肾囊注射甲泼尼龙快速诱导缓解原发性重症肾病综合征临床研究

目的：研究肾囊注射甲泼尼龙在快速诱导缓解原发性重症肾病综合征（nephroticsyndrome,NS）中的疗效与安全性。方法：将原发性重症NS患者32例随机分为肾囊注射组20例及对照组12例,常规行肾脏穿刺病理检查。在共同基础治疗的前提下,肾囊注射组采用甲泼尼松0.5mg·kg-1.d-1口服加肾囊注射40mg/每侧肾囊,每周2次,共5周;对照组采用泼尼松1.0mg·kg-1.d-1,不加肾囊注射,共观察12周。分别于治疗前,研究过程的第3、6、9、12周记录两组的体重、血浆白蛋白、24h尿蛋白定量、血清肌酐的变化及相应并发症。结果：肾囊注射组第3、6、9、12周及对照组第9、12周时体重、血浆白蛋白、24h尿蛋白与治疗前基础数值相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组血肌酐治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗组与对照组在研究的第3、6周时体重、血浆白蛋白、24h尿蛋白相比较存在差异并具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组在研究第9周时血浆白蛋白、24h尿蛋白相比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;12周时两组间各项观察指标变化的差异不大（P〉0.05）。肾脏病理类型中,微小病变型和系膜增生型对甲泼尼龙注射效果最佳,膜型肾病次之,有慢性化倾向或伴膜增殖者疗效差。结论：肾囊注射甲泼尼龙治疗原发肾病综合征是安全有效的,能够快速诱导肾病综合征临床症状的缓解。     

来氟米特联合甲泼尼龙治疗IgA肾病的疗效观察

目的评价来氟米特联合甲泼尼龙治疗IgA肾病的疗效和安全性。 方法收集2008年12月至2016年10月在中国人民解放军总医院肾脏病科诊断为IgA肾病的患者75例,分别观察吗替麦考酚酯联合甲泼尼龙(MMF组,44例)与来氟米特联合甲泼尼龙(LEF组,31例)治疗IgA肾病的疗效和安全性。 结果两组患者基线资料无统计学差异(P>0.05)。分别治疗2、6、10个月之后,患者24 h尿蛋白定量显著减低,血清白蛋白水平得到明显改善。但两组间的2、6、10个月后的缓解率(20.45% vs 29.03%、70.45% vs 77.42%、72.73% vs 83.87%)和完全缓解率(9.09% vs 6.45%、38.64% vs 45.16%、40.91% vs 48.39%)、24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、肌酐、复发率[4例(9.09%) vs 1例(3.23%)]以及不良反应[6例(13.64%) vs 4例(12.9%)]无统计学差异的意义(P>0.05)。 结论来氟米特联合甲泼尼龙与吗替麦考酚酯结合甲泼尼龙疗效相当,是治疗IgA肾病的安全有效方案之一。     

大剂量黄芪联合低分子量肝素控制糖尿病肾病Ⅲ-Ⅳ期蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的:观察大剂量黄芪及低分子量肝素治疗糖尿病肾病Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者,在减少尿蛋白漏出,改善低蛋白血症方面的疗效.方法:67例糖尿病肾病患者随机分为2组,对照组32例,采用常规治疗;治疗组37例,在常规治疗基础上加用大剂量黄芪联合低分子量肝素治疗4周.比较治疗前后24 h尿蛋白定量,血浆白蛋白水平.结果:24 h尿蛋白定量和血浆白蛋白,治疗后两组比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05);治疗组治疗前后比较有统计学差异(P＜0.01);对照组治疗前后比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05);而且治疗组患者尿量增加及浮肿减轻方面均较对照组明显,未发生明显副作用.结论:大剂量黄芪联合低分子量肝素治疗糖尿病肾病Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者,在减少尿蛋白漏出,改善低蛋白血症,消肿利尿方面疗效显著,对延缓肾功能损害进展速度有积极治疗意义.     

