贲门失弛缓症发病机制研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种食管动力紊乱性疾病,其病因尚未明确,可能与基因遗传、病毒感染及自身免疫等因素有关。近年大量研究表明贲门失弛缓症患者食管肌间神经丛中松弛食管下括约肌的抑制性神经减少或缺失。本文就近年有关原发性贲门失弛缓症的病因及发病机制的研究进展作一介绍。     

贲门失弛缓症的病因、病理和发病机制研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种食管运动障碍性疾病,以食管缺乏蠕动和食管下括约肌(ＬＥＳ)松弛不良为特征。临床上贲门失弛缓症表现为液体和固体食物的吞咽困难,体重减轻,餐后反食,夜间呛咳以及胸骨后不适或疼痛。以上临床症状加上食管吞钡检查发现食管胃连接处典型的鸟嘴样狭窄、食管扩张以及食管下括约肌压力测定显示ＬＥＳ压力升高,吞咽引起的反射性ＬＥＳ松弛消失,贲门失弛缓症可以确诊。目前治疗有药物、气囊扩张、手术及肉毒杆菌毒素(ＢＴ)局部注射等。现就本病的病因、病理及发病机制作一综述。一、病因和发病机制贲门失弛缓症的病因还不十分清…     

贲门失弛缓症发病机制研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种食管动力紊乱性疾病，其病因尚未明确，可能与基因遗传、病毒感染及自身免疫等因素有关。近年大量研究表明贲门失驰缓症患食管肌间神经丛中松弛食管下括约肌的抑制性神经减少或缺失。本就近年有关原发性贲门失弛缓症的病因及发病机制的研究进展作一介绍。     

贲门失弛缓症发病机制及临床治疗研究进展

贲门失驰缓症是一种食管动力紊乱性疾病,病因仍未明确,可能与基因遗传、病毒感染及自身免疫等因素有关。近年大量研究表明贲门失驰缓症患者食管肌间神经丛中松驰食管下括约肌的抑制性神经减少或缺失。目前的治疗方法主要包括药物疗法、气囊扩张、内镜下注射肉毒杆菌毒素、外科手术括约肌切开以及内镜下括约肌切开等。本文欲将近年有关原发型贲门失驰缓症的病因、发病机制及临床治疗的研究进展作一介绍。     

贲门失弛缓症发病机制的研究进展

贲门失弛缓症(achalasia)是一种食管运动障碍性疾病,其主要特征是吞咽时食管蠕动停止,食管下括约肌(low esophageal sphincter,LES)松弛障碍.原发性贲门失弛缓症主要是由于食管肌间神经丛抑制性神经纤维缺乏所引起的.但是,本病的确切发病机制仍未明确,本文就关于贲门失弛缓症发病机制的文献进行了回顾.     

肉毒碱注射治疗食管贲门失弛缓症

食管贲门失弛缓症 (achalasia)是一种原因不明的食管运动功能障碍性疾病,其主要特征是 :下食管括约肌 (LES)高压、食管缺乏蠕动和对吞咽动作的松弛反应障碍。临床表现为吞咽困难、食物反流以及下端胸骨后不适或疼痛,可伴有体重减轻等表现。本病的治疗主要是通过各种手段降低 LES压力。目前,括约肌切开术和气囊扩张被认为是标准的治疗方法,其不足是有可能并发胃食管反流、出血或食管穿孔;长效硝酸酯类、钙通道阻滞剂等药物尚难达到令人满意的临床效果。最近几年,一种新型的、有希望的治疗手段——食管下括约肌内注射肉毒碱应用于临…     

贲门失弛缓症治疗研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种食管功能性疾病。传统疗法为药物、气囊扩张术和开放手术,其中药物疗效有限;扩张术疗效不如手术且易发生穿孔;常规开放手术创伤大,术后恢复慢,易发生反流。近年来,微创手术和食管下括约肌内肉毒毒素(BT)注射治疗研究得以发展,但远期疗效需进一步随访。     

贲门失弛缓症治疗方式的探讨

目的比较胸腔镜辅助Heller手术、开胸Heller手术、消化内镜下球囊扩张及消化内镜下肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效，探讨贲门失弛缓症合理有效的治疗方法。方法81例贲门失弛缓症患者按不同治疗方式分为4组：胸腔镜辅助Heller手术18例；开胸Heller手术21例；消化内镜下球囊扩张22例；肉毒毒素注射治疗20例。比较各组治疗前后症状评分、食管末端直径、食管下段括约肌压力、食管末端pH和各组有效率。结果4组患者治疗前后相比，症状评分、食管末端直径、食管下段括约肌压力、食管末端pH差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），治疗有效率胸腔镜组为94．4％、开胸组为95．2％、球囊扩张组为63．6％、肉毒素注射组为55．0％，Heller手术较消化内镜下治疗更为有效（P〈0．05）。结论Heller手术治疗效果较球囊扩张及肉毒素注射为佳，胸腔镜辅助Heller手术较开胸Heller手术具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短等优势。     

气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症张泰昌沙忠芬张丽萍贲门失弛缓症为食管运动功能障碍性疾病，症状顽固，一般保守治疗多难以奏效。我院应用气囊扩张疗法对其进行治疗，取得显著疗效，现报道如下。１．一般资料：１９９０年１１月～１９９５年３月收治的贲门失弛缓症５７例，全部...     

