螺内酯对急性心肌梗死患者左心室重塑的影响

目的 探讨应用小剂量螺内酯对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者左心室重塑的影响。方法 AMI患者84例，按梗死部位分为前壁心肌梗死组（43例）和下壁心肌梗死组（41例），两组患者再随机分为螺内酯治疗组和常规治疗组，于发病后1周、3个月和6个月行二维超声心动图检查，观测左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDVI）和左心室收缩末期容积指数（LVESVI）。结果 前壁心肌梗死组：6个月时螺内酯组LVEDD、LVESD、LVEDVI和LVESVI与对照组相比明显下降（P〈0．05），而LVEF升高差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；下壁心肌梗死组：两组在治疗6个月时上述指标差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 常规治疗的基础上联合应用小剂量螺内酯，可进一步防止前壁AMI患者左心室重塑的发生，对下壁AMI患者未见明显差异。     

益气活血方对急性心肌梗死后左室重构的干预

目的观察益气活血方对急性心肌梗死（AMI）后左室重构的临床疗效.方法选择AMI患者40例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各20例,分别给予益气活血方和蒙诺治疗,疗程6个月.于出院前、AMI后3个月和6个月,采用二维超声心动图观察左室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDVI）、左室收缩末期容积指数（LVESVI）、射血分数（EF）、左室重量指数（LvmassⅠ）、E峰/A峰比值（E/A）、室壁运动指数（WMI）和室壁厚度（WT）的变化;同时观察血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（ATⅡ）、醛固酮（ALD）、内皮素（ET）水平以及临床症状的变化.结果治疗组患者的临床症状积分明显改善（ P〈0.01）;两组患者的EF、E/A均有提高（ P〈0.05或 P〈0.01）,LvmassⅠ、WT减小（ P〈0.05）,但LVEDVI、LVESVI、LvmassⅠ、EF、E/A、WMI、WT等指标两组间比较无显著性差异（ P〉0.05）;治疗组患者的血浆ET水平降低（ P〈0.05）,对照组患者的血浆ATⅡ、ALD水平低于治疗组（ P〈0.05）.结论益气活血方能明显改善AMI患者的临床症状、左室收缩和舒张功能,减轻左室重构,获得较好的临床疗效.     

溶栓前肝素治疗对急性心肌梗死后左室重构的影响

目的：探讨尿激酶（UK）溶栓前使用肝素对急性心肌梗死（AMI）后左室重构的影响。方法：86例AMI患者随机分为2组：早期肝素组在UK溶栓之前静注肝素,对照组在UK使用前不应用肝素。超声测定左室收缩末期内径（LVSd)和容量（ESV）、舒张末期内径（LVDd)和容量（EDV）,计算左室射血分数（EF）和室壁阶段运动积分（RWMI）,比较2组的左室重构情况。结果：早期肝素组的ESV和EDV均明显低于对照组（P＜0．55或P＜0．01）,RWMI低于对照组（P＜0．05）,EF高于对照组（P＜0．05）。早期肝素组的下壁梗死组ESV、EDV、RWMI和EF与对照组比较无统计学差异,前壁梗死组的ESV、EDV、RWMI均低于对照组（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）,EF高于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：早期应用肝素辅助溶栓治疗,可改善左室重构,提高心室功能。     

延迟经皮腔内冠状动脉介入成形术对急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能的影响

目的：探讨延迟经皮腔内冠状动脉介入成形术(PCI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室功能的影响。方法：将46例初次Q波型AMI患者分为PCI组(22例)和非PCI组(24例)，PCI组于发病2—3周内行PCI，两组患者均于发病1周及6个月后行超声心动图检查。结果：PCI组术后6个月左室收缩末期容积指数、左心室射血分数、梗死区的局部室壁运动指数及整体室壁运动指数明显优于非PCI组(P＜0．01，P＜0．01，P＜0．01，P＜0．05)，两组左室舒张末期容积指数无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。结论：Q波型AMI接受延迟的PCI再血管化治疗有益于患者左心室功能的恢复。     

