四川省农村及边远山区乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率干预效果分析

目的研究提高四川省农村及边远山区影响新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率的因素及提高首针及时接种率的有效措施。方法选择雅安市汉源县、芦山县、宝兴县的18个乡36个行政村,360名新生儿家长和180名孕妇,医务人员35名开展乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率,乙肝防治知识等内容调查。结果采取干预措施后,新生儿乙肝首针及时接种率由干预前的56.55%提高到97.22%,孕产妇乙肝防治知识知晓率大幅提高,医务人员乙肝知识知晓率由干预前的34.29%提高到85.71%。差异均有统计学意义。结论开展宣传和培训,提高儿童家长及医护人员对乙肝防治知识的知晓率,提高住院分娩率等措施,能有效提高新生儿首针及时接种率。     

定西市2005年出生儿童乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率及影响因素调查

[目的]寻找影响定西市新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗首针(HepB1)及时接种的因素,探索提高贫困山区新生儿HepB1及时接种率的方法。[方法]通过查阅资料、入户调查、问卷调查等方式收集相关资料。[结果]共调查2005年出生新生儿840名,住院分娩率48.93%,HepB1及时接种率61.31%,其中住院分娩新生儿HepB1及时接种率88.56%,在家分娩新生儿HepB1及时接种率35.20%。未住院分娩的原因主要是住院费用太高、离医院太远和认为住院分娩没有必要(占87.18%)。村级接种工作仍以入户接种(占82.16%)为主,从所在村到乡镇卫生院领取疫苗和入户接种主要通过步行(分别占43.11%和68.58%)完成。[结论]定西市2005年新生儿HepB1及时接种率处于较低水平。主要影响因素是经济文化落后、新生儿住院分娩率较低、免疫规划宣传不够、对辖区内的孕产妇和新生儿摸底不清等。今后要通过加大宣传教育力度、开展孕产妇和新生儿入户调查摸底、加强与妇幼机构和妇检机构的合作等措施,进一步提高新生儿HepB1及时接种率。     

黄南藏族自治州2004年新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率及影响因素调查

目的了解影响黄南藏族自治州新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗首针(HepB1)及时接种的因素,探索提高农牧区新生儿HepB1及时接种率的方法。方法通过查阅文献、现场访问、入户调查、问卷调查等方式收集有关资料及信息。结果2004年黄南藏族自治州新生儿HepB1报告及时接种率为42.61%,其中在医院出生新生儿HepB1及时接种率为91.77%,在家出生新生儿HepB1及时接种率为19.58%;全州住院分娩率为31.90%;入户接种占51.06%;HepB1未及时接种原因主要是家长不知道,占39.66%。结论2004年全州新生儿HepB1及时接种率较低。今后要加大宣传和开展健康教育活动,掌握在家分娩孕妇的分娩信息和合理安排在家出生新生儿及时接种,是提高新生儿HepB1及时接种率的有效手段之一。     

新生儿乙肝疫苗首针接种及时率影响因素分析

目的分析新生儿乙肝疫苗首针接种及时率影响因素,探讨提高新生儿乙肝疫苗首针接种及时率的有效方法。方法利用专项调查、工作报告收集相关资料,采用回顾性调查方法进行分析。结果医院出生儿童乙肝疫苗首针接种及时率95%以上,50%以上的乡镇预防接种人员认为乙肝知识培训可以提高新生儿乙肝疫苗首针接种及时率;预防接种门诊明显高于农村入户接种;儿童家长/监护人知晓乙肝预防知识有助于提高新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时率。结论大力提倡住院分娩是提高新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时率有效措施。开展对预防接种人员的培训和广泛的健康宣传教育,提高家庭出生儿童的乙肝疫苗首针及时率。     

甘肃省新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率试点项目评价

目的 评价甘肃省提高新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率试点项目效果,总结项目策略与经验,为制订有效的乙肝控制策略和措施提供科学依据.方法 项目实施前后,采用概率比例规模抽样(PPS)方法在甘肃省天水市7个县(区)中每个县(区)随机抽取30个村级接种单位,每村入户调查7名共l 470名儿童的乙肝疫苗接种情况和儿童家长乙肝知识知晓情况以及210名村医新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种的影响因素;每个县(区)随机抽取2所县级以上医疗机构及3所乡(镇)卫生院,调查住院分娩孕妇HBsAg检测率及医务人员乙肝知识知晓情况.结果 通过2年项目工作的实施,天水市儿童乙肝疫苗首针及时率从基线调查时的75.24％(1 106/1 470)提高到终期评估的94.83％(1 394/1 470);住院分娩率从基线调查时的55.85％ (818/1 470)提高到终期评估时的81.43％(1 197/1 470);住院分娩孕妇HBsAg受检率由基线调查时的80.00％ (14 830/18 537)提高到了终期评估时的99.21％ (32 584/32 842);终期调查时医务人员和儿童家长乙肝知识知晓率比基线调查结果有了明显提高;村医认为影响新生儿及时接种首针乙肝疫苗的原因依次为“不知道有新生儿出生”、“距离太远,入户需要很长时间”及“接种点无乙肝疫苗”.结论 通过项目的实施,天水市新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时率、孕产妇住院分娩率以及各级医务人员和儿童家长乙肝知识知晓率均有了明显提高.     

