Psychometric properties of the extended Care Dependency Scale for older persons in Egypt

Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the modified Arabic Care Dependency Scale for self‐assessment of older persons in Egypt and to compare these self‐assessments to proxy assessments by care givers and family members. Background. The Care Dependency Scale is an internationally used instrument to measure care dependency. The Arabic version may improve data collection on this phenomenon in the Middle East where the population is ageing. Design. A cross‐sectional study with a sample of 611 older persons living in Greater Cairo. Participants belonged to three groups: nursing home residents, home care recipients and non‐care recipients; 459 participants were also rated by proxies and 171 repeated their self‐assessment after two weeks. Methods. The correlation between sum scores of the Care Dependency Scale and the Activities of Daily Living scale was calculated to establish criterion validity. Construct validity was determined by comparing care recipients and non‐care recipients with regard to their Care Dependency Scale sum scores and by exploratory factor analysis. Intraclass coefficients were used to assess test‐retest reliability of self‐ratings for each item. Mean differences between self and proxy assessment were calculated. Results. The Care Dependency Scale had a strong correlation to the Activities of Daily Living scale and is able to distinguish between care recipients and non‐care recipients. Factor analysis revealed one factor for basic needs and one factor for psychosocial needs. ICC values were >0·7 for most items related to the factor for basic needs among care recipients. Proxy assessment yielded higher care dependency than self assessment. Conclusion. Care Dependency Scale items for basic needs are suitable to assess care dependency among Egyptian care recipients. Relevance to clinical practice. Assessment of care dependency is useful to obtain data for appropriate resource allocation among care recipients.     

Validity and reliability study on traditional Chinese FACT-C in Chinese patients with colorectal neoplasm

Objective To establish the validity and reliability of traditional Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Colorectal (FACT‐C). Methods A total of 536 subjects self‐administered (n = 331) or interviewer‐administered (n = 205) FACT‐C (version 4), EORTC QLQ‐C30/CR38 and SF‐12v2 instruments for health‐related quality of life assessment. Construct validity was examined by item–scale correlation, scaling success and concurrent validity. Reliability was evaluated by test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Sensitivity was assessed by known‐groups comparisons. Results The completion rates for FACT‐C were almost perfect (>98%). The FACT‐C demonstrated item‐internal consistency and item discriminant validity through item–scale correlation. Scaling success and concurrent validity were satisfactory to support the construct validity. The five subscales of the FACT‐C showed good internal consistency with Cronbach alpha coefficient and substantial reproducibility, demonstrating good reliability. Sensitivity was supported when there were significant differences in scores related to physical condition between patients who were receiving treatment and those who were not. Conclusion Traditional Chinese version of the FACT‐C was demonstrated to have satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of applicability, reliability, validity and sensitivity in Chinese patients with colorectal neoplasm. The FACT‐C was valid colorectal‐specific health‐related quality of life tool for the Chinese population.     

Therapy Expectations: Preliminary Exploration and Measurement in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Objectives To carry out a preliminary exploration and measurement of therapy expectancy in adults with intellectual disabilities through the development and psychometric evaluation of the therapy expectation measure (TEAM). Design The initial scale development phase combined top‐down theory‐driven and bottom‐up data‐driven processes to identify TEAM items and format. The subsequent scale evaluation phase piloted the TEAM and used correlational analyses to evaluate reliability and validity. Method Six adults with intellectual disabilities took part in semi‐structured interviews about therapy expectancy and motivation to identify TEAM items. A further 22 participants piloted the measure for initial psychometric evaluation. Results Preliminary psychometric evaluation confirmed that the TEAM has acceptable test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Assessment of construct validity found a strong and positive relationship with a measure of general self‐efficacy. Client expectations of therapy were largely positive and congruent with therapy as a goal‐oriented process in which they will be an active participant. However, a number of individuals were unclear about the reason for referral and felt a low level of involvement in the process. Client and carer perceptions of referral understanding were significantly different. Conclusions The TEAM may help clinicians to identify potential barriers to engagement in therapy and find ways of enhancing the therapeutic experience of adults with an intellectual disability. Further psychometric evaluation of the TEAMM with larger samples is required to confirm the factorial structure of the scale and enhance its clinical utility.     

