人参多糖对粒单系造血祖细胞增殖分化的影响

本文采用造血祖细胞体外培养、造血生长因子生物活性检测、免疫细胞化学等实验血液学技术检测人参多糖(GPS)体外作用对人粒单系造血祖细胞(CFU—GM)增殖分化的影响及GPS刺激制备的胸腺细胞培养上清液(HTCM)、脾细胞培养上清液(HSCM)、骨髓基质细胞条件培养液(HBMSCM)中GM-CSF的生物活性。结果发现：①在有外源性粒单系集落刺激因子(GM—CSF)存在的情况下,GPS能显著促进CFU—GM的增殖与分化。②经GPS体外诱导制备的胸腺细胞、脾细胞、骨髓基质细胞的条件培养液能明显提高人CFU—GM的产率。③经GPS体外刺激后,胸腺细胞、脾细胞、骨髓基质细胞GM-CSF蛋白表达水平较对照组明显提高。结果表明GPS可能通过直接和/或间接途径促进胸腺细胞、脾细胞和造血诱导微环境中的基质细胞合成和分泌GM—CSF或GM-CSF样活性,进而促进CFU-GM的增殖和分化。     

加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨加味补中益气汤治疗大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎（PCP）的疗效。方法按国内公认的PCP造模方法，建立大鼠PCP动物模型。设中药治疗组和预防组，同时建立西药对照组、PCP模型对照组及正常对照组。通过观察各组大鼠存活率、体重、肺内肺孢子虫包囊的数量和肺组织病理学变化考核药物疗效。结果中药组大鼠存活率高于PCP模型组，但低于正常组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠平均体重高于PCP模型组，包囊数低于PCP模型对照组；中药治疗组和预防组大鼠肺组织炎症反应明显轻于PCP模型对照组。结论加味补中益气汤对大鼠肺孢子虫肺炎，有一定的疗效。     

心理与药物治疗学生考试焦虑的疗效观察

目的 探讨单纯心理治疗、单纯药物治疗以及心理、药物合并治疗学生考试焦虑的疗效。方法 将符合入组标准的69例求助者随机分为3组,分别给予心理治疗、药物治疗及心理合并药物治疗,于考试前2周,考试前1天及下学期考前1天,分别进行HAMA及SAS量表评定。结果．心理治疗组及药物治疗组考试前1天与干预前比较HAMA、SAS评分差异显著,而下学期考前1天同干预前比较无明显差异。心理合并药物治疗组考试前1天及下学期考试前1天,同干预前均有明显差异。结论 对于学生考试焦虑的治疗以心理合并药物治疗的近期及远期效果均优于单一治疗方法,应作为首选。     

Fear-Potentiated Startle in Humans: Effects of Anticipatory Anxiety on the Acoustic Blink Reflex

The effects of fear/anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic startle reflex were investigated in humans using a paradigm involving anticipation of electric shocks. The eyeblink component of the startle reflex, elicited by an abrupt auditory stimulus, was measured in 9 normal volunteers during either the anticipation of electric shocks (anticipatory anxiety) or periods in which no shocks were anticipated (safe period). The eyeblink was consistently higher in amplitude, and shorter in latency, during periods when the subjects anticipated shocks, compared to the safe periods. This effect could not be attributed solely to a reduction in habituation and was statistically significant before the subjects actually received any shock (a single 30 mA stimulation on the median nerve). These results indicate that anticipatory anxiety can be measured objectively in humans using the fear-potentiated startle reflex in a paradigm not actually requiring any shock. Because a great deal is known about the neuroanatomical and pharmacological mechanisms of fear-potentiated startle in laboratory animals, this test procedure may be especially useful in humans to investigate the neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders and their pharmacological treatments.     

Role of GABA-ergic structures in the mechanism of action of haloperidol

The effect of haloperidol on convulsions induced in mice by bicuculline and thiosemicarbazide and on recovery cycles of the primary sensomotor cortical response in rats was studied. In a dose of 0.3–0.5 mg/kg, giving a tranquilizing effect, haloperidol had a protective action against convulsions induced by blockade of GABA receptors through the action of bicuculline, and potentiated depression of the testing response in the recovery cycle of the primary sensomotor cortical response in rats, i. e., within this dose range haloperidol potentiates GABA effects. With an increase in the dose of haloperidol to 1–2 mg/kg its effectiveness in both tests disappeared. On the basis of these results and data in the literature it is suggested that the postsynaptic GABA-positive effect plays an important role in the mechanism of the tranquilizing action of haloperidol and of other neurotropic agents.Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pharmacology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 313–315, March, 1980.     

