乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检方法中国研究现状

前哨淋巴结(SLN)转移情况的评估,对乳腺癌病人腋窝淋巴结处理有重要意义。染料法联合核素法是应用于乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)检出率最高的方法,且仍处于主导地位,但由于其存在的一些无法克服的问题,因而不断有新的SLNB方法应用于临床,如超声造影、近红外荧光染料法(吲哚菁绿,ICG)、纳米碳和超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)等。这些新方法、新技术使SLNB多样化,无核素污染,更加微创,并且检出率、敏感性、特异性也与传统方法媲美。特别是使用超声造影(定位)引导下细针穿刺细胞病理学检查(定性)的术前评估SLN情况的超微创新方法,可将传统的术中SLN评估提前至术前,使乳腺癌的临床实践更具合理性。此外,乳腺癌内乳淋巴结的评估,也有助于临床分期更全面,对内乳淋巴结检测的新观点及检测技术的改进,本文也进行了综述。     

经肋间隙取内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术的临床意义(附51例报告)

目的探讨内乳区前哨淋巴结活检的方法及意义。方法于2003年6月至2004年11月,选择内乳区淋巴结显像的51例乳腺癌病人并确定内乳前哨淋巴结,术中再次用γ探测仪、蓝色染料确认前哨淋巴结的位置,切开肋间肌,经肋间隙胸膜外切除内乳区前哨淋巴结及其他内乳淋巴结。结果51例病人检出内乳前哨淋巴结共54枚,手术时间(31±7)min。检出1枚前哨淋巴结48例,2枚3例,其中发生癌转移18例,共19枚。前哨淋巴结位于第2、3肋间隙者分别为13枚和20枚。用3种方法联合定位内乳前哨淋巴结,其敏感性和特异性均为100%,总准确率为100%。51例共检出内乳淋巴结118枚,其中发生癌转移25枚。无前哨淋巴结转移者未见内乳区其他淋巴结转移。无并发症发生。结论经肋间隙取内乳区前哨淋巴结活检为明确内乳淋巴结转移状况提供了有效的方法。     

吲哚菁绿分子荧光影像技术在乳腺癌单孔法腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术中的应用

目的:探讨吲哚菁绿(ICG)分子荧光影像技术在单孔法腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术中的应用价值.方法:选取2019年3月至2019年12月收治的行腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术的20例早期乳腺癌患者,均以ICG联合纳米碳混悬注射液作为示踪剂.手术切除的前哨淋巴结送术中冰冻病理检查及常规石蜡病理检查.比较前哨淋巴结检出率、前哨淋巴结转移数量...     

染料法前哨淋巴结活检治疗乳腺癌进展

本旨在复习前哨淋巴结活检术的发展过程和乳腺的淋巴引流解剖，总结染料法前哨淋巴结活检术在乳腺癌诊治中的临床意义。乳腺癌的淋巴转移常常首先到达腋窝前哨淋巴结，染料法前哨淋巴结活检术对腋窝淋巴结是否受累以及是否需行清扫有确切指导作用。当染料法前哨淋巴结活检阴性时，可不必常规行腋窝淋巴结清扫术，由此可避免后带来的并发症和痛苦。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检手术中示踪方法的临床应用研究

目的对比分析核素联合亚甲蓝与亚甲蓝单示踪法在早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中应用效果。方法收集我院385例行前哨淋巴结活检术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,其中109例由高年资医生应用亚甲蓝单示踪法,276例由高年资和低年资两组医生应用核素联合亚甲蓝示踪法,对比分析行联合示踪法与单示踪法前哨淋巴结活检结果的差异。并分析不同年资手术医生在联合示踪法前哨淋巴结活检结果的差异。结果联合示踪法与亚甲蓝单示踪法在前哨淋巴结活检的检出率、假阴性率、准确率、灵敏率无统计学意义(P>0.05),在联合示踪法下,高年资手术医生与低年资手术医生的前哨淋巴结活检的检出率、假阴性率、准确率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论高年资外科医生使用亚甲蓝单示踪法行前哨淋巴结活检,是安全可靠又经济的方法。联合示踪法有助于帮助年轻的乳腺外科医生快速掌握熟悉前哨淋巴结活检技术。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检手术中示踪方法的临床应用研究