贫困地区提高新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率项目实施策略研究

目的 探索提高贫困地区新生儿乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率（HepB1-OT）的方法和措施,有效保护乙肝病毒（HBV）易感人群。方法在定西市安定区、通渭县、渭源县和漳县开展基线调查,并采取注重加强组织管理、强化人员培训、开展有效的宣传教育、落实孕妇和新生儿摸底调查、加强疾控机构与计生妇幼的沟通及狠抓督促检查等针对性措施。结果 新生儿HepB1-OT由2005年的61-31％提高到2007年的94．99％。结论 通过项目的实施,定西市新生儿HepB1-OT得到提高,婴幼儿HBV感染率显著下降。     

提高边远农村地区乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率策略研究

目的探索在中国经济发展滞后、交通不便的农村地区提高新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗首针(HepB1)及时接种率的策略。方法在中国湘西北3个国家扶贫开发县,将住院分娩率较低的乡随机分为3个组,1组用瓶装乙肝疫苗、自毁型注射器(Auto-Disable Syringe,AD注射器)按常规冷链要求接种;2组用瓶装疫苗、AD注射器,疫苗按常规冷链运输到村卫生室,村医按每月计划出生婴儿数领取HepB置于室温保存,待婴儿出生后24h内为婴儿接种;3组用Uniject预充式HepB,按常规冷链运输至村卫生室,疫苗置室温按第2组要求保存、使用。所有瓶装HepB和HB-Uniject疫苗都将贴上疫苗温度指示标签(vaccine vial monitor,VVM),以检测疫苗暴露于热源的程度和时间。结果研究基线和终期调查显示,1组儿童HepB1及时接种率由8.0%提高到57.9%;2组由11.3%提高至67.8%;3组由6.8%提高到77.3%。不同策略组儿童的HepB1及时接种率差异有显著的统计学意义。住院分娩的儿童,各种策略在提高HepB1及时接种率方面无明显差异。在家出生的儿童,1组儿童HepB1及时接种率从研究实施前的2.4%提高到实施后的25.2%,2组从2.5%提高到51.8%,3组从0.6%提高到66.7%。在24h内接种HepB1并完成3针接种1个月以上的儿童中,各组乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳转率为95.5%~96.1%,冷链内外,使用AD和Uniject注射器差异均无显著的统计学意义。抗-HBs阳转的儿童中,90%产生了保护水平[≥10毫国际单位/毫升(mIU/ml)]的抗体,抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为77mIU/ml~84mIU/ml,三组之间差异无显著的统计学意义。结论冷链外存放HepB的策略可以提高儿童,特别是在家出生的儿童HepB1及时接种率,对儿童产生保护性抗体无影响。Uniject注射器培训容易,使用简单,携带方便,尤其是上门接种时十分方便。更容易接种完整剂量的疫苗,还可以节省接种时间,在一定程度上提高HepB1及时接种率。     

贵州省少数民族地区新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率及影响因素调查

目的了解影响贵州省少数民族地区新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗首针(HepB1)及时接种的因素,探索提高少数民族地区新生儿HepB1及时接种率的方法。方法设计统一调查表,通过查阅资料、入户调查等方式收集有关资料及信息。结果560名2006年出生的新生儿HepB1调查及时接种率为37.14%,其中在医院出生新生儿HepB1及时接种率为60.14%,在家出生新生儿HepB1及时接种率为11.36%。在医院出生新生儿HepB1未及时接种原因主要是低体重儿或早产儿医生不予接种,占20.45%;在家出生新生儿未及时接种原因主要是家长不知道要接种,占57.10%。结论贵州省少数民族地区新生儿HepB1及时接种率较低。提高住院分娩率,合理掌握HepB接种禁忌症,安排责任接种人确保在家出生新生儿HepB1及时接种,提高家长接种HepB1的主动性,是提高少数民族地区新生儿HepB1及时接种率的可行措施。     

边远地区乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率干预效果分析

目的探索甘肃省农村边远地区提高乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率的主要影响因素及有效的对策。方法选择乙肝疫苗接种率较低的定西市渭源县、岷县及庆阳市宁县、合水县的8个乡镇32个行政村，抽取其中2003年1月1日-2005年2月28日期间出生的儿童1107名，进行乙肝疫苗接种率、未接种或未及时接种的原因等问卷调查，从中选取821名儿童家长、卫生院妇产科医生和乡村医生261名，开展乙肝疫苗接种知识宣传教育和专业培训等干预措施。分析影响乙肝疫苗接种率和首针及时接种率影响因素，评价干预措施效果。结果采取干预措施后，乙肝疫苗首针接种率和首针及时接种率由干预措施前的93．93％，44．75％提高到94．02％，77．17％。乡和村2级医务人员的乙肝防治知识知晓率由43．85％提高到87．79％；儿童家长知晓率由52．84％提高到91．35％，差异均有统计学意义。结论采取社会宣传动员和基层医务人员乙肝知识培训是提高边远地区乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率的有效干预措施。     

宁波地区新生儿首剂乙型肝炎疫苗接种分析

乙型肝炎是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一,目前接种乙肝疫苗(HepB)是预防和控制乙肝病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染最有效的公共卫生干预措施。浙江省宁波市自1989年起在城区实施新生儿乙肝疫苗普种,1991年扩展至余姚、宁海等市、县,自1992年宁波市全面将HepB纳入儿童计划免疫。现将余姚、宁海(市)县医院出生的新生儿首针HepB接种情况分析如下。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.