完美主义消极因子与考试焦虑:无法忍受不确定性的中介效应

目的:探讨完美主义、无法忍受不确定性和考试焦虑的关系。方法:对416名大学生施测大学生一般完美主义量表、无法忍受不确定性量表和考试焦虑量表,并使用SPSS 21.0和Amos 17.0软件对调查数据进行统计分析。结果:女生考试焦虑高于男生考试焦虑(t=2.33,P=0.02)。完美主义消极因子(在乎缺点)和无法忍受不确定性与考试焦虑相关显著(r=0.325,0.484;P0.01),路径分析发现,无法忍受不确定性在完美主义消极因子和考试焦虑之间起着部分中介作用。结论:完美主义消极因子和考试焦虑密切相关,无法忍受不确定性在两者间起着中介作用。     

Anthropological Considerations Relevant to the Maturation of the Immune Response in Humans

PROBLEM : The reason for the postnatal maturation of the immune response in humans was explored from the anthropological standpoint in order to gain some insight into how development in modern humans evolved and how it might have affected the immune system. METHOD : The estimation of the length of gestation in modern humans if it had followed the same developmental pattern as in the other hominids and the higher primates was calculated by extrapolation from the lengths of gestation and the physical characteristics of these other primates compared to those of modern humans. RESULTS : These calculations show that the gestation time of modern humans would be 3–18 months longer than the 9 months that it is if modern humans had followed a linear evolutionary development comparable to that of the other primates. The key difference between modern humans and the other primates is the rapid and extensive development of the brain that occurs in utero and in the first 12–18 months postnatally in modern humans. CONCLUSION : The first 12–18 months postnatally in humans follows the embryonic/fetal pattern of development, whereas that of other primates does not. The maturation of the immune response in humans occurs during both the intrauterine and extrauterine phases of the embryonic/fetal pattern of development.     

The Morphological Interaction Between the Nasal Cavity and Maxillary Sinuses in Living Humans

To understand how variation in nasal architecture accommodates the need for effective conditioning of respired air, it is necessary to assess the morphological interaction between the nasal cavity and other aspects of the nasofacial skeleton. Previous studies indicate that the maxillary sinuses may play a key role in accommodating climatically induced nasal variation such that a decrease in nasal cavity volume is associated with a concomitant increase in maxillary sinus volume. However, due to conflicting results in previous studies, the precise interaction of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses, in humans, is unclear. This is likely due to the prior emphasis on nasal cavity size, whereas arguably, nasal cavity shape is more important with regard to the interaction with the maxillary sinuses. Using computed tomography scans of living human subjects (N=40), the goal of this study is to assess the interaction between nasal cavity form and maxillary sinus volume in European‐ and African‐derived individuals with differences in nasal cavity morphology. First, we assessed whether there is an inverse relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volumes. Next, we examined the relationship between maxillary sinus volume and nasal cavity shape using multivariate regression. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between nasal cavity and maxillary sinus volume, indicating that the maxillary sinuses do not accommodate variation in nasal cavity size. However, maxillary sinus volume is significantly correlated with variation in relative internal nasal breadth. Thus, the maxillary sinuses appear to be important for accommodating nasal cavity shape rather than size. Anat Rec, 296:414–426, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Muscle Patterning in Mouse and Human Abdominal Wall Development and Omphalocele Specimens of Humans

Human omphalocele is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall in which the secondary abdominal wall structures (muscle and connective tissue) in an area centered around the umbilicus are replaced by a translucent membranous layer of tissue. Histological examination of omphalocele development and moreover the staging of normal human abdominal wall development has never been described. We hypothesized that omphalocele is the result of an arrest in the secondary abdominal wall development and predicted that we would observe delays in myoblast maturation and an arrest in secondary abdominal wall development. To look for evidence in support of our hypothesis, we performed a histological analysis of normal human abdominal wall development and compared this to mouse. We also conducted the first histological analysis of two human specimens with omphalocele. In these two omphalocele specimens, secondary abdominal wall development appears to have undergone an arrest around Carnegie Stage 19. In both specimens disruptions in the unidirectional orientation of myofibers were observed in the external and internal obliques, and rectus abdominis but not in the transversus abdominis. These latter findings support a model of normal abdominal wall development in which positional information instructs the orientation of myoblasts as they organize into individual muscle groups. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人参降糖作用的研究进展

