快速康复外科理念在结肠癌合并肠梗阻病人中的应用分析

目的探讨快速康复外科(fast track surgery, FTS)理念在结肠癌合并肠梗阻病人围手术期的应用价值与安全性。方法结肠癌合并肠梗阻病人72例,采用随机数表分为传统组(36例)与FTS组(36例),传统组按照传统外科理念行围手术期管理,FTS组按FTS理念行围手术期管理。比较两组病人术后VAS评分、首次离床时间、首次排气排便时间、首次进流食时间、住院时间、术后并发症等情况。结果 FTS组术后1天、3天VAS评分低于传统组(P0.05),术后7天两组病人VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。FTS组与传统组首次离床时间分别为(17.66±12.10)小时和(26.37±10.70)小时,首次排气时间分别为(47.54±15.30)小时和(57.95±18.40)小时,首次排粪时间分别为(98.26±27.10)小时和(115.63±27.50)小时,首次进流质时间分别为(48.72±13.50)小时和(57.75±17.00)小时,出院时间分别为(5.85±2.20)天和(8.73±3.50)天,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。FTS组病人术后肺部感染、切口感染的发生少于传统组,术后腹胀、呕吐的发生多于传统组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组病人术后腹腔内出血、腹腔内感染、吻合口狭窄等并发症以及并发症总体发生率比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论 FTS理念在结肠癌合并肠梗阻病人中安全有效,并未增加并发症的发生,有利于术后康复,缩短住院时间。     

快速康复外科在结直肠肿瘤围手术期应用效果观察

目的:探讨结直肠肿瘤手术患者应用快速康复理念(FTS)的效果。方法 :180例拟行结直肠癌根治性手术患者随机分为FTS组96例和传统组84例,对比两组患者的围手术期恢复情况、手术并发症、实验室指标及术后患者的生存质量差异。结果:FTS组和传统组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹率、平均切口长度差异军无统计学意义(P0.05);FTS组的住院时间、口服镇痛药物、停止补液的时间、排气时间、排便时间均显著的短于传统组患者(P0.05);FTS组患者的并发症率8.33%显著低于传统组患者的25.00%(P0.05);术后第1天、术后第3天FTS组患者血WBC、CRP水平显著低于传统组患者(P0.05);围手术期EORTC QLQ-C30评分中,FTS组的身体、总生活质量、疼痛、气促、失眠、食欲丧失评分均显著的高于传统组患者(P0.05)。结论:直肠肿瘤手术患者应用快速康复理念有助于减少患者的并发症,促进患者恢复,提高患者围手术期的生存质量。     

老年人全髋关节置换围手术期快速康复护理

[目的]比较老年全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA)快速康复护理与传统康复护理的早期效果。[方法] 2019年1月～2019年4月在本院行全髋关节置换术的70例患者,随机分为两组,每组35例。围手术期快速康复组采用快速康复方法与护理,传统康复组采用传统康复方法和相应护理。比较两组患者术后2周,1个月和6个月时Harris评分、早期并发症和患者满意率。[结果]随术后时间推移两组患者的Harris评分均显著增加(P0.05)。术前两组间Harris评分的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但术后2周、术后1个月、术后6个月时,快速康复组患者的Harris评分均显著高于传统康复组(P0.05)。围手术期快速康复组出现下肢静脉血栓2例;而传统康复组出现下肢静脉血栓5例,低钠血症1例,两组间并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出院时,快速康复组患者满意率为94.43%,而传统康复组为88.57%;快速康复组患者家属满意率为97.14%,而传统康复组为91.43%;两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]对老年患者THA围手术期采用快速康复护理的早期效果优于传统康复护理。     

快速康复外科在活体肝移植供者中的应用

目的 探讨快速康复外科(FTS)在活体肝移植供者择期手术中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年11月上海交通大学附属仁济医院收治的214例肝移植供者的临床资料,根据手术处理方法分为传统组和快速组.传统组:73例,2006年1月至2009年5月采用传统围手术期处理方案；快速组:141例,2009年5月至2011年11月采用FTS方案.观察比较两组供者术后康复情况,计数资料比较采用x2检验,计量资料比较采用t检验.结果 快速组供者手术时间、下床活动时间、肛门排气时间、排便时间、术后住院时间、住院费用分别为(178±37) min、(1.6±1.0)d、(2.9±1.6)d、(3.1±1.5)d、(5.9±1.9)d、(1.8±0.6)万元,传统组供者相应指标分别为(167±33) min、(3.6±1.4)d、(4.6±2.3)d、(4.5±1.4)d、(7.6±1.5)d、(2.2±0.4)万元,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t =2.115,77.138,6.504,6.913,6.970,73.038,P＜0.05)；而快速组和传统组术中出血量分别为(130±47)ml和(138±46) ml,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.251,P＞0.05).快速组和传统组供者满意率分别为98.6％(139/141)和89.2％(74/83),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=9.94,P＜0.05).结论 FTS在活体肝移植供者中应用安全、经济,能够减少手术应激反应,促进供者早日康复,降低住院费用,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

