Similarities and dissimilarities of the blood supplies of the human sciatic,tibial, and common peroneal nerves

The aim was to investigate the arterial supply of the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves. Thirty‐six lower limbs of 18 human fetuses were studied. The fetuses had been fixed in buffered formalin and the blood vessels injected with barium sulfate. Fetal age ranged from 12 to 28 weeks of gestation. Microdissection of the fetal lower extremities was done under ×5 magnifying lenses. The sciatic nerves of 10 lower extremities were dissected and excised and radiographs taken. The extraneural arterial chain of the sciatic nerve was composed of 2–6 arterial branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery, the perforating arteries, and the popliteal artery. The extraneural arterial chain of tibial nerve was composed of 2–5 arteries, which were branches of the popliteal, the peroneal, and the posterior tibial arteries. Radiographs showed the presence of complete intraneural arterial chains in the sciatic and tibial nerves, formed from anastomosing vessels. Dissection showed that, in 97.2% of the specimens, the common peroneal nerve was supplied only by one popliteal artery branch, the presence of which was confirmed radiologically. The sciatic and tibial nerves are supplied by numerous arterial branches of different origins, which provide for collateral circulation. In contrast, the common peroneal nerve is most frequently supplied only by one elongated longitudinal blood vessel, a branch of the popliteal artery. Such a vascular arrangement may make the common peroneal nerve less resistant to stretching and compression. Clin. Anat. 26:875–882, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

长伸肌瓣的解剖学基础

在30个成人下肢标本上观察了长伸肌的形态、血供和神经支配。测得肌长23.1cm。该肌由7-17支胫前动脉横向分支供应,肌下份有腓动脉穿支发出补充,动脉主要从肌的内侧入肌。腓深神经约发出2支分支分布该肌,也是从肌内侧进入肌内。根据观察结果我们认为长仲肌瓣倒置治疗小腿中下份慢性骨髓炎及开放性胫骨骨折,似为较理想的供肌。     

足内侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与临床应用

目的：探讨足内侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及其修复手足部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法：10侧成人足踝标本经胫后动脉注入红色乳胶液,解剖观测足底内侧动脉穿支血管在足内侧区的分布、起源等.临床设计足内侧穿支皮瓣修复手足部软组织缺损19例,软组织缺损面积2 cm×2 cm～10 cm×6 cm.结果：足底内侧动脉向（足母）展肌和舟楔骨间隙内发出2支相对恒定的穿支血管,供养足内侧穿支皮瓣.19例皮瓣完全成活,皮瓣面积2 cm× 3 cm～11 cm×8 cm.随访3 ～ 26个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意,供区愈合良好.结论：以足底内侧动脉穿支血管营养的足内侧穿支皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复足踝及手部软组织缺损的良好选择.     

Applied anatomy of the V-shaped fibular osteomyocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the hindfoot

Abstract To establish the applied anatomy of the V-shaped fibular osteomyocutaneous flap pedicled on the peroneal vessels, cadaver dissections were made in 60 lower limbs and 40 calcanei were examined to sum up the features of calcaneal biomechanics on the stability of the foot and the blood supply of the fibular osteomyocutaneous flap. There were four anastomoses and large communicating branches between the lower segment of the peroneal artery and the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The flap was well supplied by a retrograde circulation through these anastomoses. A suitable length of pedicle was 20 cm. In the sagittal section of the calcaneus passing through the center of the articular surface for the cuboid bone, the arrangement of the trabeculae formed a triangular zone. The V-shaped flap corresponds nicely with the calculated lines of stress evoked by the weight of the body. The procedure may provide a new method for hindfoot reconstruction. This flap meets the criteria outlined for composite tissue reconstruction of defects of the extremities and biomechanics of the hindfoot, especially for calcaneal and cuboid defects.     

腓血管蒂腓骨嵌合组织瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的　为腓血管蒂腓骨嵌合组织瓣设计提供解剖学依据。 方法　用30侧成人下肢标本,以腓骨头和外踝为标志,将小腿分为上、中、下3区段解剖观测：①腓动脉起源、走行与分支;②腓动脉各区段肌（隔）穿支、骨膜支数目与分布。另1侧新鲜标本摹拟手术设计。  结果    腓动脉源于胫后动脉,移行为跟外侧动脉,中下段贴腓骨后面走行,沿途分支至邻近骨、肌肉和小腿外侧皮肤。其中：①腓骨骨膜支：（2~8）支、外径0.5~1.1 mm,分布腓骨中下1/3段骨膜：②胫骨骨膜支：（1~3）支、外径0.6~0.8 mm,营养胫骨中、下1/3段后面骨膜; ③肌（隔）穿支：（4~8）支、外径1.0~1.6 mm,支配小腿外侧中下段皮肤,并与胫前、胫后动脉皮支吻合。  结论　以腓动脉为蒂可设计腓骨嵌合组织瓣,依需要选择一种或多种嵌合组织瓣修复骨合并软组织缺损。     

Septocutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery relative to the fibula: anatomical basis of the use of pedicled fasciocutaneous flap

There are many studies describing the perforating branches of the peroneal artery but none of them identifies their locations relative to fibula. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the locations of the perforators relative to the fibula and to present a case, treated with an adipofascial flap, based on one of these small arteries. In this study, nine fresh male cadavers’ legs injected with colored latex were dissected for demonstration of the longitudinal axis of these perforators. A large incision was made on the lateral part of the leg from the head of the fibula to the ankle. The peroneal perforating vessels were displayed. The posterior margin of the fibula was marked with needles from proximal to distal just above every perforator. The distance between the needle and the perforator was recorded. Their diameters were measured at the level of fascial emergence. There were four to seven perforating vessels; the larger vessels were near the proximal end of the fibula with an average of 1.1 mm and a minimum of 0.8 mm. We found that these branches were not parallel to fibula, but aligned in an oblique projection from posterior to anterior and from distal to proximal because of the course of the intermuscular septum between the soleus and peroneus longus muscles. The lowermost vessel was 1.7 cm away from the posterior margin of the fibula while the uppermost vessel was 0.25 cm away from the posterior ridge of the fibula. Adipofascial or fasciocutaneous flaps, which have important advantages in covering small to medium sized defects, can be based on the perforators of the peroneal artery. But for the centralization of the flap pedicle, the locations of the perforators, which are aligned from the lateral malleolus to the fibular head in oblique direction and from the posterior to the anterior must be taken into consideration. This knowledge is crucial for the flap design and the centralization of the vessels.     

胫骨前肌瓣的应用解剖

在30个成人下肢上观察了胫骨前肌的形态、血供和神经支配。测得肌长27.0cm.该肌上七分之一由胫前返动脉发支供应,其余部份由胫前动脉横向分支供应。胫前动脉的分支主要由肌的外侧人肌。腓深神经约发出3支肌支分布该肌,从肌的外侧或后方入肌。利用胫骨前肌可制作倒置肌瓣,可剥离部份长13.0cm,蒂部尚有8支左右营养动脉,还可制作向内旋转的分裂瓣,此时可保存肌的功能。     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

足内侧穿支皮瓣设计的解剖基础

目的    为足内侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖基础。  方法　对8侧乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本足内侧区进行显微解剖,观测各穿支血管的位置、数目、外径、蒂长及吻合等情况。  结果　足内侧区皮肤的血供有：足底内侧动脉、内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉和母趾胫侧动脉。足底内侧动脉浅支穿母展肌在舟骨粗隆附近浅出,外径（1.08±0.20）mm;深支从母展肌和趾短屈肌的间隙内向足底内侧平均发出5.3支穿支,平均外径（0.63±0.25）mm,蒂长（0.93±0.31）cm;内侧深支的内侧支由舟骨粗隆前（1.92±0.61）cm处从母展肌上缘浅出至足内侧。母趾胫侧动脉从第一跖趾关节近侧（2.03±0.56）cm处穿出至足内侧。足底内侧动脉浅支、内侧深支的内侧支与内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉吻合形成展肌上缘动脉弓,动脉弓的远端与母趾胫侧动脉相吻合。  结论　足内侧穿支皮瓣可设计以不同的穿支为蒂进行带蒂转移,修复前足、踝部及足跟周围软组织缺损,也可设计游离皮瓣修复手指掌侧软组织缺损。     

腓血管在胫腓骨远段的分布及临床意义

目的:为临床手术提供解剖学基础。方法:在成人下肢标本上解剖观测腓动脉至胫腓骨远段的分支。结果:腓血管行至小腿中部时,位于腓骨内侧面、胫骨的后外侧;腓动脉至胫骨远段的分支可以发自吻合支或直接发自腓动脉;腓动脉至腓骨远段的分支为弓形动脉。根据解剖观测结果,设计了以腓血管为蒂的胫腓骨远段后面联合骨(膜)瓣。结论:带腓血管蒂的胫腓骨远端后面联合骨(膜)瓣可以移位修复胫骨骨不连、骨缺损或逆行行踝关节融合术。     