2型糖尿病患病率逐年增多,其急慢性并发症严重威胁人们的生命。糖尿病是一种需长期治疗的慢性疾病,目前治疗手段有限,仍无根治该疾病的有效方法,国内外许多学者都在天然药物中寻找治疗糖尿病的良方,我国中医经典《黄帝内经》就有对"消渴症"的具体描述及相关治疗[1],人参治疗和预防糖尿病及其并发症的作用受到了古今中外的广泛关注。人参主要功效为补元气,固脱生津,安神,大量研究表明,人参还具有多种生理调节作用,具有增强抵抗力、强心降压、提高机体免疫力,抗衰老和调脂等作用,其中人参皂苷在调节血糖方面发挥了主要作用[2]。本文拟就人参及其成分对血糖的影响进行综述,旨在为糖尿病治疗提供一条新的有效途径。     

Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans

The inner ear is a very complicated structure, composed of a bony labyrinth (otic capsule; OC), membranous labyrinth, with a space between them, named the periotic labyrinth or periotic space. We investigated how periotic tissue fluid spaces covered the membranous labyrinth three‐dimensionally, leading to formation of the periotic labyrinth encapsulated in the OC during human fetal development. Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase‐contrast X‐ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the Kyoto Collection (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown—rump length: 14.4–197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage 23), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35‐mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115‐mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space. This article thus demonstrated that formation of the membranous labyrinth, periotic space (labyrinth), and ossification of the OC occurs successively, according to an intricate timetable. Anat Rec, 301:563–570, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

探讨心理干预对广泛性焦虑症患者的疗效

目的探讨心理干预对广泛性焦虑症患者的疗效。方法按入院顺序分层随机法,将123例广泛性焦虑症患者随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组进行个体化心理干预,对照组进行常规的护理宣教,在治疗前和治疗后2,4,6周末,采用汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定临床疗效。结果心理干预组治疗后显效率和HAMA减分率与对照组比较均有显著性差异(χ2=5.3170,P0.05和P0.01)。结论个体化心理干预对广泛性焦虑症患者疗效显著。     

Effect of Ginseng Mixture on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats

In this study, the authors have characterized the effect of HER-S (red ginseng, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Phyllostachys folium, and soybean extracts) on osteoporosis-associated phenomena in ovariectomized (OVX) rats by measuring body weights and bone histomorphometries in control, sham, OVX, OVX(β-estradiol–treated), and OVX(HER-S–treated) rats. Light microscopic analyses showed a porous or eroded appearance on the femoral trabecular bone surface in OVX rats, whereas the femoral trabecular bone surfaces of the other groups (control, sham, OVX(17β-estradiol–treated), and OVX(HER-S–treated) rats) were composed of fine particles. The femoral trabecular bone area and number were decreased in OVX rats, but these reductions were significantly prevented by the administration of HER-S for 7 weeks, similar to estrogen. In the blood biochemistry results, serum phosphorus, calcium, T₃, and T₄ remained unchanged, but blood estrogen levels were significantly increased in HER-S–treated rats, which suggests that estrogen is related to the mechanism of the HER-S–induced antiosteoporosis function in OVX rats.     

Antidepressant-like Effect of Altered Korean Red Ginseng in Mice

Altered Korean red ginseng has been used as a treatment for patients suffering from anxiety. We assessed whether red ginseng hydrolyzed by malted barley (HRG) and acetate-fermented red ginseng (ARG) would improve brain activity, by using forced swimming test (FST) in mice. The effect of the fluoxetine (a classical antidepressant), ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), red ginseng (RG), HRG, and the ARG groups for two weeks on the immobility time was significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The immobility time of HRG and ARG in FST was lower than that of RG. The plasma level of glucose and total protein was significantly increased in the HRG and ARG group compared with the control group (p < 0.05), whereas albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were not changed. In conclusion, altered Korean red ginsengs, HRG, and ARG therapy appeared to be effective in improving depression.     

硕士生的自我接纳与特质焦虑:特质应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨硕士生特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间的中介作用。方法:选取1040名硕士生,采用自我接纳量表(SAQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和特质焦虑问卷(T-AI)评估其自我接纳、特质应对方式与特质焦虑。结果:(1)女生在消极应对方式方面的得分高于男生(t=-2.60,P0.05),城市学生自我接纳得分高于农村学生(t=-2.37,P0.05);(2)自我接纳得分与消极应对方式得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001),与积极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.001);特质焦虑得分与自我接纳(r=-0.61,P0.001)、积极应对方式(r=-0.49,P0.001)呈负相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.58,P0.001);(3)自我接纳直接预测特质焦虑(β=-0.61,P0.001),又通过消极应对方式间接预测特质焦虑(β=0.34,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的31.8%;又通过积极应对方式间接预测抑郁(β=-0.25,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的20.5%。结论:硕士生特质焦虑与自我接纳、特质应对方式密切相关,特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间起中介作用。     