Exercise Adoption Among Older,Low‐Income Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

ABSTRACT Using an expanded Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) model, we hypothesized that self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and exercise self‐definition would predict exercise adoption. This secondary analysis examined data from a prospective single‐group study of low‐income women who received a physician screen and referral to a community‐based, free exercise program. The sample included 190 older, low‐income women with a mean age of 64 years, the majority of whom were African American (66%) and had at least one cardiovascular risk factor (92%). Baseline values of self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and exercise self‐definition were measured using instruments developed for the study. Exercise adoption was defined as the number of exercise sessions completed over 8 weeks. Our hypothesis was tested using hierarchical multiple regression. The mean number of exercise sessions completed over the 8‐week period was 5.7 out of a recommended 24. Value of Exercise scores, a subscale of the Exercise Self‐Definition scale, predicted exercise adoption. Self‐efficacy and outcome expectations were not predictive. The significance of Value of Exercise scores reinforces the importance of expanding SCT with additional variables such as exercise self‐definition. Future work should emphasize the social and environmental factors that form an important part of SCT.     

慢性牙周炎患者口腔保健自我效能与口腔健康相关生活质量的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性牙周炎患者口腔保健自我效能与口腔健康相关生活质量的相关性。方法采用口腔保健自我效能量表和口腔健康影响程度量表对120例慢性牙周炎患者进行问卷调查,并分析口腔保健自我效能与口腔健康相关生活质量的相关性。结果慢性牙周炎患者口腔保健自我效能水平总分为(46.10±8.67)分;口腔健康生活质量总分为(18.90±7.62)分。口腔保健自我效能总分、正确刷牙、口腔就诊维度得分与口腔健康生活质量总分均呈负相关(P0.01或P0.05)。结论慢性牙周炎患者口腔保健自我效能水平低,口腔健康生活质量不佳,建议提高患者口腔保健自我效能水平,以此改善患者的口腔健康相关生活质量。     

The adaptation of a Danish version of the Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire: reliability and construct validity in a population of patients with fibromyalgia in Denmark

The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) in a population of patients with fibromyalgia in Denmark. The study sample included 102 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia referred to a specialist clinic. The PSEQ was translated and adapted to a Danish setting using a standard stepw‐ise forward–backward translation procedure, followed by initial testing and focus group interview. Reliability was examined by analysing internal consistency and test–retest agreement. Construct validity was exami‐ned by investigating dimensionality, targeting, local independence, category functioning and differential item functioning (DIF). Reliability was high: Cronbach's alpha 0.88, test–retest correlation 0.93, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.89 and item–total correlations 0.44–0.70. Factor analyses and item response (IRT) models indicated unidimensionality, and the PSEQ‐DK was well targeted to the sample. High interitem correlation was observed between two items, indicating local dependence, and item misfit and DIF were observed for a few items. However, the overall fit of the scale to a single‐factor model and IRT models supported acceptable construct validity. The PSEQ‐DK showed acceptable psychometric properties and can therefore represent a reliable and valid measure for evaluating self‐efficacy in patients with fibromyalgia in Denmark.     

Measuring knowledge of school-based occupational therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study was to develop a measure of Knowledge of Occupational Therapy in School settings (KNOTS) for occupational therapy students. A secondary purpose was to develop a scale of Self-Efficacy in School Settings (SESS) for occupational therapy students. METHOD: One hundred forty-five university students enrolled in either occupational therapy classes or education classes completed a questionnaire consisting (in part) of the 60-item KNOTS scale and the SESS scale. Analyses of internal reliability, group comparisons, and correlations were computed on the scores. RESULTS: The reliabilities of the KNOTS (.85) and SESS (.94) were reasonably high. Occupational therapy students performed significantly better than did education students, and senior occupational therapy students scored significantly higher than did juniors on the KNOTS. SESS scores were positively but not significantly correlated with KNOTS scores. CONCLUSION: If further investigation provides additional evidence for the reliability and validity of the KNOTS and SESS, both measures have a number of potential practical applications.     

