米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合钳刮术终止11～14周妊娠临床观察

目的 观察米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合钳刮术的临床疗效.方法 人流术前应用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇.结果 应用药物后,钳刮术前无须扩宫颈,手术顺利,子宫收缩好,无人工流产综合征发生,总有效率达96.43%.结论米非司酮配伍米索前列醇应用于11～14周妊娠联合钳刮术安全、有效,值得临床推广.     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在钳刮术中的应用

目的：探讨米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在钳刮术中的和。方法：对６５例妊娠１０～１４周要求终止妊娠的孕妇。在行钳刮中术前１至２日予口服米非司酮２００ｍｇ,第３日晨服米索前列醇６００ｕｇ,服药４小时后行钳刮术,观察宫颈软化,扩张情况,手术及术中出血及流产后２小时阴道流血情况。结果：宫颈质地较软,宫颈扩张度高,手术操作简捷,阴道流血少,与钳刮术相比有显著差异。结论：在钳刮术前应用米非司酮配伍米索交列醇,具有较化,扩张宫颈,化简钳刮术,减少阴道流血及减轻病人痛苦的临床价值。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在钳刮术中的应用观察

目的：探索米非司酮配伍米索前列醇应用于钳刮术中的临床效果。方法：实验组68例在钳刮术前2天口服米非司酮150mg，术前3～5小时阴道后穹窿置米索前列醇200ug。对照组52例于术前6小时宫颈管置18号导尿管。结果：两组在扩张宫颈时阻力感、手术时间、术中出血量、人流综合征等方面差异有显著性。结论：米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于钳刮术中的临床效果明显优于传统的宫颈插管法，可以减轻病人痛苦。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于钳刮术或吸刮术的临床观察

目的：观察米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在钳刮术或吸刮术时软化宫颈程度及有效地预防人工流产综合反应发生情况。方法：将要求终止妊娠的孕9-14周的健康孕妇100例,随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组于施行钳刮术或吸刮术前2d开始口服米非司酮150-200mg,第3天口服米索前列醇0.6mg。对照组在宫颈消毒后,宫颈管注入盐酸丁卡因胶浆4g,等待10-15min后施行手术。结果：观察组用药后宫颈扩张效果良好,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。对发生人工流产综合反应比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：钳刮术或吸刮术前口服米非司酮配伍米索前列醇,是一种方便、安全、痛苦小、有效的软化宫颈的理想方法,且人工流产综合反应发生率较低,值得推广应用。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在终止10～14周疤痕子宫妊娠中的应用

目的探讨米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在终止疤痕子宫妊娠10～14周中的应用疗效。方法选择我院门诊2000年1月～2005年12月妊娠10-14周疤痕子宫要求流产妇女300例,随机分为用药组200例与对照组100例,用药组应用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇,对照组术前放置导尿管次日按常规钳刮术。观察宫颈松弛度、人工流产综合征（RAAS）的发生情况、手术时间及术中出血量。结果发现用药组宫颈松弛度好,200例均能顺利通过8号扩张器。手术时间短,术中出血量少,人工流产综合征发生率低。结论米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于终止妊娠10～14周的疤痕子宫钳刮术,是一种安全、简便、有效的方法。     

米非司酮及米索前列醇配合钳刮术在晚期流产中的应用

目的探讨临床上钳刮术前应用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止12~14周妊娠的临床效果。方法随机选取我院2011年11月至2012年11月用钳刮术终止妊娠的患者44例,对一部分患者在术前口服米非司酮及米索前列醇,记录其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果在术前服用米非司酮及米索前列醇的患者在手术的过程中没有感受到太多的痛苦,患者的宫颈能够充分的扩张,这有利于手术的操作。子宫出血发生率少等优点,克服了单一钳刮术所致的不良结局。讨论对使用钳刮术终止妊娠的患者术前使用米非司酮及米索前列醇,能避免患者术中术后不良反应的发生,减轻患者所承受的痛苦。值得临床上进一步推广和应用。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇协同钳刮术终止瘢痕子宫妊娠的临床分析

目的探讨终止瘢痕子宫妊娠12～14周相对优越的方法。方法回顾性分析应用米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止66例瘢痕子宫妊娠的效果,并与米非司酮配伍米索前列醇协同钳刮术72例的情况进行比较。结果钳刮术组出血量明显减少,两组有显著性差异(P<0.05),而疼痛无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论应用米非司酮配伍米索前醇终止瘢痕子宫妊娠效果好,而协同钳刮术,可减少出血量。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在过期流产中的应用

目的：观察米非司酮配伍米索前列醇应用于过期流产的效果。方法：66例过期流产病人，随机分为米非司酮配伍米索前列醇组（观察组）和用雌激素后行刮宫术组（对照组），对两组流产成功率、阴道出血量进行比较。结果：观察组流产成功率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），阴道出血量显著少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于过期流产效果满意，不良反应小于应用雌激素后行刮宫术的传统方法。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合钳刮术终止12—15周妊娠

目的探讨米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合钳刮术终止12～15周妊娠疗效。方法116例12～15周计划外妊娠者，分为观察组和对照组，观察组在行钳刮术前给予米非司酮和米索前列醇；对照组则直接扩宫行钳刮术。观察钳刮手术时间、术中出血量、胎体组织残留率及宫颈、宫体损伤情况。结果观察组手术时间短，术中出血量少，胎体组织残留率低，宫颈及宫体损伤少。与对照组比较，有显著性差异。结论米非司酮配伍米索前列醇联合钳刮术终止12～15周妊娠疗效可靠，并发症少，值得临床推广。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于无痛钳刮术临床观察

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇已广泛应用于早孕流产、中期妊娠引产、晚期妊娠促宫颈成熟等,也可用于钳刮术前的孕妇。濮阳市妇幼保健院对86例妊娠10～12周自愿要求实施无痛钳刮术,术前应用米非司酮及米索前列醇的流产效果进行了观察,取得了满意临床效果。总结报道如下：     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.