Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: Gardasil vaccination status and knowledge amongst a nationally representative sample of Australian secondary school students

The aim of this paper was to measure student knowledge of HPV and risks associated with cervical cancer, explore associated factors, correlate knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer with other domains of sexual health related knowledge and estimate student self-reported rates of HPV immunisation. Data were from a nationally representative cross-sectional stratified cluster sample of year 10 and 12 students in the Australian secondary school system. Contingency table, comparison of means, correlation and multiple OLS regression analyses of students answering HPV (n = 1927) and cervical cancer (n = 2680) knowledge questions was undertaken. Student HPV and cervical cancer knowledge was generally poor. Young women exhibited better knowledge than young men however the difference was, to some extent, accounted for by vaccination for HPV. Sexually active students and those having more sexual partners in the previous year did not report higher levels of HPV and cervical cancer knowledge. The large majority of young women surveyed reported a HPV vaccination as did a small proportion of young men. Students who reported being vaccinated had higher levels of knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer. Student knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer is considerably limited. There is some evidence that being vaccinated for HPV improves a person's level of understanding of the disease and cervical cancer. The recent national public health campaign focussing on cervical cancer vaccination for young women may be partly responsible for a lack of understanding of HPV as a common STI.     

HPV vaccine uptake in men who have sex with men in Scotland

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are currently utilised globally in national immunisation programmes. In July 2017, a national HPV vaccine programme for men who have sex with men (MSM) was initiated across Scotland with vaccine being offered in the sexual health clinic setting. During the first year of this targeted vaccination programme, there were 5905 individuals who received at least one dose of HPV vaccine, representing 63.7% of eligible MSM attendees in this period. Vaccine uptake was relatively stable across all age groups (range 49.8–55.5%). The vaccination programme appears to have dovetailed well with pre-existing sexual health services and appears to be popular with MSM attending the service. The MSM HPV vaccine programme is a robust adjunct to the national girls programme but gender-neutral immunisation will reduce stigma and inequality in HPV-driven disease.     

Efficacy,safety, and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in Japanese men: A randomized,Phase 3, placebo-controlled study

Background

The quadrivalent (q) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine protects against infection and disease related to HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. We report efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of qHPV vaccine in a Phase 3 study in Japanese men.

台州市男男性行为者HIV感染和新型毒品使用与人乳头瘤病毒感染相关分析

目的:分析台州市男男性行为者（MSM）中HIV阴性者和HIV感染者中新型毒品使用与肛管人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染的相关性。方法:采用横断面调查方法,分别于2016年8月至2017年10月在台州市4个区（县）CDC自愿咨询检测门诊采用方便抽样招募HIV阴性MSM、2016年8月至2019年6月招募台州市随访管理的HIV感...     

基于人乳头瘤病毒感染的男男性行为人群性行为模式潜在转变研究

  目的  探讨基于人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma viruses, HPV)感染男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men, MSM)性行为模式随时间发展变化趋势,为性行为干预措施提供依据。  方法  在“MSM乙型肝炎病毒感染对人乳头瘤病毒持续感染的影响”动态队列,对研究对象进行间隔6个月随访,对基线与第一次随访时人口学特征、性行为相关特征进行问卷调查及HPV检测。通过潜在转变分析(latent transition analysis, LTA)对基线性行为模式进行潜在分类并观察其在第1次随访时变化趋势。  结果  LTA将MSM人群性行为模式分为性行为低风险、中风险及高风险组3个潜在类别。基线至第1次随访,性行为低风险组保持低风险状态的概率为99.49%,转变为中风险状态的概率为0.51%;性行为中风险组保持为中风险状态的概率为74.88%,转变为低风险状态的概率为22.33%,转变为高风险状态的概率为2.79%,性行为高风险组保持于高风险状态的概率为100.00%。  结论  MSM人群性行为模式总体趋于稳定,后期应对高风险人群采取干预措施促进其性行为风险向低风险转变。     

Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in men

ObjectivesThis study was designed to evaluate the immunogenicity and tolerability of a prophylactic 9-valent HPV (types 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) VLP (9vHPV) vaccine in young men 16–26 years of age in comparison to young women 16–26 years of age (the population that was used to establish 9vHPV vaccine efficacy). Safety and immunogenicity data from this study will be used to bridge 9vHPV vaccine efficacy findings in 16–26 year old women to 16–26 year old men.MethodsThis study enrolled 1106 heterosexual men (HM) and 1101 women who had not yet received HPV vaccination. In addition, 313 men having sex with men (MSM) were enrolled and were evaluated separately for immunogenicity because previous results showed that antibody responses to quadrivalent HPV (types 6/11/16/18) VLP (qHPV) vaccine were lower in MSM than in HM. All subjects were administered a 3-dose regimen (Day 1, Month 2, Month 6) of 9vHPV vaccine. Serum samples were collected for anti-HPV assays. Safety information was collected for ∼12 months.ResultsThe geometric mean titers (GMTs) for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 for HM were non-inferior to those of women at Month 7. For all vaccine HPV types, Month 7 GMTs were numerically lower in MSM than in HM. Over 99.5% of subjects were seropositive at Month 7 for each vaccine HPV type. Administration of 9vHPV vaccine to both 16–26 year old men and women was generally well tolerated.ConclusionsThese results support bridging the efficacy findings with 9vHPV vaccine in young women 16–26 years of age to men 16–26 years of age.     

How very young men who have sex with men view vaccination against human papillomavirus

Background

HPV vaccination of men who have sex with men (MSM) prior to the commencement of sexual activity would have the maximum impact on preventing HPV and anal cancer in this population. However, knowledge and attitudes towards HPV vaccination among very young MSM have not been previously studied.

Methods

Two hundred MSM aged 16 to 20 were recruited via community and other sources. Participants were asked about their knowledge and attitudes towards HPV and HPV vaccination.

Results

Most (80%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 72.2–87.2%) men were not willing to purchase the vaccine because of its cost (AUD$450). However, if the vaccine was offered to MSM free of charge, 86% (95% CI: 80–90%) reported they would be willing to disclose their sexuality to a health care provider in order to obtain the vaccine. Over half (54%, 95%: 47–61%) of men would only be willing to disclose their sexuality to receive the HPV vaccine after their first experience of anal intercourse. The age at first insertive anal intercourse and the age at first receptive anal intercourse were 0.21 (IQR: −2.5 to 3.2) and 0.17 (IQR: −2.9 to 2.7) years earlier than the age that men would be willing to disclose their sexuality to receive the HPV vaccine, respectively. Willingness to receive the vaccine at a younger age was associated with younger age at first insertive anal intercourse.

Conclusion

Overall, very young MSM expressed high acceptance of HPV vaccination. Early, opportunistic vaccination of very young MSM may be feasible in settings where very young MSM have not been vaccinated through universal programs targeting school aged males. However, given HPV infections occur early on, the effectiveness of this approach will be less than vaccination targeting school aged boys.     

Anal human papillomavirus among men who have sex with men in three metropolitan cities in southern China: implications for HPV vaccination

IntroductionMen who have sex with men (MSM), especially those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are at disproportionate risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Data about anal HPV prevalence among MSM in southern China are limited.MethodsMSM were recruited between January 1 and August 31, 2017 in three metropolitan cities: Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Wuxi. A self-completed tablet-based questionnaire was used to collect information about socio-demographic/sexual behavioral characteristics, history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and recreational drug use. An anal brush was used to collect exfoliated cells for HPV DNA testing and genotyping, and a blood sample was taken for HIV testing. Penile/anal warts were checked by a clinician.ResultsA total of 536 MSM were enrolled, including 39 HIV-positive and 497 HIV-negative individuals. Compared with HIV-negative MSM, prevalence of any HPV genotype (79.5% vs 46.7%), any high-risk genotype (64.1% vs 36.6%) and any nonavalent vaccine-preventable genotype (53.9% vs 31.6%) was significantly higher in HIV-positive MSM, with all P < 0.01. HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87–9.80), using recreational drugs (AOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.22–2.87), having ≥ 3 years of sexual experience (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.01–2.28), having ≥ 6 lifetime male partners (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.29–2.86), and engaging receptive anal intercourse (AOR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.48–3.57) were associated with higher anal HPV prevalence. Any HPV prevalence increased with age, from 24.5% at < 20 years to 55.8% at ≥ 40 years.ConclusionsAnal HPV prevalence was high among MSM in southern China, significantly associated with HIV status and sexual experience. HPV prevalence increased with age among MSM. A targeted HPV vaccination program for teenage MSM might be necessary. Our findings will inform targeted HPV modelling among MSM in China.     