Effects of self-efficacy, self-care behaviours on depressive symptom of Taiwanese kidney transplant recipients

Aims. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of self‐efficacy on depression and to consider the mediating effect of self‐care behaviour. Background. Depression is a problem for kidney transplant recipients and can compromise their quality of life. From other studies on chronic illnesses, self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviour have been considered to be potential determinants for depressive symptoms. However, none of these previous studies have investigated the relationships among these variables in kidney transplantation recipients. Design. A cross‐sectional survey employing correlation design and purposive sampling was used. Methods. One hundred and seventy‐seven persons who had received a kidney transplant participated. A self‐administrated questionnaire and a medical record audit were used to collect data. The data were analysed using correlation and hierarchical linear regression methods. Results. The average score of depressive symptoms was 8·61 SD 7·64. Among the participants in the study, 32·8% had scores of depressive symptoms higher than 11 (indicating mild to severe symptoms of depression). Self‐efficacy and self‐care behaviour had direct negative effects on depressive symptoms. Self‐care behaviour had partial mediating effect on the relationship between self‐efficacy and depression. Total variance explained was 23%. Conclusion. Depressive symptoms are still a problem that need to be addressed among kidney transplantation patients. Patients who have higher self‐efficacy and higher self‐care behaviour will have lower depressive symptoms. Our results support that self‐efficacy is the significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Relevance to clinical practice. Self‐efficacy is a powerful and modifiable determinant of depressive symptoms. We should design interventions that focus not only on the skill aspects of self‐care behaviour but also on those that have a strong connection with self‐efficacy. We could incorporate the self‐efficacy‐enhanced strategies as proposed by social cognitive theory into the kidney transplantation care programme.     

Assessing the Severity of Challenging Behaviour: Psychometric Properties of the Challenging Behaviour Interview

Background The Challenging Behaviour Interview (CBI) was developed as an assessment of the severity of challenging behaviour. The CBI is divided into two parts. Part I of the interview identifies the occurrence of five clearly operationalized forms of challenging behaviour that have occurred in the last month. Part II of the interview assesses the severity of the behaviours identified on 14 scales measuring the frequency and duration of episodes, effects on the individual and others and the management strategies used by carers. In this paper we report upon its psychometric properties and discuss potential clinical and research uses of the new scale. Methods The CBI was administered to 40 adults and 47 children. Test–retest and inter‐rater agreement was assessed for 22 participants in the adult sample. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating total scores for the child sample with the subscale and total scores of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Content validity was assessed by comparing scores for each behaviour on specific items relating to relevant aspects of severity of impact that would be expected to differ based upon the topographies of the behaviour. Results Mean inter‐rater and test–retest reliability kappa indices for the behaviours in Part I of the interview were 0.67 (range: 0.50–0.80) and 0.86 (range: 0.70–0.91), respectively. Mean inter‐rater and test–retest reliability Pearson‘s correlation indices for the behaviours in Part II of the interview were 0.48 (range: 0.02–0.77) and 0.76 (range: 0.66–0.85), respectively. Correlations with the ABC varied between 0.19 and 0.68. The majority of content validity comparisons were in line with prediction. Conclusions The potential of the interview for clinical assessment, as an outcome measure for services and individual interventions and research purposes, is discussed.     