A study of the perforating arteries of the leg derived from the anterior tibial,posterior tibial and peroneal arteries

IntroductionThe present study deals with dissection of anterior tibial artery (ATA), posterior tibial artery (PTA) and peroneal artery (PA) angiosomes or their vascular territories in both legs of 10 freshly donated cadavers prior to embalming. The study shows the distribution of perforating arteries in their respective angiosomes.MethodsPerforating arteries arising from ATA, PTA and PA and passing through the fascial planes between muscles to the skin and subcutaneous tissues were dissected. The numbers of perforating arteries and their distance from easily recognizable anatomical landmarks was measured. The resultant data was tabulated and the average numbers of perforators in each of these three angiosomes was calculated.ResultsPTA angiosome had the largest number of perforating arteries followed by PA angiosome, the least number of perforators being found in the ATA angiosome. The middle and lower thirds of the leg generally had a greater number of perforators in all three territories. Presence of sural artery perforators arising from peroneal/popliteal artery was an additional supply in the PA angiosome.DiscussionThe knowledge of angiosomes and perforating arteries of the leg is essential for flap repairs and reconstruction for injuries of the leg. Such injuries may occur in accidents, burns and non-healing tissue defects due to ischemic ulcers, varicose veins, leprosy, diabetes and nerve injuries.     

逆行腓骨肌肌皮瓣设计的解剖学研究

目的　为逆行腓骨肌皮瓣的设计与临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法 新鲜下肢标本20侧,动脉灌注红色乳胶,解剖观测腓动脉、腓骨长肌、腓骨短肌及其表面皮肤与营养血管的的起始、走行、分支、分布的情况;新鲜标本2具,动脉灌注乳胶、氧化铅混悬液,CT扫描后三维重建小腿与足部血管。 结果 腓动脉起始外径(3.7±0.7) mm,多条分支供给比目鱼肌、 长屈肌、腓骨长、短肌及表面皮肤。腓动脉穿支的血管蒂可游离长度为(3.5±1.3) cm。腓动脉终末穿支在胫腓骨骨间膜中穿出,外径(1.2±0.4)mm,分为升支和降支。腓骨短肌肌腹的上部有一支较粗的腓浅动脉发自胫前动脉,向前穿骨间膜行于腓骨长肌与小腿前群肌之间,管径(1.8±0.5) mm,行向下营养腓骨短肌、腓浅神经和小腿前外侧部皮肤。 结论 以腓动脉中、下部穿支或终末穿支与其它血管的吻合部为蒂,可以设计切取逆行腓骨长、短肌肌皮瓣,修复小腿下部及足背部软组织缺损。     

半膜肌腘窝穿支皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的　探讨半膜肌腘窝穿支的解剖学特征,为临床膝周软组织缺损的修复提供形态学依据。 方法　在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,通过显微解剖、摹拟手术等方法,重点观测： ①半膜肌营养血管的起源、走行、分支与分布; ②半膜肌腘窝穿支与邻近穿支的吻合特点。 结果　半膜肌腘窝穿支于胫骨髁上13.5 cm由半膜肌肌支发出,穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与腘动脉直接皮支、腘窝内侧皮动脉吻合。外径和长度分别为（0.7±0.3） mm、（1.1±0.4） cm。 结论　以半膜肌腘窝穿支为蒂设计皮瓣,可转位或V-Y推进修复膝周软组织缺损。     

踝足部血管吻合支的研究与吻合胫前或胫后动脉逆行皮瓣的设计

目的：研究胫前动脉、胫后动脉和腓动脉之间在足踝部的吻合支的粗细,为吻合胫前或胫后动脉远端逆行血供皮瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法：46侧新鲜小腿的动脉灌注红色塑料,制成动脉铸型标本。观察胫前、胫后和腓动脉在踝足部的吻合支的形态,测量血管的内径。结果：胫前、胫后和腓动脉三者之间在足踝部的吻合支丰富,胫后动脉经足底弓、足底深支与胫前动脉的吻合支最粗,内径为2.3mm。结论：胫前、胫后和腓动脉三者之间在足踝部的吻合支丰富,胫前动脉或胫后动脉之一断裂或栓塞时,只要三者之间在踝足部的主要吻合支未遭受破坏,胫前动脉或胫后动脉远端仍可作为皮瓣受区血管被利用。     

