腹腔镜胃折叠术治疗肥胖症

手术减重是目前治疗病态性肥胖症最有效的治疗手段。腹腔镜Roux—en—Y胃旁路术（1aparoscopicRoux—en—Ygastricbypass,LRYGB）和腹腔镜可调节胃束带术（1aparoscopicadjustablegastricbanding．LAGB）是目前最常做的两种减重手术,腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（1aparoscopicsleevegastrectomy,LSG）是近年来发展比较快的减重术式。近年来越来越多的肥胖症患者接受这些减重手术,     

腹腔镜胃袖状切除术治疗肥胖症

<正>外科减重是目前治疗病态性肥胖症最有效的途径。腹腔镜胃旁路术(laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,LRYGBP)和腹腔镜可调节胃束带术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB)是目前最常做的     

同时经腹腔镜手术治疗肥胖症和胆囊结石的体会

目的 探讨同时经腹腔镜手术治疗肥胖症和胆囊结石的技巧、体会.方法 我科从2006年10月至2009年11月期间行腹腔镜可调节胃束带减容术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, LAGB)治疗178例单纯肥胖患者,其中18例合并胆囊结石,同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC),对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 18例肥胖症伴胆囊结石患者同时行腹腔镜手术治疗,全部成功,手术时间为(126±24) min,术中出血量为(50±16) ml;3例术后出现轻度恶心、呕吐,2例腹部穿刺切口轻度脂肪液化,1例腹腔少量积液,均经对症处理痊愈,无腹腔感染等严重并发症发生;术后1、3、6个月来院调整胃绑带松紧度,随访减重效果明显,胆囊结石引起的腹部症状消失.结论 LAGB手术创伤小且减重效果好;对合并胆囊结石者,通过调整LAGB腹壁戳孔位置可同时完成LC手术,无需增加新的腹部戳孔,创伤减少,且不影响LAGB手术效果,可达到同时治疗两种疾病的目的.     

腹腔镜可调节胃束带术与胃袖状切除术治疗肥胖症合并2型糖尿病的近期疗效比较

目的 比较腹腔镜下可调节胃束带术（LAGB）与腹腔镜胃袖状切除术（LSG）治疗肥胖症合并2型糖尿病的近期减重及降糖疗效,并初步分析两种术式减重与降糖疗效间的关系.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至201 1年12月上海第二军医大学附属长海医院收治的40例肥胖症合并2型糖尿病患者的临床资料.其中行LAGB 14例（LAGB组）,行LSG 26例（LSG组）.采用门诊及远程随访的方式比较两种术式术后1年时间内的减重及降糖疗效.两组术前情况比较采用配对t检验,两组间比较采用重复测量的双变量多因素方差分析,减重及降糖疗效相关性采用线性回归分析.结果 两组患者均经腹腔镜完成手术,无中转开腹,无术中并发症发生.LAGB组患者手术时间为（69±16） min,术中出血量为（31±14） mL.LSG组患者手术时间为（120 ± 15） min,术中出血量为（148±48）mL.两组患者术后均未发生营养不良、电解质紊乱、胃排空障碍、出血、吻合口漏等严重并发症.有2例患者术后出现局部伤口脂肪液化,经换药后愈合.（1）减重疗效：LAGB组和LSG组患者术后体质量、BMI、腰围均呈下降趋势.LAGB组患者术后体质量、BMI、腰围由术前的（117 ±28）kg、（40±8）kg/m2、（118±15）cm下降为术后48周的（94±28）kg、（33±8）kg/m2、（92±15） cm;LSG组患者上述指标由术前的（119±25）kg、（42±6） kg/m2、（123±14） cm下降为术后48周的（74±16） kg、（26±4） kg/m2、（86±13）cm.两组患者多余体质量减少率（EWL）呈上升趋势.LAGB组患者EWL由术后1周7％±2％上升为术后48周的53％±24％,LSG组患者EWL由术后1周11％±4％上升为术后48周的90％±20％.两组上述指标变化趋势比较,差异有统计学意义（F=60.660,74.490,57.650,90.020,P＜0.05）.（2）降糖疗效：LAGB组患者术后糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、TG、TC、LDL、HDL由术前的8.1     

腹腔镜胃袖套状切除减肥术(附1例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胃袖套状切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)的减肥效果、术后并发症及其在临床中的应用。方法:分析2006年12月我院1例病态肥胖患者行腹腔镜胃袖套状切除术的临床资料。结果:该例病态肥胖患者行腹腔镜胃袖套状切除术后减重明显,无头晕、乏力等身体不适,未出现胃肠功能紊乱、营养障碍等并发症。结论:腹腔镜胃袖套状切除术是安全可行的,具有减重效果明显、并发症少等优点,可作为病态肥胖患者的理想手术方式。     