Turkish version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale

Hakverdio?lu Yönt G. & Khorshid L. (2012) Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale. International Nursing Review 59 , 274–280 Aim: To test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS‐QOL). Background: Stroke is a leading cause of activity limitation and participation restriction that negatively affect health‐related quality of life. The assessment of SS‐QOL in stroke patients has not been validated in Turkey. Methods: Cross‐sectional and methodological research design was used. Five hundred stroke survivors who had been diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously were included in this cross‐sectional study. The reliability of the SS‐QOL was based on internal consistency, item correlation. Construct validity was evaluated by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for the total score of the SS‐QOL to establish the internal consistency of the instrument. Construct validity was assessed by comparing patients' scores on the SS‐QOL with those obtained by other test methods: SF‐36 Health Survey and Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living. Findings: In the process of adaptation to the Turkish population, the scale was converted to 48 items. The correlation coefficient for the test‐retest scores of the SS‐QOL was calculated as 0.81. Internal consistency for the scale showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.97. As a result of applying factor analysis to the scale, eight factors were obtained, which accounted for 77.47% of the scale's total variance. Conclusion: SS‐QOL is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring self‐reported health‐related quality of life at group level among people with stroke who are diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously in the Turkish population.     

Interacting with relatives in intensive care unit. Nurses' perceptions of a challenging task

Aims: To describe how Danish intensive care unit (ICU)‐nurses perceive personal knowledge and skills (self‐efficacy) and outcome expectations to interacting with relatives. Moreover, to explore relationships between self‐efficacy and outcome expectations and the nurses' attitude towards involving relatives in care‐related tasks and allowing relatives to be with the patient during critical situations. Background: Interacting with relatives can be a challenging task, and nurses play a leading role in integrating relatives in ICU. Little is known about how ICU‐nurses cope with this part of nursing Design: Cross‐sectional Method: Sixty‐eight ICU‐nurses responded to a self‐administered questionnaire based on Bandura's self‐efficacy theory adjusted to critical care. Results: The nurses' perceptions of personal knowledge, skills and expectations to the outcome of interacting with relatives were positive. There were disparities in nurses' level of agreement on when to involve relatives in caring activities. Generally, the nurses did not support the presence of relatives in critical situations. Nurses' outcome expectations were correlated to their attitude towards involving relatives in caring activities. No other statistically significant correlations were found between general attitude, knowledge, skills, and attitude of nurses towards involving relatives in caring activities or allowing them to be with the patient at cardiac arrest or acute intubation. Conclusion: The nurses' outcome expectations and self‐efficacy in terms of knowledge and skills interacting with relatives were high. There was considerable variation in the nurses' agreement on when to involve relatives in caring activities or allowing them to be with the patient in critical situations. The self‐efficacy theory was not supported as a result of lack of correlation between nurses' self‐efficacy and outcome expectations and their attitude towards involving relatives in ICU. Relevance to clinical practice: The study provides important knowledge to clinicians, educators and managers on how to educate and supervise ICU‐nurses to support their efforts to interact proficiently with relatives.     

Low levels of physical activity in back pain patients are associated with high levels of fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing

Background and Purpose. Fear‐avoidance beliefs are important determinants for disability in patients with non‐specific low‐back pain (LBP). The association with self‐reported level of physical activity is less known. The aim of the present study was to describe the level of physical activity in patients with chronic non‐specific LBP and its relation to fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing. Method. A cross‐sectional study on 64 patients with chronic non‐specific LBP in primary healthcare. The variables measured and the questionnaires used were: level of physical activity (six‐graded scale); activity limitations (Roland Morris Disability Questionnare (RDQ)); fear‐avoidance beliefs (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) 13‐item and sub‐scales ‘activity avoidance’ and ‘somatic focus’); and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)). The level of physical activity was dichotomised into low and high physical activity. Individual median scores on the TSK and PCS scales were used to group the patients into different levels of fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing. Univariate logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios for having low physical activity. Results. Patients with low physical activity had significantly higher scores in fear‐avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing (p < 0.05). Odds ratios for low level of physical activity were between 4 and 8 (p < 0.05) for patients with high fear‐avoidance beliefs or medium/high pain catastrophizing. Conclusions. This study indicates that it seems important for physiotherapists in primary care to measure levels of fear‐avoidance beliefs or pain catastrophizing. In particular, the two subscales of the TSK could be of real value for clinicians when making treatment decisions concerning physical exercise therapy for patients with chronic LBP. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Orem自护模式对精神分裂症患者康复疗效、幸福感及自尊的影响