血管活性肠肽与贲门失弛缓症

血管活性肠肽是下食管括约肌壁内神经丛节后神经元中的一种重要的抑制性神经递质，在许多疾病中起生理调控作用，与许多器官功能紊乱的发病机制有关。对其结构、功能的研究，可为贲门失弛缓症的防治提供新的途径。     

乙酰胆碱酯酶基因治疗猫贲门失弛缓症模型的实验研究

目的　研究乙酰胆碱酯酶基因转导对贲门失弛缓症模型的治疗作用。方法　将 36只家猫均分为 4组 ,第 1组为正常对照组 ;其他 3组采用胃镜下食管下端括约肌 (LES)处环形注射氯苄烷铵(BAC)的方法建立猫贲门失弛缓症模型 ,在注射BAC 8周后胃镜下LES处分别注射生理盐水 (模型对照组 )、空载病毒AdGFP(AdGFP组 )和表达乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的腺病毒AdAChET(AdAChET 组 )。1 0d后通过RT PCR和免疫组化方法检测AChE在LES中的表达 ,并观察食管压力 (LESP)的变化。结果　RT PCR证实AdAChET 组可扩增出针对目的基因的AChET 片段 ,免疫组化显示AdAChET 组在平滑肌组织中有AChE阳性表达 ,AdGFP组和模型对照组无AChE阳性表达。AdAChET 组平滑肌组织的AChE活力较模型对照组和AdGFP组高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。食管测压显示治疗后AdAChET组LESP下降较AdGFP组和模型对照组明显 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　编码AChET 基因腺病毒AdAChET 能松弛LES ,降低LESP ,说明AChE减少在贲门失弛缓症发生中起重要作用     

内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

将48例贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为两组,A组注射肉毒毒素治疗,B组用小气囊扩张治疗。分别于治疗后1周、3个月和1年比较两组患者的临床症状积分、下食管插约肌的压力（LESP）、松弛率（LESRR）。结果：治疗后1周、3个月和1年的有效率及治疗前后LESP、LESRR的差值,注射肉毒毒素组均高于小气囊扩张组;两组均无并发症发生。认为内镜下食管下括约肌内注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效高,且患者痛苦小。     

贲门失弛缓症的诊断与治疗研究进展

贲门失弛缓症(AC)作为原发性食管动力障碍性疾病的一种,以食管下段括约肌松弛功能受损、食管蠕动减弱或消失为主要特征,年发病率为1/100 000~3/100 000,临床表现以吞咽困难最为常见。食管测压法为其诊断金标准,另外还有内镜检查、食管钡餐造影检查等诊断方法。目前发病机制尚未明确,临床上可通过药物治疗、肉毒杆菌毒素注射、气囊扩张术、食管支架植入术、腹腔镜下Heller肌切开术、经口内镜下肌切开术等进行治疗。     

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for oesophageal achalasia: Preliminary results in humans

Background

Peroral endoscopic myotomy has been developed to provide a less invasive treatment for oesophageal achalasia compared to surgical cardiomyotomy.

Aims

To report our initial experience on feasibility, safety and clinical efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy.

Methods

Eleven patients (eight women, mean age 32, range 24–58) underwent an attempt at peroral endoscopic myotomy under general anaesthesia. After submucosal injection, a mucosal entry into the oesophageal submucosa, and a tunnel extending to the oesophagogastric junction and beyond into the stomach were created (total mean length: 15 ± 1.7 cm). Myotomy of the circular oesophageal and gastric muscle bundles was then achieved under direct vision (total mean length: 10.2 ± 2.8 cm). Haemostatic clips were used to close the mucosal entry. The Eckardt Score and manometry were used to evaluate the results.

Results

Peroral endoscopic myotomy could be completed in 10 out of 11 patients (91%). Mean procedure time was 100.7 min (range 75–140 min). No major complication occurred. Clinical success was achieved in all patients at 1-month follow-up (Eckardt Score 7.1 vs. 1.1, p = 0). Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure decreased from 45.1 to 16.9 mmHg (p = 0).

Conclusions

This initial experience with peroral endoscopic myotomy shows its safety and efficacy in the treatment of achalasia. Further studies are warranted to assess the long-term efficacy and to compare peroral endoscopic myotomy with other treatment modalities.     

