P＜0．01)，FMD值和NO水平却显著下降(P＜O．01)，IMT、FMD、NO与LDI-C存在着显著的相关性。治疗8周后，NC、HC各组IMT值和ET-1水平明显降低，FMD和NO水平显著上升。与对照组比较，他汀治疗组的IMT、ET-1降低更明显(P＜O．05)，FMD和NO升高更为显著(P＜O．05)。两他汀治疗组的血脂水平较治疗前均明显下降(P＜O．05，P＜O．01)。结论阿托伐他汀治疗正常血脂和高血脂的高血压病患者，可在有效调脂的同时，发挥其非调脂作用，逆转或延迟颈动脉IMT的进程，改善血管内皮功能。     

辛伐他汀预处理对择期PCI术围手术早期血管内皮及心肌损伤的影响

目的了解冠心病病人经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）围手术期血管内皮功能及心肌损伤标记物的变化，探讨他汀类药物预处理是否能够减弱围手术期血管内皮及心肌的急性损伤。方法选择具有典型稳定型心绞痛症状或负荷试验阳性病人101例，随机分为两组，对照组49例给予安慰剂治疗，他汀组52例给予辛伐他汀片20mg，每晚睡前服用。所有病人入选后按分组开始治疗，治疗7d后行PCI治疗，术前、术后8h、术后24h分别检测内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）。结果两组PCI术前ET-1、NO、CK-MB、cTnⅠ比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组术后8h与术前比较，ET-1、CK-MB、cTnⅠ明显升高，N0明显降低（P〈0．05）；术后24h，ET-1、NO恢复至术前水平，CK-MB、cTnⅠ进一步升高；术后8h，对照组ET-1较他汀组升高明显，NO较他汀组降低明显（P〈0．05），术后8h及24h，对照组CK-MB、cTnⅠ均较他汀组升高明显（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。结论PCI围手术期存在血管内皮及心肌的急性损伤，辛伐他汀预处理具有明显改善围手术期血管内皮及心肌的急性损伤作用。     

缬沙坦对原发性高血压病人血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨缬沙坦对原发性高血压（EH）病人血管内皮功能的影响。方法检测应用缬沙坦治疗前后EH病人血压、血管内皮素-1（ET1）及一氧化氮（NO）的变化，并进行分析。结果应用缬沙坦后。EH病人血压显著下降（P〈0．01）、ET-1明显降低（P〈0．01），NO明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论缬沙坦可有效降压。并能逆转EH病人血管内皮功能紊乱。     

氟伐他汀对血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响

目的:观察氟伐他汀对于血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响.方法:选取高胆固醇血症的患者35例作为试验组,正常对照组25例.试验组患者进行8周氟伐他汀40 mg/d,口服治疗.对35例高胆固醇血症患者采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测定其用药前以及用药8周后的反应性充血时和含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径的变化;同时采用生化技术测定其血清一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)水平.结果:①高胆固醇血症患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能、血清NO和NOS水平较正常人明显降低(P＜0.01).②经过8周的氟伐他汀治疗后,试验组的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高(P＜0.01),血管内皮依赖性舒张功能以及血清NO及NOS水平也较治疗前显著提高.结论:氟伐他汀在降脂的同时可以显著改善高胆固醇血症患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能,其作用与其上调NOS的表达水平有关,从而提高了NO生成水平.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.