结直肠癌围手术期应用快速康复外科的效果分析

探讨快速康复外科(FTS)用于结直肠癌患者围手术期的效果。将112例结直肠癌患者随机分为快速康复组(FTS组)及对照组,比较两组临床治疗效果、应激反应程度及并发症的发生情况。FTS组术前未置胃管及肠道灌洗;与对照组相比,FTS组患者术后尿管留置时间、进食时间、肛门排气时间、首次排便时间均明显缩短(P0.01);术后输液时间、住院时间及住院费用均减少(P0.05);术后总体并发症发生率及应激反应程度均低于对照组(P0.05)。FTS用于结直肠癌患者围手术期可以促进胃肠功能恢复,减少住院费用及并发症发生率,降低机体应激水平。     

快速康复理念在男科围手术期护理中的应用研究

目的:研究快速康复外科(FTS)在男科围手术期护理中的应用效果。方法:选择行男科手术200例患者作为对照组,采用传统护理方法。男科手术的另200例患者作为观察组,应用FTS理念进行围手术期护理,在围手术期间应用各种已证实有效的方法,减少患者手术应激,使其快速康复。比较两组患者术后肠蠕动时间、首次排气时间、进食时间、下床活动时间、首次排便时间及肠道准备并发症,舒适度、患者护理满意度。结果:观察组与对照组相比,术后肠蠕动时间分别为(4.4±1.4)h和(5.8±0.9)h,首次排气时间(7.7±2.0)h和(10.8±1.8)h,进食时间(6.3±0.7)h和(12.9±0.7)h,下床活动时间(8.2±1.4)h和(14.3±2.7)h,首次排便时间(39.6±2.5)h和(49.2±2.6)h,以上5项指标观察组均短于对照组(P0.01);患者肠道准备并发症发生率观察组低于对照组(P0.05);观察组留置与早期拔除导尿管的舒适度高于对照组(P0.01);护理满意度[(99.4±0.3)%和(97.5±0.7)%],观察组高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:快速康复在男科围手术期护理中的应用是实效安全的,可以促进康复,改善质量,值得在男科临床护理中推广与应用。     

加速康复外科在达芬奇机器人胃癌根治术中的应用体会

目的:探讨快速康复外科(FTS)在达芬奇机器人胃癌根治术中的临床应用价值.方法:选取2018年10月至2019年5月53例行达芬奇胃癌根治术的患者,随机分为快速康复组(n=25)与常规组(n=28),快速康复组采取FTS理念指导下的围手术期管理;常规组采取常规围手术期管理.比较两组临床资料、围手术期资料(术后住院时间、...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术围术期快速康复外科护理的应用效果

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)围术期快速康复外科(FTS)护理的应用效果。方法随机将64例接受LC的胆囊良性疾病患者分为2组,每组32例。对照组行围术期常规护理,FTS组围术期实施FTS护理干预。比较2组的护理效果。结果 FTS组患者术后下床活动时间、住院时间、并发症发生率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后24 h、72 h的C反应蛋白(CRP)水平比术前均明显升高,FTS组患者升高幅度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LC围术期实施FTS护理干预,能降低术后并发症发生率,减轻手术应激反应,促进患者术后早期康复。     

加速康复外科理念对低位直肠癌保肛术后病人的临床疗效、肛门动力学及生活质量的影响

目的探讨加速康复外科(FTS)理念对低位直肠癌保肛术后病人的临床疗效、肛门动力学及生活质量的影响。方法低位直肠癌病人(均行保肛手术)100例,将100例病人随机分为两组,研究组50例,采用FTS治疗理念,对照组50例,采用常规围术期处理方法,比较两组病人围术期相关指标及肛门功能等差异。结果两组病人手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组和对照组术中出血量分别为(221.4±93.1)ml和(263.2±76.4)ml,术后首次排气时间分别为(3.7±0.6)天和(5.6±0.8)天,术中输液量分别为(2261.5±670.2)ml和(2574.2±635.0)ml,术后住院时间分别为(8.5±2.1)天和(13.2±2.0)天,首次进食时间分别为(4.1±1.2)天和(6.6±1.8)天,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组病人术后总并发症发生率为18.0%,对照组为36.0%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月,研究组病人肛门功能良好率为74.0%,对照组为54.0%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组术后3个月的肛门最大收缩压及静息压、静息及收缩向量容积分别为(245.2±20.1)mmH g、(165.0±17.3)mmH g、(32792.4±3887.6)cm(mmH g)~2及(68647.5±2865.3)cm(mmH g)~2),对照组分别为(189.5±18.5)mmH g、(88.9±16.8)mmH g、(28986.6±3946.8)cm(mmH g)~2及(43462.9±3013.0)cm(mmH g)~2),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组病人术后1年FACT-G评分均较术前明显改善,研究组变化更为显著(P0.05)。结论 FTS理念可有效改善围术期低位直肠癌保肛手术病人的临床疗效,减少术后并发症,同时可显著改善病人的肛门括约肌功能。     

快速康复理念在肝癌肝切除术围手术期处理中的应用

目的：评估快速康复外科（FTS）理念应用于肝癌切除术患者围手术期的优越性。方法：297例肝细胞性肝癌患者被随机分为FTS组（135例）和对照组（162例）,FTS组采用FTS理念指导下的围手术期处理措施,对照组采用传统围手术期处理措施,比较分析两组患者术中情况,术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后住院天数、住院费用、术后不良反应及并发症情况。结果：与对照组比较,FTS组手术时间明显缩短,术后肠道功能恢复时间明显提前,术后住院天数缩短,住院费用降低;差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。并发症情况两组无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论：FTS理念应用于肝癌切除术患者围手术期的处理安全有效的,可加速患者的康复进程。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.