横纹肌溶解与急性肾衰竭

横纹肌溶解（RM）是指由于各种创伤性或非创伤性因素引起横纹肌（骨骼肌）细胞损伤,胞内容物（钾、磷、肌酸激酶、肌红蛋白、有机酸等）释放入细胞外液和血液循环的一组临床综合征。由于平时临床上RM相对少见,且早期缺乏特异性表现而易被忽视,漏诊、误诊、失治可引起严重甚至致命性的并发症,如高钾血症、心律失常、筋膜室综合征、弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）、急性肾衰竭（ARF）等。     

横纹肌溶解综合征致急性肾衰竭一例

横纹肌溶解综合征（RM）是因各种原因引起骨骼肌急性破坏和溶解、细胞内容物释放并进入血液循环、导致体内电解质紊乱、代谢性酸中毒、低血容量、肌红蛋白尿等多种器官功能障碍综合征,以急性肾衰竭（ARF）最多见。现将我院近期收治的RM-ARF患者1例报道如下。     

酒精中毒致横纹肌溶解症及急性肾衰竭的诊治分析

1．一般资料：2005年12月至2010年6月我科收治的因酒精中毒致横纹肌溶解综合征（RM）及急性肾衰竭（ARF）患者10例,男9例,女1例,年龄18～42岁。所有患者均有饮酒过量致酒精中毒病史,饮酒至入院时间2～12h。其临床表现为：恶心、呕吐;不同程度精神症状,轻者昏睡,重者昏迷;肢体肌肉肿胀、疼痛、乏力。其中3例无尿,5例少尿;8例呈酱油色尿,9例伴发热。     

横纹肌溶解综合征的诊治

横纹肌溶解综合征(Rhabdomyolysis,RM)指一系列影响横纹肌细胞膜、膜通道及其能量供应的多种遗传性或获得性疾病导致的横纹肌损伤,细胞膜完整性改变,细胞内容物漏出,包括肌红蛋白(Myoglobin,Mb)、肌酸磷酸激酶(Creatine Pphosphokinases,CPK)等酶类,离子和小分子毒性物质.常常伴有威胁生命的代谢紊乱和急性肾衰竭(ARF).     

运动性横纹肌溶解症继发急性肾衰竭25例临床分析

目的：探讨运动性横纹肌溶解症引起急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病因、特点、治疗及预后。方法：回顾性分析25例运动性横纹肌溶解症引起急性肾衰竭患者的病因、临床表现,实验室检查变化、治疗方案及转归。结果：全部患者起病前均有剧烈运动史,均有肌痛、肿胀、棕色尿和一过性少尿等表现,并继发ARF。治疗前血清肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、天门冬氨基酸转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）峰值均超过正常值5倍以上,经输液、利尿、碱化尿液等综合治疗,病情逐渐改善,各类生化指标恢复正常,平均住院时间为12.4d（7d～22d）。结论：运动性横纹肌溶解症引起ARF是由于过度运动致肌细胞对缺氧的耐受超过其极限引起,大量肌红蛋白堵塞肾小管构成肾损害恶性循环。CK增高是RM的标志性检查指标,其预后与肌肉细胞的损伤程度以及早期识别、早期容量复苏密切相关。     

促红细胞生成素对横纹肌溶解大鼠急性肾衰竭的肾脏保护作用

目的：观察促红细胞生成素（EPO）能否减轻横纹肌溶解引起的急性肾衰竭（ARF）大鼠肾损伤程度并探讨机制。方法：重200g左右SD大鼠48只,禁水14h后分4组,正常对照组：两后腿肌肉注射生理盐水10ml/kg;ARF组：两后腿肌肉内注射50%甘油（10ml/kg）;EPO立即干预组：肌肉注射50%甘油的同时腹腔注射EPO2000μg/kg,12h后重复1次;EPO延迟干预组：在肌肉注射甘油6h后注射EPO2000μg/kg,12h重复1次。观察各组尿量、肾功能和肾组织病理变化。结果：与ARF组相比,EPO立即干预组和延迟干预组血尿素氮、血肌酐浓度均明显降低,ATN评分下降（P〈0.05）。肌肉注射甘油的3组大鼠24h肾组织中均存在明显的小管细胞凋亡,EPO干预组凋亡情况减轻;肌肉注射甘油的大鼠肾组织抗凋亡因子Bcl-XL的蛋白质表达比正常对照组增加,EPO立即干预和延迟干预组增加更加明显。结论：立即注射和延迟6h注射EPO均可减轻甘油诱导的横纹肌溶解性大鼠急性肾损伤。     

