Submucosal tunnel endoscopy: Peroral endoscopic myotomy and peroral endoscopic tumor resection

Peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM) is an innovative,minimally invasive, endoscopic treatment for esophageal achalasia and other esophageal motility disorders, emerged from the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery procedures, and since the first human case performed by Inoue in 2008, showed exciting results in international level, with more than 4000 cases globally up to now. POEM showed superior characteristics than the standard 100-year-old surgical or laparoscopic Heller myotomy(LHM), not only for all types of esophageal achalasia [classical(Ⅰ), vigorous(Ⅱ), spastic(Ⅲ), Chicago Classification], but also for advanced sigmoid type achalasia(S1 and S2), failed LHM, or other esophageal motility disorders(diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus or Jackhammer esophagus). POEM starts with a mucosal incision, followed by submucosal tunnel creation crossing the esophagogastric junction(EGJ) and myotomy. Finally the mucosal entry is closed with endoscopic clip placement. POEM permitted relatively free choice of myotomy length and localization. Although it is technically demanding procedure, POEM can be performed safely and achieves very good control of dysphagia and chest pain. Gastroesophageal reflux is the most common troublesome side effect, and is well controllable with proton pump inhibitors. Furthermore, POEM opened the era of submucosal tunnel endoscopy, with many other applications. Based on the same principles with POEM, in combination with new technological developments, such as endoscopic suturing, peroral endoscopic tumor resection(POET), is safely and effectively applied for challenging submucosal esophageal, EGJ and gastric cardia tumors(submucosal tumors), emerged from muscularis propria. POET showed up to know promising results, however, it is restricted to specialized centers. The present article reviews the recent data of POEM and POET and discussed controversial issues that need further study and future perspectives.     

Historical notes: The road to peroral endoscopic myotomy

Submucosal endoscopy with saftey valve mucosal flap was developed in the animal laboratory of the Mayo Clinic Developmental Endoscopy Unit. This concept, and ultimately clinical technique, was an outgrowth of earlier efforts to improve endoscopic excision of mucosal disease by manipulating the submucosa. The ability of the mucosa to readily separate from the submucosa (delaminate) was the critical observation that was refined into a method transforming the submucosa into a working space while allowing the overlying mucosal flap to serve as a protective barrier.     

经口内镜下肌切除术治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效观察

目的 观察经口内镜下肌切除术(POEM)治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效和安全性.方法 对2010年11月至2011年11月7例确诊为贲门失弛缓症的患者行POEM手术.记录术前吞咽困难评分、术后并发症及近期远期疗效.结果 7例患者POEM手术均成功.手术时间46～113 min,平均(73±20) min.术后除2例出现皮下气肿、纵隔气肿,经内科治疗后痊愈,余均未出现相关并发症.术后随访1～12个月,7例患者吞咽困难均得到明显改善.结论 POEM手术可以迅速解除贲门失弛缓症患者吞咽困难,且具有一定的安全性.     

Submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection of submucosal tumors at the esophagogastric junction

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of submucosal tunneling and endoscopic resection(STER) for treating submucosal tumors(SMTs).METHODS: Between August 2012 and October 2013, 21 patients with SMTs originating from the muscularis propria(MP) layer at the esophagogastric junction were treated by STER of their tumors. Key steps of the procedure include:(1) mucosal incision: a 2-cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made 5 cm proximal to the tumor;(2) submucosal tunneling: a submucosal tunnel was created 5 cm proximal to and 1 to 2 cm distal to the tumor;(3) tumor resection: the SMT was resected under direct endoscopic viewing;(4) hemostasis: while finishing the tumor resection, careful hemostasis of the MP defect and the tunnel was performed; and(5) mucosal closure: the mucosal incision site was closed by using hemostatic clips. During the operation, equipment used included a cap-fitted endoscope, an insulatedtip knife, a hook knife, hemostatic forceps, an injection needle, a snare, an endoclip, and a high-frequency generator. Carbon dioxide(CO2) insufflation was achieved by using a CO2 insufflator.RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 46.2 years(range, 35-59 years), and the majority were male(18 male vs 3 female). Complete resection rate was 100%(21/21). Eighteen lesions were resected en bloc. Mean tumor size was 23 mm(range, 10-40 mm), and mean procedure time was 62.9 min(range, 45-90 min). Pathological diagnosis of these tumors included leiomyoma(15 out of 21) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(6 out of 21). Full-thickness MP resection was performed in 9 of 21 patients(42.9%), with mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema occurring in all nine. At the completion of the procedure, all patients received closure of the incision with hemoclips. One patient required percutaneous drainage. The remaining 20patients required no further endoscopic or surgical intervention. There were no incidents of massive or delayed bleeding. The median follow-up period after the procedure was 6 mo(range, 2-14 mo). During followup, no patients were found to have residual or recurrent tumor or esophageal stricture.CONCLUSION: STER is safe, effective and feasible, which provides accurate histopathologic evaluation and curative treatment for SMTs originating from the MP layer at the esophagogastric junction.     