【目的】探讨O rem自护模式对精神分裂症患者康复疗效、幸福感及自尊的影响。【方法】选择2012年6月至2014年6月本院收治的84例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组及对照组各42例,对照组实施常规护理,观察组应用 Orem自护模式实施护理,干预前后应用康复疗效评定量表（IPROS）、总体幸福感量表（GWB）、自尊量表（SES）分别对两组患者康复效果、幸福感及自尊水平进行评价。【结果】两组干预12周后IPROS评分显著低于干预前（ P ＜00．5）,且观察组显著低于对照组（ P ＜00．5）;两组干预12周后GWB评分、SES评分显著高于干预前（ P ＜00．5）,且观察组GWB、SES评分高于对照组（ P ＜00．5）。【结论】Orem自护模式能有效提高精神分裂症患者临床治疗效果,改善患者低自尊行为,提高患者幸福感。     

Accuracy of efficacy and outcome expectations in predicting performance in a simulated assertiveness task

Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy theory proposes that the central determinants of behavior are afficacy expectations, which are specific beliefs about ones ability to perform particular behaviors. Others have argued that expectancies concerning outcome are of equal or perhaps greater importance in determining ones behavior. In the present study, both efficacy expectations and outcome expectations for particular behaviors were obtained and compared as predictors of subsequent performance. The experimental task involved responding verbally to a range of social situations presented as role-plays, and 40 female psychology students participated. It was found that each predictor individually was highly correlated with performance, but that efficacy measures were somewhat better predictors than the outcome measure. Regression analyses combining the predictors did not account for more of the variance than did efficacy measures alone. These data support the contention that efficacy measures are more important in predicting outcome than are outcome expectancy measures, but they do not reflect on the question of whether efficacy expectations are causally related to behavior.     

Iranian version of childbirth self‐efficacy inventory

Aim. The primary purpose of this study was to translate the Lowe’s Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory to Persian and to examine the psychometric properties of its Iranian version. Background. Self‐efficacy for childbirth has been found to be a factor in a woman’s decision about her choice of delivery and an essential key in coping with labour pain. Creating a valid and reliable questionnaire is necessary to gain a better understanding of the emotional preparation of pregnant women. It is also essential for the development of educational interventions and improving the sense of self‐efficacy during pregnancy. Design. Questionnaire translation. Methods. The standard ‘forward–backward’ procedure was applied to translate the questionnaire from English into Persian (Iranian language) and then was reviewed by a panel of experts. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the construct validity of the instrument. To test the reliability, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was employed. A random sample of 176 pregnant women, attending public prenatal clinics in Tehran, was recruited for participation in the study. Results. The results indicated that each subscales of Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory is essentially a unidimensional scale. The results revealed that Iranian pregnant women were able to distinguish between self‐efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy, but they did not differentiate the active phase of labour from second stage. Religious or spiritual beliefs were found to have an important role in the Iranian version of the Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory. Conclusion. This preliminary study of the Iranian version of the Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory showed that it is an acceptable, reliable and valid measure of women’s belief and their confidence in coping with labour pain. Relevance to clinical practice. A culturally sensitive, reliable and valid instrument is crucial to better understand the self‐efficacy of childbirth as a basis for developing effective interventions to increase normal childbirth among Iranian pregnant women.     

The Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire: Cross‐Cultural Adaptation into Italian and Assessment of Its Measurement Properties

The Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a patient self‐reported measurement instrument that evaluates pain self‐efficacy beliefs in patients with chronic pain. The measurement properties of the PSEQ have been tested in its original and translated versions, showing satisfactory results for validity and reliability. The aims of this study were 2 fold as follows: (1) to translate the PSEQ into Italian through a process of cross‐cultural adaptation, (2) to test the measurement properties of the Italian PSEQ (PSEQ‐I). The cross‐cultural adaptation was completed in 5 months without omitting any item of the original PSEQ. Measurement properties were tested in 165 patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) (65% women, mean age 49.9 years). Factor analysis confirmed the one‐factor structure of the questionnaire. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) and test–retest reliability (ICC_agreement = 0.82) of the PSEQ‐I showed good results. The smallest detectable change was equal to 15.69 scale points. The PSEQ‐I displayed a high construct validity by meeting more than 75% of a priori hypotheses on correlations with measurement instruments assessing pain intensity, disability, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and coping strategies. Additionally, the PSEQ‐I differentiated patients taking pain medication or not. The results of this study suggest that the PSEQ‐I can be used as a valid and reliable tool in Italian patients with CLBP.     