不同性角色男男性行为人群的肛周人乳头瘤病毒感染及影响因素分析

目的 了解不同性角色男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men,MSM）的肛周人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）感染状况及其相关危险因素。方法 2016年3月~2017年4月于乌鲁木齐市采用滚雪球抽样法招募MSM 704名,通过问卷调查收集人口学与性行为特征数据,采集肛管内脱落细胞并使用37型HPV检测试剂盒进行分型鉴定。结果 MSM的肛周HPV既往感染率为50.4%,其中性角色"0"组与性角色"1"组的肛周HPV总感染率和低危型HPV的感染率不同,分别为54.6%、18.8%与45.6%、11.9%,差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肛交有时使用安全套、近6个月同性商业性行为是性角色"0"组感染HPV的危险因素（均有P<0.05）;近6个月同性商业性行为是性角色"1"组感染HPV的危险因素（OR=3.04,95%CI:1.21~7.62,P=0.018）。结论 性角色"0"组与性角色"1"组之间肛周HPV感染率有差异,结合危险因素提倡MSM督促性伴使用安全套、避免商业性行为。     

Acceptability of HPV vaccines and perceptions related to genital warts and penile/anal cancers among men who have sex with men in Hong Kong

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of contracting HIV and developing genital warts and penile/anal cancers. HPV vaccines are efficacious in preventing such HPV-related diseases among males and WHO recommends its use to young MSM. In a cross-sectional survey, 542 MSM were interviewed. After being briefed about the vaccines’ efficacies and the market price, the prevalence of acceptability of HPV vaccination was 29.2%. Adjusted by significant background variables, perceived high/very high chances of contracting genital warts [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.04, 95%CI = 1.11–3.72] and penile/anal cancers (AOR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.09–3.29) among local MSM, perceived moderately high mortality rate of penile/anal cancers (AOR = 1.78, 95%CI = 1.13–2.81), fear toward penile/anal cancers (moderate: AOR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.07–2.86; high/very high: AOR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.13–2.92) and disagreement with the statement “MSM in general are not willing to take HPV vaccines” (AOR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.24–2.68) were associated with the conditional acceptability. Acceptability of this new measure is reasonably high and there are rooms for improvement. Implementation trials to promote HPV vaccination by changing cognitions such as HPV-related risk perceptions, norms and perceptions toward anal/penile cancer are greatly warranted.     

重庆市男男性行为者网络交友HIV感染情况

目的了解重庆市男男性行为者(MSM) 网络交友状况及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,为有效干预MSM HIV感染提供依据。方法对重庆市206名MSM进行结构式访问与问卷调查,对半年内未进行HIV检测者进行实验室筛查,分析MSM人口社会学特征及HIV感染的影响因素。结果206名MSM平均年龄（22.08±1.81）岁,大专及以上文化程度137名（66.50%）,HIV感染率为21.36%（44/206）。MSM无固定性伴侣者HIV感染率高于有固定性伴侣者;MSM性伴数量越多,HIV感染风险越大;与不熟悉或陌生的人发生性行为HIV感染率高于与熟悉的性伴;性行为中安全套使用率越高,HIV感染率越低,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。不同文化程度的MSM安全套使用情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论该市MSM HIV感染率较高,建议加强健康教育宣传、同伴网络教育与行为干预,减少联结MSM网体之间的桥梁人群,建立同性恋社会支持体系,降低MSM HIV感染风险。     

Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination and sexual experience prior to disclosure to health care providers among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for targeted vaccination programs