经口内镜下肌切开术术后一过性菌血症的发生率

目的研究经口内镜下肌切开术（POEM）术后一过性菌血症的发生率,为POEM的进一步发展及推广提供理论依据。方法前瞻性地连续选择2013年6月5日至2013年7月11日间行POEM患者12例。术后5min、30min、6h、16h分别抽血行血培养及血常规、C-反应蛋白检测,记录体温,同时密切监测患者术后感染相关并发症。结果除1例患者因术中出血,止血后终止手术,余11例患者成功完成手术,其中1例在术后5min血培养中培养出革兰阳性杆菌,而在随后的30min、6h、16h血培养中转为阴性;其余患者血培养均为阴性。同时,患者术后白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例及C-反应蛋白均有不同程度的升高,且以中性粒细胞的升高最为明显（P〈0．001）,而体温变化方面的差异并不显著（P〉0．05）。结论POEM术后存在一过性菌血症,但其具体发生率及最终结论尚需大样本进一步研究。     

经口内镜下环形肌切开术治疗老年贲门失弛缓症的疗效

目的 探索经口内镜下环形肌切开术（POEM）治疗老年贲门失弛缓症（AC）的安全性、可行性、围手术期及远期疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2014年12月期间在复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为AC并接受POEM治疗、可获得完整随访资料的老年（≥65岁）患者共41例,观察手术相关并发症、治疗前后Eckardt评分及食管下段括约肌压力变化,并分析远期食管反流及治疗失败的发生情况。 结果 41例患者均成功完成POEM手术,中位手术时间42 min,中位住院天数为3 d,共4例（975%）患者出现主要围手术期不良事件,均为因围手术期不良事件导致住院时间长于5 d。中位随访时间40个月（四分位数区间 24~57个月）,Eckardt评分中位数从术前8分下降为术后1分（P<0001）,食管下段括约肌压力中位数从术前2385 mmHg (1 mmHg=0133 kPa) 下降为术后905 mmHg (P=0005)。术后随访12例（2927%）患者出现临床反流,5年临床治疗成功率8780%(36/41)。 结论 POEM治疗老年AC患者安全可靠,近期和远期疗效均较好。     

透明帽在经口内镜下肌切开术中的应用价值

目的初步探讨透明帽在经口内镜下肌切开术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年7月-2013年7月由同一操作者采用透明帽辅助的经口内镜下肌切开术治疗54例贲门失驰缓症患者,统计手术时间、手术成功率、并发症发生率、患者住院时间等。结果共54例贲门失驰缓症患者行经口内镜下肌切开术,成功54例,手术成功率100%,16例出现术中或术后并发症,并发症发生率为29.6%,手术时间45~396 min,平均(125±61)min,患者住院时间为5~28 d,平均(13.0±4.5)d。结论透明帽应用于经口内镜下肌切开术安全、方便、有效,能够缩短手术操作时间,提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生率,缩短患者住院时间。     