Middle Cranial Fossa Anatomy and the Origin of Modern Humans

Anatomically, modern humans differ from archaic forms in possessing a globular neurocranium and a retracted face and in cognitive functions, many of which are associated with the temporal lobes. The middle cranial fossa (MCF) interacts during growth and development with the temporal lobes, the midface, and the mandible. It has been proposed that evolutionary transformations of the MCF (perhaps from modification of the temporal lobes) can have substantial influences on craniofacial morphology. Here, we use three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics and computer reconstructions of computed tomography‐scanned fossil hominids, fossil and recent modern humans and chimpanzees to address this issue further. Mean comparisons and permutation analyses of scaled 3D basicranial landmarks confirm that the MCF of Homo sapiens is highly significantly different (P < 0.001) from H. neanderthalensis, H. heidelbergensis, and Pan troglodytes. Modern humans have a unique configuration with relatively more anterolateral projection of the MCF pole relative to the optic chiasm and the foramen rotundum. These findings are discussed in the context of evolutionary changes in craniofacial morphology and the origins of modern human autapomorphies. In particular, the findings of this study point to variations in the temporal lobe, which, through effects on the MCF and face, are central to the evolution of modern human facial form. Anat Rec, 291:130–140, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Differential Scaling Patterns in Maxillary Sinus Volume and Nasal Cavity Breadth Among Modern Humans

Among modern humans, nasal cavity size and shape reflect its vital role in air conditioning processes. The ability for the nasal cavity to augment its shape, particularly in inferior breadth, likely relates to the surrounding maxillary sinuses acting as zones of accommodation. However, much is still unknown regarding how nasal and sinus morphology relate to each other and to overall craniofacial form, particularly across diverse populations with varying respiratory demands. As such, this study uses computed tomographic (CT) scans of modern human crania (N = 171) from nine different localities to investigate ecogeographic differences in (1) the interaction between maxillary sinus volume (MSV) and nasal cavity breadth (NCB) and (2) scaling patterns of MSV and NCB in relation to craniofacial size. Reduced major axis (RMA) regression reveals that all samples exhibit an inverse relationship between MSV and NCB, but statistical significance and the strength of that relationship is sample dependent. Individuals from cold–dry climates have larger MSVs with narrower NCBs, while smaller MSVs are associated with wider NCBs in hot–humid climates. MSV and NCB each scale with positive allometry relative to overall craniofacial size. However, sample differences are evident in the both the interaction between MSV and NCB, as well as their correlation with craniofacial size. While these results provide further support that the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity are integrated among populations from opposite ends of the climatic spectrum, additional epigenetic factors are needed to explain variation of these structures among populations from more intermediate climates. Anat Rec, 298:1710–1721, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

广泛性焦虑症心理与药物治疗效果研究

目的探讨广泛性焦虑症心理与药物治疗效果。方法将72例广泛性焦虑症患者随机分为研究组和对照组各36例。研究组使用心理治疗联合抗焦虑药物治疗,对照组单纯使用抗焦虑药物治疗。分别于治疗前和治疗第2、4、8周末采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行疗效评定,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果治疗8周后研究组有效率为94.4%,对照组有效率为72.2%,两组有效率比较有明显差异(P0.05)。治疗后两组汉密尔顿焦虑量表总分和焦虑自评量表评分较治疗前都有所降低,研究组在治疗第4、8周末HAMA、SAS评分下降更明显,与对照组比较差异显著(P0.01)。且研究组使用药物剂量明显低于对照组(P0.05),不良反应较少。结论与单纯药物治疗相比,心理联合抗焦虑药物治疗广泛性焦虑,有效率增加,能够减少服药剂量和药物副反应,是治疗广泛性焦虑的有效方法,对缩短病程、预防复发有积极意义。     

The Genetics of Cognitive Processes: Candidate Genes in Humans and Animals

It has been hypothesized that numerous genes contribute to individual variation in human cognition. An extensive search of the scientific literature was undertaken to identify candidate genes which might contribute to this complex trait. A list of over 150 candidate genes that may influence some aspect of cognition was compiled. Some genes are particularly strong candidates based on evidence for involvement in cognitive processes in humans, mice, and Drosophila melanogaster. This survey confirms that many genes are associated with cognitive variation and highlights the potential importance of animal models in the study of human cognition.