应用人工真皮和自体皮移植修复难愈性创面

目的 了解人工真皮联合自体皮移植修复难愈性创面的可行性并评价其治疗效果.方法 选择20例住院患者共25处持续8周以上的难愈性创面,分为慢性溃疡组9例11处创面,为创伤、烧伤后瘢痕溃疡创面;骨外露组11例14处创面,骨外露面积为0.8～77.0 cm~2(最大面积为22.0 cm×3.5 cm).手术方法 为I期扩创移植人工真皮,2～6周后局部血管化良好,外露肌腱和骨质被类真皮组织覆盖,Ⅱ期移植自体薄断层皮片. 结果 慢性溃疡组9例患者的11处创面中,9处愈合优良,2处经换药后愈合.骨外露组11例患者的14处创面中,12处愈合优,外露骨质得到有效覆盖;2处创面因感染人工真皮未成活,随后行皮瓣修复手术.随访5-24个月,未见创面复发,外观满意,无明显增生性瘢痕,供皮区亦无明显瘢痕形成. 结论 人工真皮联合自体皮移植修复难愈性创面,方法 简便、创面愈合质量高、供皮区损失轻微,为难愈性创面的修复提供了新的选择.     

富血小板纤维蛋白修复难愈性骨外露创面疗效探讨

目的:探讨富血小板纤维蛋白(Platelet-rich fibrin,PRF)修复难愈性骨外露创面的临床疗效。方法:将2016年4月-2019年3月在达州市中心医院烧伤整形科住院和伤口中心门诊治疗的骨外露60例患者随机分为实验组(PRF治疗)和对照组(藻酸盐敷料+表皮生长因子治疗),比较两组治疗后2周的创面肉芽组织覆盖情况、肉芽组织覆盖全部创面时间、换药次数。结果:实验组治疗2周后骨外露面积缩小(4.6±1.12)cm~2明显高于对照组(3.6±0.61)cm~2,肉芽组织全覆盖时间为(20.5±6.15)d少于对照组(37.4±9.13)d,换药次数(3.83±1.09)次低于对照组的(15.86±4.28)次,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PRF能明显促进肉芽组织生长,缩短骨外露创面肉芽覆盖时间,减少换药次数,可以作为骨外露创面的治疗方法之一,值得临床推广应用。     

人工真皮覆盖修复手足小面积创面的效果

目的探讨应用人工真皮覆盖修复肌腱和(或)骨外露的手足小面积创面的临床疗效。方法应用人工真皮覆盖修复23例外伤致肌腱和(或)骨外露的手足软组织开放损伤患者,皮肤缺失面积为0.5 cm×0.8cm~3 cm×3 cm。彻底清创、止血后,将人工真皮裁剪成与创面适当大小,将胶原海绵一侧向着创面贴附,并需在硅胶层上划孔,与创面边缘皮肤缝合,表面覆盖凡士林纱布,再轻轻压迫固定,以不压扁胶原海绵为原则。术后3~5 d常规换药,术后3~4周撕开硅胶膜,在新生的真皮样组织上植入与创面同等大小薄层表皮,操作方法同常规皮片移植方法,部分小面积伤口亦可待其自行愈合。结果患者创面均良好愈合,16例伤口待新生的真皮样组织生长良好后,创面植皮修复;7例伤口自行愈合。患者均获得随访,时间1~5个月。愈合创面皮肤外观满意,瘢痕无挛缩。结论人工真皮覆盖修复肌腱和(或)骨外露的小面积手足创面,可以简化皮片移植手术的操作,减少副损伤,降低截指(趾)率。     

富血小板血浆修复皮肤缺损的实验研究

目的 观察富血小板血浆(PRP)在新西兰大白兔皮肤缺损修复中的作用,探讨PRP促进软组织修复和皮肤愈合的疗效. 方法 新西兰大白兔16只,体质量2.5～3.0 kg,雌雄不限.在背部脊柱两侧分别制作面积为3 cm×3 cm的全层皮肤缺损,随机选择任一侧为实验组,用PRP凝胶覆盖伤口(PRP组),对照组以自体全血凝胶覆盖伤口,随后分别用3M膜紧贴皮肤覆盖创面.分别于术后第5、10、15、20天通过大体和组织学观察来比较两组伤口愈合情况. 结果 大体形态:术后第5天,对照组伤口可见炎性渗出物,2个伤口出现少量脓性分泌物,创面面积为(7.05±1.06)cm<'2>,PRP组伤口干燥,创面面积为(6.38±1.00)cm<'2>.术后第20天,PRP组创面完全闭合,对照组有2例表皮未完全覆盖伤口,创面面积为(0.20±0.24)cm<'2>.组织学观察:术后第5天,PRP组创面PRP凝块里修复细胞较多,而对照组自体血凝块中修复细胞较少.术后第20天,两组皮肤结构均较完整,但PRP组皮肤更显成熟,真皮层纤维排列较对照组整齐. 结论 PRP能有效地促进新西兰大白兔皮肤缺损的修复.     