环形肌切开和全层肌切开治疗贲门失弛缓症长期随访研究

目的：对比内镜下全层肌切开与环形肌切开治疗贲门失弛缓症的长期临床疗效及远期并发症。方法：回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年12月于郑州大学第一附属医院消化内科行经口内镜下肌切开术治疗并定期随访的53例贲门失弛缓症患者资料,其中21例行环形肌切开,32例行全层肌切开,比较两种术式的长期临床疗效及远期并发症。 结果：环形肌切开组和全层肌切开组治疗有效率分别为90.5%（19/21）和100%（32/32）。两组术后Eckardt评分、食管下括约肌压力和4 s完整松弛压比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。全层肌切开组临床相关胃食管反流发生率高于环形肌切开组（40.6％比14.3%,χ2=4.174,P=0.041）。 结论：经口内镜下环形肌切开术与全层肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症长期疗效相当,但全层肌切开术后临床相关胃食管反流发生率更高。     

Anesthetic management and associated complications of peroral endoscopic myotomy:A case series

AIM To investigate the anesthetic management of peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM) and its associated complications.METHODS This study was a single-center,retrospective,observational study comprising a case series of all patients who underwent POEM in our hospital from April 2015 to November 2016.We collected data regarding patient characteristics,anesthetic methods,surgical factors,and complications using an electronic chart.RESULTS There were 86 patients who underwent POEM in our hospital during the study period.Preoperatively,patients were maintained on a low residue diet for 48 h prior to the procedure.They were fasted of solids for 24 h before surgery.There was one case of aspiration(1.2%).During POEM,patients were positioned supine with the upper abdomen covered by a clear drape so that pneumoperitoneum could be timeously identified.In three cases,the peak airway pressure exceeded 35 cm H2 O during volume controlled ventilation with tidal volumes of 6-8 m L/kg and subsequent impairment of ventilation.These cases had been diagnosed with spastic esophageal disorders(SEDs) and the length of the muscular incision on the esophageal side was longer than normal.CONCLUSION In the anesthetic management of POEM,it is important to prevent aspiration during induction of anesthesia and to identify and treat complications associated with CO_2 insufflation.     

经口内镜下肌切开术对贲门失弛缓症患者食管动力的影响

目的探讨经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral endoscopic myotomy,POEM)初次治疗对贲门失弛缓症(achalasia,AC)患者术后食管动力的影响。方法纳入2012年1月至2016年6月期间于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院就诊并行POEM治疗的AC患者,按研究设计完成各项检查、POEM治疗及随访观察,比较各型AC患者的POEM治疗成功率以及POEM治疗前后食管动力的改变。结果POEM术后6个月随访时,Ⅰ型AC患者的症状缓解率为100.0%(13/13),Ⅱ型为95.5%(42/44),Ⅲ型为90.1%(10/11)。与术前比较,术后1~6个月内下食管括约肌静息压[10.5(6.9,15.8)mmHg比24.6(18.3,35.1)mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]、4 s整合松弛压[6.0(3.7,8.8)mmHg比21.8(15.3,28.0)mmHg]、上食管括约肌静息压[43.4(33.7,57.3)mmHg比45.3(33.2,71.1)mmHg]、上食管括约肌残余压[1.5(0.0,4.6)mmHg比3.9(1.1,6.9)mmHg]均明显改善(P均<0.05)。术后6个月,食管腔扩张的最宽直径较术前明显减小[(3.0±0.7)cm比(3.9±1.1)cm,P<0.001],总Eckardt评分较术前明显降低[1(0,2)分比6(5,8)分,P<0.001]。POEM术后,Ⅰ型AC患者食管体部均未出现蠕动恢复,Ⅱ型AC患者中有4例(9.1%,4/44)较术前恢复弱蠕动或期前收缩,Ⅲ型AC患者中10例(90.9%,10/11)较术前出现正常蠕动波、期前收缩或弱蠕动的比例增加。结论POEM术后不仅食管胃交界部流出道梗阻得到改善,而且食管体部动力也一定程度上发生改变,其中部分患者体部动力有一定恢复;但是这种变化在3个AC亚型表现不同,Ⅲ型最明显,其次是Ⅱ型,Ⅰ型则无明显改变。     