尿蛋白测定方法与IgA肾病进展的相关研究

目的探讨IgA肾病患者尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比、24 h尿蛋白定量之间的关系,并分别评估三者和IgA肾病临床及病理的关系,从而预测IgA肾病的进展。方法收集2017年5月至2018年4月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院行肾脏活检确诊为IgA肾病的患者资料,记录患者尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比、24 h尿蛋白定量、肾小球滤过率、血压、牛津分型等指标,研究尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比和24 h尿蛋白定量三者之间的关系,并探讨三者和血压、肾小球滤过率、牛津分型等之间的关系。结果 IgA肾病患者的尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比、24 h尿蛋白定量三者存在密切相关性,其中尿蛋白肌酐比和尿白蛋白肌酐比具有最高的相关性(r_s=0.929,P0.01),尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比、24 h尿蛋白定量均和肾小球滤过率、牛津分型T、C存在明显相关性(P0.05)。而有无高血压,牛津分型M、E、S和以上三者之间的关系无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 IgA肾病患者的尿蛋白肌酐比、尿白蛋白肌酐比和24 h尿蛋白定量之间密切相关,三者和肾小球滤过率、牛津分型T、C均存在明显相关性。     

固本通络方对IgA肾病患者血B细胞活化因子的影响

目的:观察固本通络方对IgA肾病患者血B细胞活化因子(B-cell activating factor,BAFF)的影响。方法:将85例IgA肾病(CKD1~4期)患者随机分为两组,治疗组43例给予固本通络方治疗,对照组42例给予科素亚治疗,疗程4个月。结果:(1)对照组24 h尿蛋白定量降低(P0.05),治疗组尿红细胞数和24 h尿蛋白定量显著降低(P0.01),组间疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗组总有效率为74.4%,对照组总有效率为42.9%,组间疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)治疗组血BAFF水平有显著降低(P0.01),对照组血BAFF水平有降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组血BAFF水平的改善显著优于对照组(P0.01)。(4)治疗组血BAFF水平变化与尿红细胞数(r=0.834 2,P0.01)、24 h尿蛋白定量(r=0.568 2,P0.05)呈正相关。结论:固本通络方有效减少IgA肾病患者的血尿和蛋白尿,其机制可能与降低血BAFF水平相关。     

来氟米特联合糖皮质激素治疗IgA肾病的临床研究

目的 观察应用来氟米特（Leflunomide,LEF）联合激素治疗IgA肾病的疗效和安全性.方法 选择IgA肾病患者63例,分为LEF合并激素治疗组（LEF组）及大剂量激素治疗组（激素组）,观察治疗前和治疗6个月、12个月后的24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、肾小球率过滤（eGFR）、收缩压、舒张压等实验室指标的变化,并进行疗效评价.结果 LEF组和激素组治疗6个月和12个月后的24 h尿蛋白定量、收缩压、舒张压均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0.05）,血清白蛋白水平较治疗前显著升高（P＜0.05）,2组eGFR变化均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.治疗12个月后LEF组的总有效率明显高于激素组（P＜0.05）,而完全缓解率和部分缓解率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,2组不良反应无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论 LEF联合激素可以作为治疗IgA肾病的选择之一,且安全、有效.     

来氟米特联合小剂量强的松治疗对IgA肾病临床疗效、肾功能以及尿蛋白的影响

目的观察分析来氟米特联合不同剂量强的松(泼尼松)治疗对IgA肾病临床疗效、肾功能以及尿蛋白的影响。方法将2016年2月至2018年2月于陕西省核工业二一五医院肾内科就诊治疗的86例IgA肾病患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同分为对照组和观察组各43例。对照组在IgA肾病基础治疗上给予口服泼尼松治疗,观察组予以来氟米特联合小剂量泼尼松治疗,治疗后比较两组患者临床疗效、肾功能和尿蛋白水平以及不良反应。结果对照组的临床总有效率明显低于观察组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者Scr、24 h尿蛋白定量和BUN水平与治疗前比较都明显降低,而eGFR水平则明显升高(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者eGFR水平则明显高于对照组,Scr、24 h尿蛋白定量、BUN水平较对照组明显低(P0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率(6.97%)显著低于对照组(39.53%)。结论来氟米特联合小剂量泼尼松治疗IgA肾病患者其临床有效率更高,能更大程度的改善其肾功能指标水平和有效降低患者24 h尿蛋白定量,提高eGFR至正常水平,且具有一定的安全性,更值得临床推广和广泛应用。     