横纹肌溶解症致急性肾衰竭--附17例临床分析

目的提高横纹肌溶解症致急性肾衰竭的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析了17例横纹肌溶解症致急性肾衰竭的病因、临床表现、实验室检查和治疗措施。结果除2例死亡外,15例患者均获得临床治愈。结论早期诊断、充分水化、血液透析、支持治疗是提高治愈率的关键。     

横纹肌溶解致急性肾衰竭3例报告及文献复习

目的：探讨横纹肌溶解致急性肾衰竭的发病机制及有效的治疗方法。方法：分析报道典型的横纹肌溶解导致急性肾衰竭3例患者,并作文献复习。结果：患者均为男性,平均年龄33,3岁,2例大量饮酒（其中1例同时注射海洛因）后,另1例由于一氧化碳中毒。有长时间昏睡史,血压偏低。其中有1例患者的肾活检病理报告：急性肾小管坏死,肾小管内存在大量蛋白栓子;免疫组化证实为肌红蛋白。3例患者入院时均无尿,高钾血症,重度酸中毒,所以予以血液透析及对症治疗,痊愈出院。结论：虽然尿中检测到肌红蛋白是诊断横纹肌溶解的“金标准”,但我们认为肾穿刺活检免疫组化证明肾小管内肌红蛋白栓子可作为诊断横纹肌溶解引起急性肾小管坏死更直接证据。酗酒加注射毒品后引起肌溶解急性肾衰竭的病情较重且复杂,早期血液透析治疗可以减少死亡率。     

横纹肌溶解并发急性肾功能衰竭的血液净化治疗

本文简要综述了横纹肌溶解的概念、病因、发病机制、临床特征,以及并发急性肾功能衰 竭时的防治措施。     

横纹肌溶解综合征致急性肾功能衰竭临床分析

横纹肌溶解综合征(rhabdomyolysis,RM)是横纹肌损伤释放大量肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)和肌酸磷酸激酶(serumcreatine phosphokinases,CPK),乳酸脱氢酶(L-lactate dehydrogenese,LDH)进入外周血的一组临床和实验室综合征。Mb滤入肾小管则直接损伤肾小管引起急性肾小管坏死(acute tubular necrosis,ATN),或阻塞肾小管引起肾内梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭(urinary tract obstruction,UTO)。RM是引起ATN很重要的原因之一,过     

Factors associated with acute renal failure in children with rhabdomyolysis

Pigment nephropathy accounts for approximately 3% of all cases of acute renal failure (ARF) in children. Studies of risk factors associated with ARF and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children with rhabdomyolysis-associated pigment nephropathy consist of retrospective case series with variable inclusion criteria. Our objective was to evaluate clinical and laboratory characteristics, etiology, initial fluid therapy, prevalence of ARF and the requirement for RRT in pediatric patients with acute rhabdomyolysis. Twenty-eight patients (19 male) with a mean age of 11.1 ± 5.6 years were studied. Acute renal failure occurred in 11 patients (39%), seven of whom (64%) required RRT. Features associated with the need for RRT included history of fever, persistent oliguria, admission blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine, Ca²⁺, K⁺, bicarbonate and aspartate aminotransferase. Most of these factors are related to the level of renal insufficiency and degree of muscle injury. There was no difference in admission and peak creatine kinase (CK) levels between those who did or did not require RRT. However, all who required RRT had a peak CK level > 5000 U/L.     

Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure

A clinical profile of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure is presented. Myoglobinuric renal failure is treatable and hence a high index of suspicion is warranted in the etiologies discussed.     

Ureterosygmoidostomy-associated quadriparesis, non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis, and tetany in an adult

We report an adult case of ureterosigmoidostomy-associated quadriparesis, rhabdomyolysis, and tetany which may be the first such case in the literature. A 32-year-old female patient was brought to the emergency room of our hospital, having been unable to walk or use her arms for 24 h. Neurological examination revealed quadriparesis. She had severe hypokalemia (1.27 mmol/l) and metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.05). Creatine kinase value was 2,590 U/l on the third day. She received intensive therapy to correct the hypokalemia and acidosis. On the third day of hospitalization tetany was detected in her upper extremities. The patient regained full muscle power after intravenous potassium chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium replacement therapy.     