腹腔镜可调节胃束带减容术治疗肥胖症的护理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜可调节胃束带减容术（laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB）治疗肥胖症的护理体会。方法回顾性分析2007年10月-2009年8月我院3例腹腔镜可调节胃束带减容术的临床护理资料。结果 3例手术均顺利进行,手术时间75 min、100 min、170min,出血量20 ml、30 ml、70 ml,术后住院3 d、4 d、8 d,1例出现套孔管感染,全组无死亡病例。术后随访,根据需要调节捆扎带、控制减重速度,1例随访7月,体重减轻36 kg,1例随访14月,体重减轻40 kg,1例随访22月,减重减轻60 kg,无体重反弹及营养不良病例。结论通过术前良好的心理护理、术前准备及术后并发症的观察与护理,对提高LAGB质量肥胖症的疗效是非常重要的。     

腹腔镜可调节胃束带术后并发症及治疗

目的探讨腹腔镜可调节胃束带术（LAGB）后并发症及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2005年9月至2011年6月天津市南开医院行LAGB随访2年以上的83例肥胖症患者的临床资料。腹腔镜下放置胃束带,使束带上方形成1个容量约20～30ml胃小囊,将注水泵埋于剑突下腹直肌前鞘浅面。在术后4周根据患者体质量变化、餐后症状及上消化道造影情况,对胃束带进行注水调节。采用门诊和电话方式进行随访,随访时间截至2013年7月。结果83例患者并发症发生率为44．6％（37／83）,其中早期并发症（1个月内）6例、远期并发症31例。早期并发症主要表现为进食后呕吐,5例患者通过减慢进食速度、减少进食量后缓解;1例患者症状严重,予禁食水并营养支持,5d后症状缓解。远期并发症中,25例患者发生束带腐蚀胃壁并向胃腔内移位（其中6例合并注水泵处感染）,通过腹腔镜手术（早期1例行开腹手术）将胃束带取出,并缝合胃壁穿孔处获得治愈;10例患者发生注水泵相关并发症（6例为上述注水泵感染者,4例为注水泵移位）,通过手术将注水泵取出;2例发生束带滑动移位,通过抽净注水泵内生理盐水,改为流质饮食,减少进食量后,1例患者束带位置恢复正常,另1例患者无变化,行腹腔镜手术取出胃束带。结论LAGB术后并发症发生率较高,并随着术后时间的延长而增高,远期并发症多数需要再次手术治疗。     

可调节胃束带减重术失败后修正手术的选择

正外科手术已经被证明是目前唯一能够长期、确切、有效治疗病态肥胖的手段。作为减重手术中的经典术式,腹腔镜胃束带术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB)已被证明是安全、易行的术式,既往曾被广泛开展。据统计,2008年全球胃束带术占所有减重手术的42.3%,仅次于胃旁路术     

腹腔镜可调节性胃束带术治疗肥胖症伴2型糖尿病的近期疗效

目的 观察腹腔镜可调节性胃束带术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, LAGB)治疗病态肥胖症伴2型糖尿病的近期疗效.方法 对2006年10月至2007年8月收治的8例病态肥胖症伴2型糖尿病患者行LAGB治疗,监测术后1、3、6、9个月体质量变化,餐前空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖变化,胰岛素及口服降糖药的使用情况.结果 8例患者术后体质量均减轻,术后9个月平均体质量指数由术前(38.7±7.5)k9/m2降至(30.5±4.3)kg/m2;6、9个月血糖水平明显下降,4例降至正常;9个月3例皮下注射胰岛素者改为口服降糖药物,4例停用降糖药物,1例注射胰岛素但减量.结论 LAGB能有效治疗病态肥胖症伴2型糖尿病,近期疗效良好.     

腹腔镜可调节捆扎带胃减容术治疗单纯重度肥胖症的临床应用

目的评价腹腔镜可调节捆扎带胃减容术(laparoscopicadjustablegastricbanding,LAGB)治疗单纯重度肥胖症的效果。方法对15例病态肥胖患者(平均年龄28岁,体重指数平均33.7kg/m2)施行LAGB,并观察其初步疗效。结果LAGB手术时间65～185(平均100)min,出血量10～60(平均29)ml。15例患者无手术死亡,术中、术后均未出现并发症。术后15例均获得25～43(平均31)周的随访,并根据需要调节捆扎带、控制减重速度。全组患者减重10.5～35.0(平均19.2)kg;无营养不良症状出现。结论LAGB治疗单纯重度肥胖症具有微创、安全等特点,近期减重效果满意,但其远期疗效仍需进一步观察。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.