富血小板血浆治疗深部组织外露的外伤性难愈性创面的疗效观察

目的观察富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗外伤性难愈性创面的临床疗效。方法 2014年1月至2016年8月,广州军区广州总医院一五七分院骨科治疗15例外伤性难愈性创面患者,纳入标准为经正规治疗1个月以上仍未愈合,有骨骼、肌腱、深筋膜或接骨板外露的外伤所致的慢性创面,排除癌性创面和非外伤性创面。经过1个月以上的清创、换药、负压封闭引流(VSD)等治疗后,仍无明显愈合趋势,创面面积平均(15.0±2.4)cm2,使用自体PRP凝胶进行治疗使创面缩小至1 cm2以内,并观察治疗前、治疗后5 d的体温、白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、视觉模拟评分(VAS)疼痛评分及局部皮温,采用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行配对t检验统计分析。结果经1~3次PRP治疗后,创面均获得上皮化愈合,平均愈合时间(33±3.6)d。治疗前后体温(t=0.878,P0.05)、WBC(t=0.734,P0.05)、CRP(t=0.284,P0.05)、ESR(t=0.416,P0.05)、VAS疼痛评分(t=1.506,P0.05)、局部皮温(t=0.576,P0.05),差异无统计学意义。结论经清创、换药、VSD等方法治疗后仍不能愈合的合并深部组织外露的外伤性难愈性创面,PRP治疗能获得创面的上皮化愈合。     

富血小板血浆联合护创膜在外露创面的临床应用

目的探讨富血小板血浆(PRP)联合无菌生物护创膜在肌腱外露创膜的临床疗效。方法收集自2016年7月至2018年8月期间,本院收治的11例足背肌腱外露的病例(其中7例踝关节手术后皮肤坏死致肌腱外露,4例撕脱伤术后肌腱外露),11例病例清创后,均应用PRP联合无菌生物护创膜对肌腱外露创面进行肌腱外软组织修复,再予创面进行植皮修复,并予以负压封闭引流(VAC)。结果 11例足背肌腱外露创面病例均愈合较好,其中8例创面完全愈合,3例植皮后创缘有小面积创面不愈,经反复换药后愈合。结论富血小板血浆(PRP)联合无菌生物护创膜在足背肌腱外露创面的临床应用是值得在临床上推广应用的。     

邻近肌瓣联合VSD植皮一期修复胫前骨外露创面

目的 探讨一种修复胫前骨外露创面的方法.方法 根据骨外露部位的不同,将39例外伤后伴有胫骨外露患者分为上、中、下3个区域,针对不同区域选择合适的肌瓣覆盖骨外露创面后,同期行VSD植皮修复创面,1周后拆除负压封闭引流装置.结果 39例胫骨外露创面所移植肌瓣、植皮均成活,2例表皮轻度糜烂,换药后愈合.术后随访3～6个月,创面愈合良好,下肢行走正常.结论 选择合适肌瓣联合VSD植皮一期修复胫骨外露创面,可提高手术成功率,减轻患者痛苦,缩短了疗程,是治疗该类创面的简便、有效的方法.     

人工真皮修复手足部肌腱和骨外露创面

目的观察应用人工真皮联合自体皮片移植修复手足部肌腱和骨外露创面的临床疗效。方法对14例手足部皮肤缺损伴肌腱、骨外露患者采用清创人工真皮覆盖治疗,3周后采用自体中厚皮片移植修复创面。结果除1例边缘坏死经局部换药愈合外,13例植皮全部成活。患者均获得随访,时间6~24个月。创面愈合外观满意,局部无明显疼痛和增生性瘢痕,移植皮肤柔软,有弹性,色素沉着不明显。结论人工真皮联合二期植皮是修复手足部肌腱和骨外露创面的一种简单、有效的方法。     

负压封闭引流在下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡修复中的应用

目的:探讨负压封闭引流(VSD)技术在下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡修复中的应用价值。方法:对45例下肢皮肤慢性溃疡患者采用一期手术清创、负压封闭引流覆盖创面(必要时二次或多次手术),二期手术通过中厚皮片或全厚皮片移植修复创面。结果:45例皮肤慢性溃疡患者经过一期手术清创负压封闭引流治疗后,创面坏死组织全部清除,鲜嫩肉芽覆盖外露的肌腱、骨及软骨组织。通过二期手术在鲜嫩肉芽上植皮,皮片全部存活,慢性溃疡创面得以成功修复。结论:负压封闭引流用于治疗下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡,手术操作简便,疗效显著,值得推广。     

跟腱外露难愈创面的封闭式负压吸引治疗

目的:总结封闭式负压引流(vacuum-assisted closure,VAC)技术治疗跟腱外露创面的良好效果,为这类创面修复提供更好的治疗方法。方法:2007年1月~2014年3月,笔者应用VAC治疗18例跟腱外露患者,其中跟腱断裂术后9例,车祸伤4例,重物卡压伤2例,钢绳切割伤1例,Ⅲ度烧伤1例,Ⅲ度电击伤1例。围手术期准备后,尽快手术扩创,行创面VAC治疗。结果:所有创面经VAC治疗后,创面明显缩小,肉芽生长迅速,部分或全部覆盖外露肌腱,其中12例全部被肉芽组织覆盖,行薄中厚皮片移植修复,11例患者一期愈合。余仍有部分肌腱外露者,5例行邻近皮瓣修复,全部一期愈合;1例行人工真皮加自体刃厚皮片移植一次性修复,所有创面一期愈合率达94.4%。所有患者均随访6月~3年,无复发,局部无挛缩,功能恢复良好。结论:VAC治疗跟腱外露难愈创面,明显缩短疗程,有效防治肌腱坏死,减少手术创伤及治疗疼痛,提高愈合质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.