经口内镜下食管憩室肌切开术治疗食管憩室的疗效分析

探讨经口内镜下食管憩室肌切开术治疗食管憩室的中远期疗效以及术后憩室复发的危险因素。方法　对2016年5月1日—2019年8月1日在东南大学附属中大医院接受经口内镜下食管憩室肌切开术治疗的31例食管憩室病例进行回顾性研究,主要观察术后Eckardt评分、治疗成功率和复发率,并采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析术后憩室复发的独立危险因素。结果　31例均顺利完成经口内镜下食管憩室肌切开术,术后随访（30.6±11.1）个月（20~63个月）。31例术前Eckardt评分（8.2±2.4）分,术后1个月（1.4±0.7）分,术后6个月（1.4±1.1）分,术后12个月（1.3±1.1）分,术后24个月（1.3±0.9）分,与术前比较,术后各随访时间点的Eckardt评分均有明显下降（P<0.001）。术后随访1、6、12、24个月的治疗成功率分别为96.8%（30/31）、90.3%（28/31）、90.3%（28/31）和90.3%（28/31）。有3例复发,总复发率为9.7%（3/31）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,病程（P=0.038,OR=1.041,95%CI：1.002~1.080）和术前Eckardt评分（P=0.024,OR=2.299,95%CI：1.117~4.728）是影响术后憩室复发的独立危险因素。结论　经口内镜下食管憩室肌切开术治疗食管憩室的中远期疗效理想,但病程长、术前Eckardt评分高者易复发。     

经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术治疗源于固有肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤初探

目的探讨经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术（STER）治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的疗效和安全性。方法对26例经超声内镜和CT诊断为来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者全麻下行STER治疗：（1）内镜寻找到肿瘤,并准确定位;（2）建立黏膜下隧道,显露肿瘤;（3）内镜直视下完整切除肿瘤;（4）缝合黏膜切口。结果来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者26例中,食管14例,贲门7例,胃5例。来源于固有肌层浅层者11例,深层者15例,其中2例胃SMTs与浆膜层粘连,密不可分。STER成功切除所有黏膜下肿瘤,完整切除率100％,切除病变直径1．0～3．2cm（平均1．9cm）。黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间25～145min,平均68．5min;完整缝合创面所用金属夹4—6枚,平均5枚。术后病理诊断为平滑肌瘤17例,间质瘤7例,血管球瘤1例,神经鞘膜瘤1例;切缘均为阴性。发生皮下气肿2例,左侧气胸伴皮下气肿1例,气腹2例,均予保守治疗痊愈。术后无一例出现迟发性消化道出血、消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染,无一例发生黏膜下隧道内积血积液和继发感染。随访3～9个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论STER治疗来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,并可避免消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染。     

经口内镜肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的实验及临床经验初探

目的利用猪食管-胃模型进行经口内镜肌切开术（POEM）实验,为临床开展POEM术积累经验并探讨POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症的安全性和有效性。方法止血钳结扎离体猪的胃幽门出口,并将离体猪的食管口侧末端固定于带孔泡沫塑料,制成简易训练模型,然后以带透明帽内镜按如下步骤进行POEM术：（1）建立黏膜下隧道;（2）切断食管环形肌层;（3）封闭隧道口。经模型练习熟练掌握POEM技巧后,对4例贲门失弛缓症患者实施手术。结果5例猪食管-胃模型,2例成功完成POEM术,1例食管纵行肌层裂开穿孔,1例切断环形肌层时切除过深导致穿孔,1例于食管一胃连接部切破黏膜层。经模型练习后在临床成功开展POEM术4例,操作时间平均110min,隧道长度8—11cm,平均10．5cm,环形切断长度5～8cm,平均7cyn,术中1例出血较多,但在内镜下成功止血。食管测压提示,术后平均LES压力从术前47．07mmHg降至17．4mmHg。术后随访1～4个月,4例患者吞咽困难症状明显缓解。结论猪食管-胃模型制作简单,可作为简易的训练模型模拟POEM术过程。POEM术治疗贲门失弛缓症近期疗效肯定,远期疗效有待进一步随访。     

New endoscopic classification of achalasia for selection of candidates for peroral endoscopic myotomy