黄葵胶囊治疗难治性膜性肾病的临床疗效观察

目的：观察黄葵胶囊治疗难治性膜性肾病的疗效。方法：将我院经激素标准疗程加环磷酰胺冲击治疗半年无效的难治性膜性肾病患者30例,采用随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予黄葵胶囊和泼尼松治疗14例,对照组给予泼尼松治疗16例。观察用药前后患者24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、血肌酐、血谷丙转氨酶的变化,及两组治疗总有效率等,同时记录不良反应。结果：治疗24周后,两组总有效率为（治疗组vs对照组：92.9%vs 56.3%）,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗组治疗4、12和24周时24 h尿蛋白定量较对照组治疗同期减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：黄葵胶囊治疗难治性膜性肾病能有效降低尿蛋白。     

根据细胞周期序贯应用免疫抑制剂治疗大鼠阿霉素肾病

目的 观察3种根据细胞周期序贯用药方案对阿霉素肾病大鼠的治疗效果.方法 以两次注射的方法制备阿霉素肾病大鼠模型,设正常对照组(8只)、肾病组(8只)、甲基泼尼龙(MP)+环孢素A(CsA)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)治疗组(8只)、MP+CsA+环磷酰胺(CTX)治疗组(8只)和MP+他克莫司(FK506)+雷帕霉素(Rapa)治疗组(8只).检测24 h尿蛋白量和血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白( Alb)、胆固醇(Chol)、三酰甘油(TG)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr);观察肾组织病理变化;Western印迹法检测结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)的表达;免疫组化和实时荧光定量PCR法检测nephrin和podocin的表达.结果 (1)2周末、4周末、8周末、12周末肾病组24 h尿蛋白量均显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01),治疗组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量在8周末、12周末均显著低于肾病组(均P＜ 0.05),治疗组之间差异无统计学意义.(2)肾病组TP、Alb显著低于对照组(均P＜0.01),TG、Chol显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01),治疗组TP、Alb显著高于肾病组(均P＜ 0.05),TG、Chol显著低于肾病组(均P＜0.05),治疗组之间各生化指标差异均无统计学意义.(3)3组治疗方案均可抑制CTGF蛋白的表达,其中尤其以MP+FK506+Rapa组合方案效果显著.(4)相比对照组,肾病组大鼠nephrin和podocin蛋白及其mRNA的表达均显著减少(均P＜0.01);治疗组nephrin、podoein的表达和分布均有所恢复.结论根据细胞周期序贯用药方案对阿霉素肾病大鼠的病理损伤均有显著改善,可以有效减少阿霉素肾病大鼠的尿蛋白量;升高TP和Alb,减少TG和Chol;可以恢复nephrin、podocin在阿霉素肾病大鼠肾脏中的表达;并抑制CTGF蛋白的表达,明显改善肾脏纤维化.     

中医方案治疗特发性膜性肾病肾病综合征的前瞻性、随机、对照、多中心临床研究

目的:观察中医方案治疗特发性膜性肾病的有效性与安全性。方法:采用多中心、随机、1∶1平行对照的临床研究方法观察中医综合方案治疗表现为肾病综合征的原发性膜性肾病的临床疗效。共入选190例受试者,所有受试者随机分组(其中试验组采用中医综合方案治疗,对照组采用激素加环磷酰胺方案治疗),并进入48周的临床治疗,所有受试者定期进行肾功能、24h尿蛋白、血白蛋白、中医症候积分及安全性指标的评价。结果:治疗48周后试验组24h尿蛋白定量明显下降,血白蛋白及eGFR的水平升高,与治疗前相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组肾脏生存率及安全性均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);结论:中医综合方案可有效降低临床表现为肾病综合征的膜性肾病患者24h尿蛋白,提升其血浆白蛋白;与激素+CTX方案相比,中医方案在改善和保护膜性肾病患者肾功能方面更具优势,且具有更高的安全性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.