Predictors of regular exercise among older residents of long‐term care institutions

The purpose of this study was to apply self‐efficacy theory to explore predictors of regular exercise among older residents of long‐term care institutions. Convenience sampling was used to collect data from 151 older adults residing in three residential care homes in Taiwan. Data collection instruments included a background data sheet, Self Efficacy for Exercise Scale, Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale and self‐reported regular exercise. Results indicated that older residents who exercised regularly had fewer chronic diseases, better perceived health status and functional status, and higher self‐efficacy expectations and outcome expectations related to exercise. Older residents with a regular exercise habit prior to institutionalization were more likely to engage in regular exercise. Logistic regression analysis indicated past exercise participation and self‐efficacy expectations to be significant positive predictors of regular exercise. To promote regular exercise within this population, these can be potential target areas for interventions. These factors should be targeted in the development and implementation of interventions to promote regular exercise among older residents of long‐term care institutions.     

Development and feasibility of Mandarin‐language bone health scales for adolescents with cancer in Taiwan

Cancer during adolescence increases the risk for bone mass deficiency later in life. Adolescents with cancer must learn to improve their bone health to avoid osteoporosis. In the present cross‐sectional study, we developed and tested scales to assess the bone health self‐efficacy and beliefs of adolescents with cancer in Taiwan. Test development followed three stages: item generation and scale formatting, examination of content validity, and validation of psychometric properties with a sample of 100 adolescents with cancer. Through the validation process, this research generated the seven‐item Bone Health Self‐Efficacy Scale and the 13‐item Bone Health Belief Scale. Multiple indices demonstrated construct validity. Cronbach's alphas (0.809 and 0.705) demonstrated internal consistency. No items caused a drop in Cronbach's alpha of 10%, all inter‐item correlations were <0.800, and the factor loadings for all items reached 0.400, demonstrating item appropriateness. The present study provides initial evidence of the scales’ accessibility and feasibility for adolescents with cancer who speak Mandarin. These scales might also help clinical nurses evaluate the effectiveness of bone health education provided to adolescents with cancer.     

Expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy contribute to diabetes treatment satisfaction in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how patients’ expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy contribute to diabetes treatment satisfaction. Methods: The Expectations about Insulin Therapy (EAITQ) and the Experience with Insulin Therapy Questionnaires (EWITQ) were administered at baseline and end‐point, respectively to insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomised trial comparing treatment algorithms for inhaled insulin. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between EAITQ and EWITQ scores, patient characteristics and patient‐reported outcomes measures. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test compared EAITQ and EWITQ item score distributions. Differences between EAITQ and EWITQ scores were calculated to categorise patients according to the extent to which their expectations were met by experiences (i.e. unmet, met, exceeded). Results: EAITQ and EWITQ data were available for 240 patients (61% male, mean age 58 years, mean diabetes duration 10 years, mean baseline HbA_1c 8.4%). Increasingly positive expectations were significantly associated with greater self‐efficacy; greater levels of positive experiences were significantly associated with greater positive expectations, shorter diabetes duration, less symptom distress, greater well‐being, self‐efficacy and diabetes treatment satisfaction. Overall, patients’ experiences with inhaled insulin therapy were significantly more positive than their expectations: 58% patients’ experiences exceeded expectations, 29% patients’ experiences met expectations and 13% patients’ experiences did not meet expectations. Post hoc tests indicated that treatment satisfaction scores differed among these groups (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: Expectations may not independently impact treatment satisfaction, but the relationship with experiences significantly contributes to it. The EAITQ and EWITQ may be useful tools for clinicians to better understand patients’ expectations about and experiences with insulin therapy.