AIM:To propose a new endoscopic classification of achalasia for selecting patients appropriate for undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM).METHODS:We screened out the data of patients with achalasia examined from October 2000 to September 2011 at our Digestive Endoscopic Center with endoscopic pictures clear enough to reveal the morphology of middle and lower esophagus.After analyzing the correlation between the endoscopic morphology of the esophageal lumen and POEM,we proposed a new endoscopic classification(Ling classification) of achalasia according to three kinds of endoscopically viewed structures:multi-ring structure,crescent-like structure and diverticulum structure.There were three types based on the criteria of Ling classification:type Ⅰ,smooth without multi-ring,crescent-like structure or diverticulum structure;type Ⅱ,with multi-ring or crescent-like structure but without diverticulum structure;and type Ⅲ,with diverticulum structure.Type Ⅱ was classified into three subtypes:Ling Ⅱa,Ling Ⅱb and Ling Ⅱc;and type Ⅲ also had three subtypes:Ling Ⅲl,Ling Ⅲr and Ling Ⅲlr.Two endoscopists made a final decision upon mutual agreement through discussion if their separately recorded characteristics were different.RESULTS:Among the 976 screened patients with achalasia,636 patients with qualified endoscopic pictures were selected for the analysis,including 405 males and 231 females.The average age was 42.7 years,ranging from 6 to 93 years.Type Ⅰ was the most commonly observed type of achalasia,accounting for 64.5%(410/636),and type Ⅲ was the least commonly observed type of achalasia,accounting for 2.8%(18/636).And type Ⅱ accounted for 32.7%(208/636) and subtype of Ling Ⅱa,Ling Ⅱb and Ling Ⅱc accounted for 14.6%(93/636),9.9%(63/636) and 8.2%(52/636),respectively.And subtype of Ling Ⅲl,Ling Ⅲr and Ling Ⅲlr accounted for 0.8%(5/636),0.3%(2/636) and 1.7%(11/636),respectively.CONCLUSION:A new endoscopic classification of achalasia is proposed that might help in determining the     

经口内镜肌切开术对贲门失弛缓症患者食管动力的影响

目的探讨经口内镜肌切开术（POEM）对贲门失弛缓症患者食管动力的影响。方法对3例贲门失弛缓症患者POEM治疗前后的食管测压结果进行对比分析。结果术后3例患者食管下括约肌压力（LESP）和食管上括约肌残余压（UESRP）均低于术前,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后食管下括约肌残余压（LESRP）有2例明显降低至正常值,有1例变化不大,仍高于正常,平均值较术前降低但差异无统计学意义;术前3例患者均有食管蠕动波消失,术后食管蠕动波均无改善;3例患者术前食管下括约肌松弛率（LESRR）均低于正常值,术后仍均低于正常;食管上括约肌压（UESP）平均值术后较术前降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论POEM近期能明显改善贲门失弛缓症患者的食管动力学特征。     

横开口法经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效及安全性评价

目的 探讨横开口法经口内镜下肌切开术( T-POEM)治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效和安全性.方法 对31例贲门失弛缓症患者采用T-POEM治疗,随访观察手术疗效及安全性.结果 31例贲门失弛缓症患者手术成功率100％,平均手术时间为78.6 min,平均随访时间(6.3±5.4)个月,症状缓解率100％,术后患者Eckardt评分为0.7±0.5,较术前的7.8±0.9明显降低(P＜0.05).并发症发生率为19.4％(6/31).结论 T-POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症近期疗效满意,并发症发生率低.     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症63例临床分析

为评价经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral endoscopic myotomy, POEM)对贲门失弛缓症患者的疗效, 纳入2017—2021年于吉林大学中日联谊医院行POEM治疗的63例贲门失弛缓症患者资料进行回顾性分析, 收集患者手术情况, 术后Eckardt评分、食管高分辨率测压及上消化道造影等数据, 与术前对比分析。63例患者平均年龄49.0岁, 其中31例女性。术前Eckardt评分为9(3)分, 术后为2(2)分, 术前和术后Eckardt评分差异有统计学意义(V=1 953, P<0.001), 术后食管下括约肌压力与术前比较显著降低[9.90(3.35)mmHg比26.80(13.85)mmHg, V=2 016, P<0.001]。53例(84.1%)患者POEM术后临床缓解, 不良事件发生率为3.2%(2/63), 疗效满意。POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症患者安全、有效、微创, 近期疗效满意。     