早期再灌注对急性心肌梗死伴室壁瘤形成的阻抑效应和心功能改善作用的超声心动图观察

目的　超声心动图观察早期再灌注对急性心肌梗死伴室壁瘤形成的阻抑效应和心脏收缩功能改善作用。方法　发病 12h以内急性前壁心肌梗死伴室壁瘤形成患者 98例,随机分为经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术(PCI)组(36例)、溶栓组(31)例和常规药物治疗组(31例),三组患者均在治疗后 2周、12周、24周分别行超声心动图测量左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左室舒张末期容积 (LVEDV),并以体表面积校正为左室收缩末期容积指数(LVESVI)、左室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI),同时测左室射血分数 (LVEF)、局部室壁运动指数 (RWMI)、左室质量(LVM),后者与体表面积相除得到左室质量指数(LVMI),评价LVESVI、LVEDVI和心室收缩功能改善状况。结果　治疗后 2周,PCI组和溶栓组各参数优于药物治疗组,治疗后 12周,PCI组LVESVI、LVEDVI低于溶栓组(均P<0. 05),溶栓组各参数优于药物治疗组(均P<0. 05)。PCI组和溶栓组各参数自身前后比较明显改善(均P<0. 05),LVEF较 2周时显著增高(P<0. 05)。治疗后 24周,PCI组LVEDVI、LVESVI仍低于溶栓组(P<0. 05),PCI组和溶栓组各参数均优于药物治疗组 (均P<0. 05),PCI组LVESVI、LVEDVI、RWMI较 2周、12周均减小(均P<0. 05),LVEF较 2周、12周显著增高(均P<0. 05);溶栓组各时段比较与PCI组大致相同。结论　超声心动图     

NT-proBNP和MMP-9与急性心肌梗死患者早期左室重构的相关性研究

【目的】探讨氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体（N T‐proBN P ）、基质金属蛋白酶‐9（M M P‐9）对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠脉介入治疗（PCI）术后早期心室重构的影响及其相关性。【方法】根据PCI术后4周时92例AMI患者左心室容积增加率的不同,将其分为左室重构组,非左室重构组,并设稳定性冠心病对照组。比较患者NT‐proBNP、MMP‐9水平及其与PCI术后患者的左室收缩末期容积（ LVESV）和舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室收缩末容积指数（ LVESVI）、左室舒张末容积指数（LVEDVI）等的关系。【结果】AMI患者PCI治疗前后血浆NT‐proBNP和MMP‐9水平较稳定型冠心病对照组明显升高;左室重构组血浆 NT‐proB‐NP、MMP‐9水平持续增高,与非左室重构组在PCI术后7 d比较差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．01）。血浆NT‐proB‐NP、MMP‐9水平与LVEDV均呈明显正相关（ P ＜0．01）,与LVEF均呈明显负相关（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】AMI患者血浆NT‐proBNP、MMP‐9水平与左室重构指标有相关性,可作为AMI早期左室重构的预测因子。     

氯沙坦和培哚普利对急性心肌梗死后左心室重构的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦和培哚普利对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室重构的治疗效应。方法急性心肌梗死患者96例,随机分为3组:氯沙坦组(33例),培哚普利组(33例),对照组(30例),采用超声心动图测量入院后第1天、2周、6个月左心室收缩末期容积指数(LVESVI)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)、左心室舒张早期和晚期充盈速度比值(E/A)及左心室射血分数(LVEF)的变化,并进行观察分析。结果对照组与入院基础值比较,6个月内LVESVI、LVEDVI增加,具有统计学意义(P<0·05)。氯沙坦组与培哚普利组,对照组比较,LVES-VI、LVEDVI减少,具有统计学意义(P<0·05)。氯沙坦组与培哚普利组比较,LVESVI、LVEDVI值在2周、6个月时减少,有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论氯沙坦对AMI患者抗左心室重构效应优于培哚普利,且耐受性好。     