目的对比分析核素联合亚甲蓝与亚甲蓝单示踪法在早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中应用效果。方法收集我院385例行前哨淋巴结活检术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,其中109例由高年资医生应用亚甲蓝单示踪法,276例由高年资和低年资两组医生应用核素联合亚甲蓝示踪法,对比分析行联合示踪法与单示踪法前哨淋巴结活检结果的差异。并分析不同年资手术医生在联合示踪法前哨淋巴结活检结果的差异。结果联合示踪法与亚甲蓝单示踪法在前哨淋巴结活检的检出率、假阴性率、准确率、灵敏率无统计学意义(P>0.05),在联合示踪法下,高年资手术医生与低年资手术医生的前哨淋巴结活检的检出率、假阴性率、准确率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论高年资外科医生使用亚甲蓝单示踪法行前哨淋巴结活检,是安全可靠又经济的方法。联合示踪法有助于帮助年轻的乳腺外科医生快速掌握熟悉前哨淋巴结活检技术。     

单用蓝染料示踪剂在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的价值

目的探讨单用蓝染料示踪剂在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)中的临床价值。方法本研究共纳入308例患者,均采用联合法(蓝染料联合核素示踪剂)进行SLNB,分别记录单用蓝染料和联合法行SLNB的相关数据并进行对比分析。结果染料法与联合法行SLNB的成功率(93.5%比99.4%,P=0.000)、假阴性率(14.8%比3.3%,P=0.007)、准确性(89.6%比97.8%,P=0.006)和阴性预测值(74.0%比93.3%,P=0.012)的差异均有统计学意义。2种方法的成功率及假阴性率与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、组织学类型、肿瘤切检方式、乳房手术方式以及ER、PR和HER-2状况均无关(均P0.05)。染料法的假阴性率在临床腋淋巴结可疑肿大者中显著升高(P=0.042),并随前哨淋巴结检出数目增多而逐渐降低(P=0.000)。结论与联合法相比,染料法SLNB的成功率、准确性和阴性预测值显著降低,假阴性率显著升高,推荐临床实践中应尽量采用联合法,避免单用染料示踪剂进行SLNB。     

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用现状

腋窝淋巴结状况是乳腺癌最重要的预后指标,因此准确评估腋窝淋巴结转移的状况始终是乳腺癌研究的热点问题。现如今,前哨淋巴结活检已成为腋窝淋巴结临床阴性早期乳腺癌患者的首选手术方式。示踪剂的选择又是进行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检和淋巴引流区域研究的关键环节,传统示踪剂(蓝色染料、核素和荧光示踪剂等)过敏、定位特异性差、对人体放射性等问题,限制了其在临床的推广应用。然而,超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPION)有效地改善了这些缺点,具有其他示踪剂无法替代的优势,可成为乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的理想示踪剂,具有良好的应用前景。本文就目前SPION在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用情况及该示踪剂的优缺点作一综述。     

乳腺癌腔镜前哨淋巴结活检83例临床分析

目的探讨染料法腔镜腋窝前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌中的可行性和临床意义。方法应用亚甲蓝染色法对83例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌行腔镜前哨淋巴结活检(ESLNB),然后行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫(EALND)。对获取的全部淋巴结行病理检查,评价前哨淋巴结检出率、准确率及假阴性率。结果83例中73例检出前哨淋巴结,检出率87.9%(73/83)。ESLNB准确率97.3%(71/73),灵敏性88.2%(15/17),特异性100.0%(56/56)。结论染料法腔镜腋窝前哨淋巴结活检临床可行,能够对早期乳腺癌进行准确分期,但体重指数高、肿瘤部位在内侧、术前肿瘤切除活检、腔镜技术欠熟练等是影响前哨淋巴结检出的主要因素。     

吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显像技术在小儿微创外科中的应用进展

吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显像技术在微创外科领域的应用日趋广泛,在恶性肿瘤的前哨淋巴结定位、术中实体瘤及微小转移灶的识别、器官血液灌注评估、解剖标志的可视化等方面显现出较大优势.儿童胸腔镜、腹腔镜手术与吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显像技术相结合有助于术中辨认重要结构、合理而迅速的决策及精准外科理念的实施.本文现就吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显像技...     

Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract by Using Invisible Light

Background Because many gastrointestinal (GI) tumors spread by way of lymphatics, histological assessment of the first draining lymph nodes has both prognostic and therapeutic significance. However, sentinel lymph node mapping of the GI tract by using available techniques is limited by unpredictable drainage patterns, high background signal, and the inability to image lymphatic tracers relative to surgical anatomy in real time. Our goal was to develop a method for patient-specific intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the GI tract by using invisible near-infrared light. Methods We developed an intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system that simultaneously displays surgical anatomy and otherwise invisible near-infrared fluorescence images of the surgical field. Near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots were injected intraparenchymally into the stomach, small bowel, and colon, and draining lymphatic channels and sentinel lymph nodes were visualized. Dissection was performed under real-time image guidance. Results In 10 adult pigs, we demonstrated that 200 pmol of quantum dots quickly and accurately map lymphatic drainage and sentinel lymph nodes. Injection into the mid jejunum and colon results in fluorescence of a single lymph node at the root of the bowel mesentery. Injection into the stomach resulted in identification of a retrogastric node. Histological analysis in all cases confirmed the presence of nodal tissue. Conclusions We report the use of invisible near-infrared light for intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the GI tract. This technology overcomes the limitations of currently available methods, permits patient-specific imaging of lymphatic flow and sentinel nodes, and provides highly sensitive, real-time image-guided dissection.     

Indocyanine green fluorescence method for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

Background/ObjectiveBreast biopsy and analysis of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) accurately predict tumor status in the affected basin and help in avoiding unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection, which is associated with remarkable morbidity risk. Blue dye and radioisotope are the most widely used mapping agents, but non-radioactive tracers of comparable accuracy warrant further investigation. This study aimed to investigate utilization of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence in sentinel node localization compared with blue dye and to assess the incremental value of ICG.MethodsA total of 39 consecutive patients underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) (40 cases: 38 unilateral and 1 bilateral) with combined blue dye and ICG for localization. The obtained fluorescence images of the lymphatic system were investigated.ResultsAll 84 lymph nodes removed in 40 procedures were identified by ICG, but only 37 were identified by blue dye. The ICG method identified an average of 2.1 SLNs in 39 of 40 cases with a detection rate of 97.5%, but only 0.93 SLN per case with blue dye. Subcutaneous lymphatic channel patterns were also detected by fluorescent imaging in 37 procedures, which all revealed lymphatic drainage toward the axilla except in one case with internal mammary pathway.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the accuracy and safety of ICG for SLNB and its superiority to blue dye method in SLN localization. Therefore, ICG fluorescence method is safe and effective addition in breast clinical settings, wherein blue dye alone is used.     

载吲哚菁绿超声微泡造影剂活体近红外荧光显像兔淋巴结

目的制备载吲哚菁绿的聚乳酸羟基乙酸（ICG-PLGA）超声微泡造影剂并检测其特性,观察以之进行活体近红外荧光显像兔淋巴结的效果。方法用双乳化法制备ICG-PLGA超声微泡造影剂,行光镜、扫描电镜、粒径检测检查,观察其形态及大小;用分光光度法绘制吲哚菁绿的标准曲线,计算造影剂中吲哚菁绿的载药量和包封率。对3只正常大白兔经足垫注射该造影剂,观察活体近红外荧光显像兔腘窝淋巴结的效果。结果 ICG-PLGA超声微泡造影剂为淡绿色乳液,光镜和电镜下形态规则,表面光滑,大小均匀;活体近红外荧光成像能清晰显示兔腘窝淋巴结。结论 ICG-PLGA超声微泡造影剂具备荧光成像的特征,具有高敏感性,可作为荧光成像的示踪剂。     

Preliminary experience with a novel fluorescence lymphography using indocyanine green in patients with secondary lymphedema