Motility changes in primary achalasia following pneumatic dilatation

The changes in esophageal motility after pneumatic dilatation were evaluated prospectively in 51 patients with achalasia. The patients were evaluated for a median of 14 months. Pneumatic dilatation led to a clinical improvement in 41 patients. On manometric evaluation, a significant decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure was observed (28.4±14.9 mmHg vs. 13.5±7.2 mmHg; p=0.001); the resting pressure of the esophageal body dropped from 4.8±4.2 mmHg above gastric baseline to 0.1±3.9 mmHg below gastric baseline. After therapy, peristaltic activity was present in 10/51 (20%) patients; in 1 case, complete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter was recorded. Treatment-induced motility changes could not be predicted by clinical history or the lower esophageal sphincter pressure before or after therapy. However, the resting pressure of the esophageal body before and after therapy was significantly lower in these patients in whom peristalsis recurred after therapy than in patients with an unchanged motility pattern. The reappearance of peristaltic activity after pneumatic dilatation was unrelated to lower esophageal sphincter pressure. In conclusion, motility disturbances of the esophageal body in patients with achalasia do not simply reflect the functional obstruction of the lower esophageal sphincter. These findings support the hypothesis that achalasia is not a distinct motility disturbance but should be regarded as part of a broad spectrum of different interrelated esophageal motility disorders.     

Patients' perceptions of self-help groups in achalasia

The possible role of a self-help group was investigated among 126 patients with achalasia. Forty-one patients initially expressed an interest, but only 19 were willing to complete a questionnaire about their role in such a group. Only 14 patients were willing to be identified by other sufferers, and only 8 were ready to take an active part in organising meetings. Although patients with achalasia want more information about their disease, few wish to join a self-help group.     

Effect of peroral esophageal myotomy for achalasia treatment: A Chinese study

AIM: To assess the safety and feasibility of peroral esophageal myotomy(POEM) in patients with achalasia.METHODS: From January 2012 to March 2014, 50 patients(28 men, 22 women; mean age: 42.8 years, range: 14-70 years) underwent POEM. Pre- and postoperative symptoms were quantified using the Eckardt scoring system. Barium swallow and esophagogastroscopy were performed before and after POEM, respectively. Esophageal motility was evaluated in all patients, both preoperatively and one month after POEM treatment, using a high-resolution manometry system. Manometry data, Eckardt scores, lower esophageal sphincter pressure and barium swallow results were used to evaluate the effect of the procedure.RESULTS: POEM was successfully completed for all patients. The mean procedure time was 55.4 ± 17.3 min and the mean total length of myotomy of the circular esophagus was 10.5 ± 2.6 cm. No specific complications occurred, with the exception of two patients that developed as ymptomatic pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Clinical improvement in symptoms was achieved in all patients. Approximately 77.5% of patients experienced weight gain 6 mo after POEM, with an average of 4.78 kg(range: 2-15 kg). The lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure, four second integrated relaxation pressure and Eckardt scores were all significantly reduced after POEM(Ps 0.05). A small segment of proximal esophageal peristalsis appeared postoperatively in two patients, but without normal esophageal peristalsis. The average diameter of the esophageal lumen decreased significantly from 4.39 to 3.09 cm(P 0.01). CONCLUSION: POEM can relieve achalasia symptoms, improve gastroesophageal junction relaxation and restore esophageal body motility function, but not normal esophageal peristalsis.     

Non-surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia

INTRODUCTION Esophageal achalasia is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by degenerative changes of myenteric plexus leading to a selective loss of inhibitory nerve endings. The consequences of this damage are the irreversible loss of peristaltic …     

食管测压在贲门失弛缓症诊治中的应用及评价

目的　研究贲门失弛缓症患者的食管压力变化。方法　对 35例贲门失弛缓症患者与 30位正常对照的食管测压数据进行对比分析。结果　贲门失弛缓症组食管体部均为同步蠕动波 ,91 4 % (32 / 35 )为低幅同步收缩波 ;食管下括约肌松弛率 (LESRR)为 (6 9 1± 16 3) % ,明显低于正常对照的 (96 0± 0 1) % (P <0 0 1) ;食管下括约肌压增加 ;食管上括约肌各项指标与正常对照组比较无明显差别。结论　贲门失弛缓症的食管压力以低幅同步收缩波和LESRR增高为特征性表现。     

气囊扩张与肉毒毒素注射联合治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床研究

目的：比较单纯小气囊扩张、单纯肉毒毒素(BT)注射和两者联合治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效与副作用。方法：48例患者随机被分为3组：扩张组只用小气囊扩张治疗；注射组只注射BT治疗；联合组两种方法联合应用。分别于术前，治疗后1周、3个月和1年时比较3组患者的临床症状积分(有效率)、下食管括约肌的压力(LESP)、松弛率(LESRR)。结果：在治疗后1周、3个月和1年时，有效率及治疗前后LESP和LESRR的差值，联合组和注射组该3项指标均高于扩张组；在治疗后l周和3个月时，联合组与注射组相比无明显差异；但1年时，联合组高于注射组。3组均无并发症发生。结论：小气囊扩张术与下食管括约肌内注射BT联合治疗贲门失弛缓症，具有疗效高、持续时间长、患者痛苦小等优点。值得临床上推广应用。