阿昔单抗联合低分子肝素治疗缺血后适应急性心肌梗死患者的预后分析北大核心CSCD

目的：分析阿昔单抗联合低分子肝素治疗缺血后适应急性心肌梗死（ AMI）的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2011－04-2014－04收治的缺血后适应AMI患者772例,按照其治疗方式分为观察组（n＝428）及对照组（n＝344）。观察组接受阿昔单抗联合低分子肝素治疗,对照组仅接受低分子肝素治疗,比较两组患者12 h的血管再通率,以及治疗3个月后血清肌酸激酶（ CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（ CK－MB）、左心室舒张期末容积指数（ LVEDVI）、左心室收缩期末容积指数（ LVESVI）、左室射血分数（ LVEF）和3个月内心脏事件发生率。结果两组患者治疗后CK、CK－MB、LVEDVI及LVESVI与治疗前比较均显著降低,LVEF明显升高（P＜0．05）;观察组改善程度较对照组更为明显（P＜0．05）;观察组12 h血管再通296例,再通率69．2％;对照组12 h血管再通95例,再通率27．6％;观察组血管再通率明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组心脏事件发生145例,发生率33．9％;对照组发生254例,发生率73．8％;观察组心脏事件发生率明显低于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论阿昔单抗联合低分子肝素能够有效改善患者心脏功能,降低心脏事件发生率,对其预后及生存质量的改善具有积极的意义,值得进一步研究。     

直接和延迟介入治疗对急性前壁心肌梗死患者左心室结构和功能的影响

目的探讨对比直接和延迟介入治疗（PCI）对急性前壁心肌梗死（AMI）患者左心室结构和功能的影响。方法选择2009年1月～2011年10月我院心内科收治的108例AMI患者,62例发病3～6h患者先给予溶栓治疗,然后在溶栓后3～24h内行冠脉造影检查。其中49例患者于7～10d行延迟PCI术（延迟组）;另外59例患者于6～12h直接行PCI治疗（直接组）。分别在治疗前和治疗后1年对比两组患者左心室射血分数、收缩末容量指数、舒张末容量指数以及室壁运动积分指数。结果两组患者治疗前后左心室射血分数、收缩末容量指数、舒张末容量指数以及室壁运动积分指数相比统计学上均没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论 AMI患者就诊于没有PCI治疗的基层医院或者PCI治疗受限时,可以先给予溶栓治疗,后选择到有条件行PCI治疗的医院进一步治疗。     

伊贝沙坦与依那普利抑制急性心肌梗死后左心室重构的对比研究

目的　探讨伊贝沙坦及依那普利对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者左心室重构的治疗效应。方法　急性心肌梗死患者 6 5例 ,随机分为 3组 :伊贝沙坦组 (2 3例 )、依那普利组 (2 2例 ) ,对照组 (2 0例 ) ,采用超声心动图测量入院后第 1天、2周、6周、半年 ,左心室舒张末期容积指数 (LVEDVI)、左心室收缩末期容积指数 (LVESVI)、左心室舒张早期和晚期充盈速度比值 (E/A)和左心室射血分数 (LVEF)的变化 ,并进行观察。结果　对照组与入院基础值比较 ,6个月内LVEDVI、LVESVI增加 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。伊贝沙坦组和依那普利组 ,与对照组比较 ,LVEDVI、LVESVI减少 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。伊贝沙坦组与依那普利组比较 ,LVEDVI、LVESVI值在 6周、半年时减少 ,有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。依那普利组中咳嗽发生率为 18.2 % ,伊贝沙坦组无一例发生。结论　伊贝沙坦对AMI患者抗左心室重构效应优于依那普利 ,且耐受性好。采用心室容积指数作为左心室重构指标较E/A和LVEF更直观合理。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.