BACKGROUND: Lymphoscintigraphy has largely been performed to diagnose lymphedema. It is, however a time-consuming and expensive technique, which has not been covered by Japanese medical insurance since the year 2002. In this report we introduce a new imaging technique of fluorescent lymphography to diagnose lymphedema. METHODS: Fluorescence images of subcutaneous lymphatic drainage after subcutaneous injection of indocyanine green (ICG) at the foot were obtained using a newly developed near-infrared camera system. ICG fluorescent lymphography was performed in 12 patients with secondary lymphedema and 10 healthy volunteers. The 12 patients were diagnosed with secondary lymphedema according to the medical history and lymphoscintigram, of which 11 had a history of hysterectomy with extended lymph node dissection and local radiation therapy for uterine cancer. Lymphedema developed in one patient after femorotibial artery bypass for peripheral artery occlusive disease. RESULTS: Four abnormal fluorescent patterns of the lymph drainage were observed in lymphedema: dermal backflow (an abnormal filling of the lymph capillaries), extended fluorescent signal at the dorsum and plantar region of the foot, dilated lymph channels with proximal obliteration, and diffuse glittering of fluorescent signals with scattered twinkling of the dye. Continuous lymph channels from the injection site of the foot to the groin were observed along the medial aspect of thigh in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: ICG fluorescence lymphography is safe, simple, and minimally invasive. The device is portable and easy to use. The technique may be useful in clinical practice to identify presence of lymphatic disorder.     

吲哚箐绿荧光示踪在胃肠食管外科手术中的应用进展

近红外荧光成像技术的发展,使得其在各种外科手术中发挥出重要作用。吲哚箐绿(ICG)是一种新型示踪剂,术中可近红外荧光成像。使用ICG做荧光剂,可以无创探测淋巴脉管系统,从而进行术中功能的诊断和评估。该文探讨了ICG荧光示踪在胃肠食管外科中的应用,主要包括术中前哨淋巴结(SLN)活检,以及重建手术中血管造影对循环血流状况的评估。由于ICG荧光示踪仍在萌芽阶段,因此仍需更多的研究来评估其潜在的应用价值。     

荧光造影剂的研究与外科应用进展

近年来,精准外科理念下采用荧光造影剂染色引导手术在外科各个领域得到蓬勃发展,它具有帮助指导外科手术,并为外科医师提供实际可见的荧光显像的作用。临床上,荧光造影剂可用于显示肿瘤轮廓并且识别度高,实时引导手术,定位淋巴结转移,发现微小转移病灶,并在术中识别重要的解剖结构,避免可能发生的副损伤。人们对于能介导外科手术的荧光造影剂的研究已经取得了重大进展,包括对经典荧光造影剂如吲哚菁绿、亚甲蓝等的研究和外科应用拓展,以及对新型靶向荧光造影剂如叶酸受体靶向造影剂、基于单克隆抗体的荧光靶向造影剂和智能造影剂等的开发和临床应用。本文将从经典荧光造影剂和新型靶向荧光造影剂两个方面来对荧光造影剂的研究与外科应用进展进行综述。     

Intraoperative identification of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes with near-infrared fluorescence imaging

OBJECTIVE: In esophageal cancer, selective removal of involved lymph nodes could improve survival and limit complications from extended lymphadenectomy. Mapping with vital blue dyes or technetium Tc-99m often fails to identify intrathoracic sentinel lymph nodes. Our purpose was to develop an intraoperative method for identifying sentinel lymph nodes of the esophagus with high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging. METHODS: Six Yorkshire pigs underwent thoracotomy and received submucosal, esophageal injection of quantum dots, a novel near-infrared fluorescent lymph tracer designed for retention in sentinel lymph nodes. Six additional pigs underwent thoracotomy and received submucosal esophageal injection of CW800 conjugated to human serum albumin, another novel lymph tracer designed for uptake into distant lymph nodes. Finally, 6 pigs received submucosal injection of the fluorophore-conjugated albumin with an endoscopic needle through an esophagascope. These lymph tracers fluoresce in the near-infrared, permitting visualization of migration to sentinel lymph nodes with a custom intraoperative imaging system. RESULTS: Injection of the near-infrared fluorescent lymph tracers into the esophagus revealed communicating lymph nodes within 5 minutes of injection. In all 6 pigs that received quantum dot injection, only a single sentinel lymph node was identified. Among pigs that received fluorophore-conjugated albumin injection, in 5 of 12 a single sentinel lymph node was revealed, but in 7 of 12 two sentinel lymph nodes were identified. There was no dominant pattern in the appearance of the sentinel lymph nodes either cranial or caudal to the injection site. CONCLUSION: Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of sentinel lymph nodes is a novel and reliable intraoperative technique with the power to assist with identification and resection of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes.     