Serum creatine kinase levels are not associated with an increased need for continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury following rhabdomyolysis

Severe rhabdomyolysis can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). Previous studies have reported a benefit from continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Here, we investigated the potential for serum creatine kinase (CK) levels to be used as a marker for CRRT termination in patients with AKI following rhabdomyolysis. We compared different CK levels in patients after CRRT termination and observed their clinical outcomes. We retrospectively collected 86 cases with confirmed rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI, who were receiving CRRT in Tongji Hospital. Patients’ renal functions were assessed within 24 h of intermission, patients with urine output ≥ 1,000 mL and serum creatinine ≤ 265 umol/L were considered for CRRT termination. After termination, 33 patients with a CK > 5,000 U/L were included in an experimental group, and 53 patients with a CK < 5,000 U/L were included in a control group. Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Higher CK levels, as well as worse renal functions, predicted the necessity of CRRT. After CRRT termination, the in-hospital mortality (p = 0.389) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) incidence (p = 0.064) were similar between the two groups, while the experimental group showed a significantly shorter in-hospital length of stay (p = 0.026) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay (p = 0.038). CRRT termination may be independent of CK levels for patients with rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI, and this is contingent on their renal functions having recovered to an appropriate level.     

Deep vein thrombosis complicating severe hypernatremia,rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure in a patient with untreated seizure disorder

We report a 22-year-old male patient with untreated seizure disorder, presenting with increased frequency of seizures followed by encephalopathy. Laboratory evaluation showed severe hypernatremia (175 meq/l sodium), rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure (ARF). Excessive insensible water loss in hot and humid weather, associated with an inability to obtain adequate water replacement, led to a hyperosmolar state (plasma osmolality, 398 mOsm/kg). He was vigorously treated with hypotonic fluid supplement and, further, needed dialysis therapy (peritoneal dialysis followed by hemodialysis) for acute renal insufficiency. The patient survived without any neurological sequelae, but the clinical course was complicated by acute deep vein thrombosis. This case represents what we believe is a unique report in the literature of severe hypernatremia developing via the pathogenic mechanism outlined above and the complication of acute peripheral venous thrombosis, which has not been reported in adults. The purpose of this report is to emphasize hyperosmolarity as a newly described cause of rhabdomyolysis, ARF, and a hypercoagulable state.     

Ischemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the breakdown and later necrosis of skeletal muscle, leading to the release of various intracellular components into the blood stream. The clinical expression of rhabdomyolysis ranges from asymptomatic to severe forms involving multiorgan failure with electrolyte imbalance, respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis is based on a finding of elevated serum levels of components that are normally found within the muscle cell, chiefly muscle enzymes and myoglobin. Acute kidney failure, one of the main consequences of rhabdomyolysis, occurs in 4% to 33% of cases. Treatment requires prompt volume replacement with crystalloids. In spite of successful resuscitation and prophylaxis against myoglobulin-induced renal failure, 1 out of every 3 patients develops kidney damage and requires continuous replacement therapy.     

Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis after proximal humerus fracture associated with axillary artery rupture

The anatomical proximity of axillary artery to the humeral head makes it quite vulnerable to blunt trauma during shoulder injury. Axillary artery rupture and prolonged ischemia may lead to rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Herein we present a case of a patient who sustained proximal humerus fracture associated with axillary artery rupture and acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis.     

慢性肾衰竭患者心肌标志物改变的意义

目的探讨慢性肾衰竭患者的心肌标志物的变化,并分析其临床意义。方法选择我院慢性肾衰竭患者60例做为观察组,同时选择健康体检者56名做为对照组,比较两组肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌钙蛋白I、乳酸脱氢酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶及肾小球滤过率。结果观察组肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌钙蛋白I、乳酸脱氢酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶与对照组比较,无统计学差异,各指标与肾小球滤过率关系不明确。结论慢性肾衰竭患者不伴有心肌损害相关标志物改变,即肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌钙蛋白I、乳酸脱氢酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶是独立于肾小球滤过率以外的指标,如出现相应肌酶变化,应考虑是否合并了心肌受损的情况。