渐近全层肌切开式经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症41例临床疗效分析

目的通过总结渐近全层肌切开式经口内镜下肌切开术（POEM）治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效,促进POEM的发展。方法从2010年12月至2014年1月间行POEM术的188例患者中,选择行渐进式POEM的患者41例,对术后症状缓解及反流情况进行自身对照比较及分析。结果41例患者术后症状Eckardt评分较术前有明显改善（P〈0．001）,食管动力测压结果也证实了症状缓解的成效。术后反流发生率在症状学和胃镜下表现分别为26．83％和27．27％。结论渐进全层肌切开式POEM可有效缓解贲门失弛缓症的症状,其防反流的成果也初步令人满意。     

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy: Major advance in achalasia treatment and in endoscopic surgery

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) represents a natural orifice endoscopic surgery (NOTES) approach to laparoscopy Heller myotomy (LHM). POEM is arguably the most successful clinical application of NOTES. The growth of POEM from a single center in 2008 to approximately 60 centers worldwide in 2014 with several thousand procedures having been performed attests to the success of POEM. Initial efficacy, safety and acid reflux data suggest at least equivalence of POEM to LHM, the previous gold standard for achalasia therapy. Adjunctive techniques used in the West include impedance planimetry for real-time intraprocedural luminal assessment and endoscopic suturing for challenging mucosal defect closures during POEM. The impact of POEM extends beyond the realm of esophageal motility disorders as it is rapidly popularizing endoscopic submucosal dissection in the West and spawning offshoots that use the submucosal tunnel technique for a host of new indications ranging from resection of tumors to pyloromyotomy for gastroparesis.     

Efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs other achalasia treatments in improving esophageal function

AIM: To assess and compare the esophageal function after peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM) vs other conventional treatments in achalasia.METHODS: Chart review of all achalasia patients who underwent POEM, laparoscopic Heller myotomy(LHM) or pneumatic dilation(PD) at our institution between January 2012 and March 2015 was performed. Patient demographics, type of achalasia, prior treatments, pre- and post-treatment timed barium swallow(TBE) and high-resolution esophageal manometry(HREM) findings were compared between the three treatment groups. Patients who had both pre- and 2 mo posttreatment TBE or HREM were included in the final analysis. TBE parameters compared were barium column height, width and volume of barium remaining at 1 and 5 min. HREM parameters compared were basal lower esophageal sphincter(LES) pressures and LES-integrated relaxation pressures(IRP). Data are presented as mean ± SD, median [25th, 75 th percentiles] or frequency(percent). Analysis of variance, KruskalWallis test, Pearsons χ~2 test and Fishers Exact tests were used for analysis.RESULTS: A total of 200 achalasia patients were included of which 36 underwent POEM, 22 underwent PD and 142 underwent LHM. POEM patients were older(55.4 ± 16.8 years vs 46.5 ± 15.7 years, P = 0.013) and had higher BMI than LHM(29.1 ± 5.9 kg/m~2 vs 26 ± 5.1 kg/m~2, P = 0.012). More number of patients in POEM and PD groups had undergone prior treatments compared to LHM group(72.2% vs 68.2% vs 44.3% respectively, P = 0.003). At 2 mo post-treatment, all TBE parameters including barium column height, width and volume remaining at 1 and 5 min improved significantly in all three treatment groups(P = 0.01 to P 0.001) except the column height at 1 min in PD group(P = 0.11). At 2 mo post-treatment, there was significant improvement in basal LES pressure and LES-IRP in both LHM(40.5 mm Hg vs 14.5 mm Hg and 24 mm Hg vs 7.1 mm Hg respectively, P 0.001) and POEM groups(38.7 mm Hg vs 11.4 mm Hg and 23.6 mm Hg vs 6.6 mm Hg respectively, P 0.001). However, when the efficacy of three treatments were compared to each other in terms of improvement in TBE or HREM parameters at 2 mo, there was no significant difference(P 0.05).CONCLUSION: POEM, PD and LHM were all effective in improving esophageal function in achalasia at shortterm. There was no difference in efficacy between the three treatments.