直视下吲哚菁绿荧光显影在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用

目的探讨直视下吲哚菁绿荧光显影在乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结活检中的应用。方法入组34例术前考虑临床腋窝淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌患者。全麻成功后,常规消毒铺巾后,使用2 ml注射器及22 G针头,于患侧乳腺外上象限近乳晕皮下组织内注入1%亚甲蓝1~2 ml。亚甲蓝注射10~15 min后,将吲哚菁绿1 ml(1 mg/ml),注射至乳晕边缘3点、6点、9点和12点位置皮下。使用明德脉管成像仪,行患侧乳腺外上象限区域淋巴管引流实时显像。再用科大在研直视下荧光脉管显影仪行患侧乳腺外上象限区域淋巴管引流实时显像。术中荧光显影及亚甲蓝蓝染的淋巴结均予以切除,均行石蜡切片病理学检查。结果明德显像仪淋巴管显影率为97.06%(33/34),科大在研直视下显影仪淋巴管显影率97.06%(33/34)。34例可见明显荧光浓聚,33例可见明显蓝染淋巴结,1例未见蓝染淋巴结,但术中可见荧光显影。在平均淋巴结检出数量上,科大在研直视下荧光脉管显影仪为(3.090±1.602)个,明德系统为(3.060±1.613)个,亚甲蓝染色为(3.020±1.527)个,三组间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论科大在研直视下荧光脉管成像仪的淋巴结显影效果与明德成像仪相似,且能降低手术操作的繁琐程度,有望减少手术时间,为精准外科治疗提供一个更便捷的手术导航系统。     

Study on detection of metastatic lymph nodes from gastric cancer--use of hematoporphyrin-injection in submucosal layer of the stomach

It is well known that hematoporphyrin (Hp) has the affinity for malignant tissue and the deposition of Hp can be visualized by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as red fluorescence. This study was attempted to detect the metastatic lymph nodes from gastric cancer at the time of operation, utilizing Hp and UV irradiation. Forty eight hours before the operation, 2ml of Hp solution was endoscopically injected into the submucosal layer neighbouring the cancerous lesion of the stomach. Deposition of Hp in lymph nodes was detected as red fluorescence by UV irradiation during the operation. Resected lymph nodes were reexamined by the same procedure and the histological examination was also performed. The detection rate for metastatic lymph node by UV irradiation during the operation was 78.9%, which was confirmed by histological examination retrospectively. However, this procedure was accompanied by 8.6% of false negative. Postoperative evaluation of resected lymph nodes revealed that histological metastasis rate from lymph nodes which had the red fluorescence was 56.9% and that from lymph nodes which had no fluorescence was 13.2%. Present study suggested that endoscopic injection of Hp was of use in detecting the metastatic lymph nodes from gastric cancer at the time of operation.     

Fluorescence of metastasized lymph nodes in esophageal cancer following the administration of intravenous eosin yellow using a laser beam

Fifteen patients with esophageal carcinoma received the photosensitizing dye Eosin Yellow (10 mg/kg) intravenously prior to surgery, and their para-esophageal lymph nodes were then examined for fluorescence using a laser beam at the time of operation. When the time interval between the injection of Eosin Yellow and the operation was 48 hours, 21 out of 22 (95.4 per cent) metastatic lymph nodes exhibited fluorescence and 25 out of 26 (96.2 per cent) non-metastatic lymph nodes did not exhibit fluorescence. This method proved to be invaluable for detecting metastatic lymph nodes macroscopically at the time of surgery for esophageal carcinoma.