胫后血管肌间隙支为蒂胫骨内侧骨膜瓣移位术的临床应用

目的：为治疗胫骨中、下段骨折骨不连、骨缺损提供新的术式。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，观测了胫骨内侧面骨膜血管来源、走行、分支分布及其吻合，并设计以胫后血管肌间隙支为蒂的胫骨内侧骨膜瓣转位术。结果：通过解剖学研究，应用该骨膜瓣移位治疗胫骨中、下段骨折骨不连、骨缺损１２例，胫骨骨皮缺损１例，均获得良好效果。结论：术式解剖容易，血供可靠，适用于修复胫骨中、下段骨不连，骨缺损。     

吻合臂内侧皮神经及其血管筋膜皮瓣的解剖与临床

目的:为带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:臂内侧皮神经的血供为尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为1.0mm、0.6mm和0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长为1.5cm、1.1cm和1.2cm。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论:可设计成带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

Unusual extended fibular origin of the human soleus muscle: possible morpho-physiologic significance based on comparative anatomy

A bilateral anomalous extended origin of the soleus muscle was observed in a 73-year-old female cadaver. It arose from the head, neck, and proximal two-thirds of the medial crest of the fibula and ran through the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg, from the lateral border of the fibula. The soleus muscle formed the vault of a muscular tunnel, overcoming the deep flexor muscles of the leg that was about 15 cm in length and directed inferiorly and laterally. The extended fibular origin delimited a blind recess lateral to the muscular tunnel and parallel to the posterior surface of the fibula. This recess measured 6.5 cm in length and extended 3.5 cm above the inferior opening of the muscular tunnel; the superior portion of the flexor hallucis longus was housed within it between the portions of the extended origin from the medial crest of the fibula and posterior intermuscular septum. The neurovascular bundle of the posterior leg coursed in the muscular tunnel. The tibial origin and calcaneal insertion of the soleus muscle were normal. Phylogenetic studies of the muscles of the lower limbs in mammals indicate that the fibular origin of soleus is more constant than the tibial origin and, in primates, the fibular origin is the only one observed in most monkeys. The case reported might be considered a conspicuous enlargement of the fibular origin observed in primates. This large fibular origin of the soleus muscle may prove to be a difficulty during surgery when accessing the proximal two-thirds of the fibula for ligation of the peroneal artery.     

内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣的解剖与临床研究

目的　介绍内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣的血管解剖基础与初步临床应用效果。 方法　解剖24侧新鲜下肢灌注标本,观察内踝后间隙内胫后动脉发出的穿支血管情况。临床切取内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣,翻转修复跟内侧创伤缺损5例。 结果　内踝后间隙长约4cm,前界为内踝及趾长屈肌腱,后方为跟腱,表面为深筋膜覆盖,间隙内有疏松脂肪组织。在内踝后间隙内走行的胫后动脉发出2~3条皮肤穿支血管,口径0.1～0.7 mm,一般小于0.5 mm,但数量恒定。内踝后穿支与上方的胫后动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管间有互补性,在筋膜表面和皮下组织中有丰富血管吻合。临床上以内踝后穿支血管为轴点（内踝最下缘上方1～2 cm）,设计切取远端蒂筋膜皮下瓣,面积5～6 cm×6～12 cm,修复5例跟骨开放性骨折的内侧创面,筋膜瓣均成活。 结论　内踝后穿支筋膜皮下瓣相对传统的肌间隔穿支血管组织瓣,其旋转轴点下移,减少小腿供区损伤,无静脉回流障碍,受区组织柔软活动度好,更适合修复足跟内侧的创面。     

腓动脉双穿支皮瓣设计的解剖学分析与临床应用

目的解剖分析小腿部腓动脉穿支的穿出规律及各穿支血管之间的联系,为临床设计腓动脉双穿支皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法新鲜小腿标本8例行动脉灌注乳胶-氧化铅,对腓动脉各穿支血管解剖结构主要是血管的形态、走形、分布进行研究分析,筛选适合做双穿支皮瓣的血管蒂。临床上应用7例,均为吻合双血管蒂皮瓣,并逐渐扩大皮瓣切取面积,皮瓣大小:5cm×9cm~8cm×15cm。结果腓动脉直径≥5mm的穿支血管4~5支,其中以第2支穿支外径最粗,外径为(0.94±0.11)mm、血管蒂较长,蒂长为(6.61±1.32)cm、皮瓣血供面积较大适合作为首选穿支蒂再联合其他穿支设计双穿支皮瓣。7例双皮支腓动脉穿支皮瓣均成活,随访3~12个月,穿支皮瓣质地优良,外观及功能恢复较佳。结论设计以第2穿支联合其他穿支的腓动脉双穿支皮瓣,皮瓣轴心线位于穿支点后侧,临床上可切取血供佳、面积较大的腓动脉穿支皮瓣。