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) may benefit from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine due to increased risk for HPV infection and related disease. We assessed HPV vaccine acceptability and sexual experience prior to disclosure to Health Care Providers (HCP) to understand implications of targeted vaccination strategies for MSM. METHODS: From July 2008 to February 2009, 1169 MSM aged ≥19 years were recruited at community venues in Vancouver. We assessed key variables from a self-administered questionnaire and independent predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 1041 respondents, 697 (67.0%) were willing to receive HPV vaccine and 71.3% had heard of HPV. Significant multivariate predictors of higher vaccine acceptability were (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]): previous diagnosis of genital warts (1.7 [1.1, 2.6]), disclosure of sexual behavior to HCP (1.6 [1.1, 2.3]), annual income at least $20,000 (1.5 [1.1, 2.1]), previous hepatitis A or B vaccination (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]), and no recent recreational drug use (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]). Most MSM (78.7%) had disclosed sexual behavior to HCP and median time from first sexual contact with males to disclosure was 6.0 years (IQR 2-14 years); for men ≤26 years these were 72.0% and 3.0 years (IQR 1-8 years) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Willingness to receive HPV vaccine was substantial among MSM in Vancouver; however, acceptability varied by demographics, risk, and health history. HPV vaccine programs delivered by HCP would offer limited benefit given the duration of time from sexual debut to disclosure to HCP.     

A phase III clinical study to compare the immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines in men

BackgroundA nine-valent human papilloma virus (9vHPV) vaccine has been developed to prevent infections and diseases related to HPV 6/11/16/18 (as per the licensed quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) vaccine) as well as to five additional oncogenic HPV types (HPV 31/33/45/52/58). The 9vHPV vaccine has the potential to prevent 90% of cervical cancers, HPV-related anal, vaginal and vulval cancers and anogenital warts. We compared the immunogenicity and safety of the 9vHPV vaccine versus the qHPV vaccine in 16–26-year-old men.MethodsParticipants (N = 500) were randomised to receive 9vHPV or qHPV vaccines on day 1, month 2 and month 6. Serology testing was performed on day 1 and month 7. HPV type-specific antibody titres (anti-HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) were determined by competitive Luminex immunoassay and expressed as geometric mean titres and seroconversion rates. Vaccine safety was also assessed.ResultsThe HPV 6/11/16/18 immune responses elicited by the 9vHPV vaccine were comparable with those elicited by the qHPV vaccine. All participants receiving the 9vHPV vaccine seroconverted for HPV 31/33/45/52/58. The 9vHPV and qHPV vaccines showed comparable safety profiles.ConclusionsIn addition to immune responses to HPV 31/33/45/52/58, a three-dose regimen of the 9vHPV vaccine elicited a similar immune response to HPV 6/11/16/18 when compared with the qHPV vaccine in men aged 16–26 years. The safety profile was also similar for the two vaccines. The results from this study support extending the efficacy findings with qHPV vaccine to 9vHPV vaccine in men aged 16–26 years.NCT02114385     

Adjuvant HPV vaccination for anal cancer prevention in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: The time is now

ImportanceOutcomes of treating high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), a precursor to anal cancer, remain uncertain. Emerging evidence shows that post HSIL treatment adjuvant quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccination improves the effectiveness of treatment. However, no recommendations exist regarding the use of qHPV vaccine as an adjuvant form of therapy. Our objective was to determine whether post-treatment adjuvant vaccination should be adopted in HIV-infected MSM (individuals at highest risk for anal cancer) on the basis of cost-effectiveness determined using existing evidence or whether future research is needed.MethodsWe developed a Markov (state-transition) cohort model to assess the cost-effectiveness of post-treatment adjuvant HPV vaccination of 27 years or older HIV-infected MSM. We first estimated cost-effectiveness and then performed value-of-information (VOI) analysis to determine whether future research is required by estimating the expected value of perfect information (EVPI). We also estimated expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI) to determine what new evidences should have highest priority.ResultsWith the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $71,937/QALY, “treatment plus vaccination” was the most cost-effective HSIL management strategy using the willingness-to-pay threshold of 100,000/QALY. We found that population-level EVPI for conducting future clinical research evaluating HSIL management approaches was US$12 million (range $6–$20 million). The EVPPI associated with adjuvant qHPV vaccination efficacy estimated in terms of hazards of decreasing HSIL recurrence was $0 implying that additional data from a future study evaluating efficacy of adjuvant qHPV vaccination will not change our policy conclusion that “treatment plus vaccination” was cost-effective. Both the ICER and EVPI were sensitive to HSIL treatment compliance.ConclusionPost-treatment adjuvant qHPV vaccination in HIV-infected MSM aged 27 or above is likely to be cost-effective. Use of adjuvant qHPV vaccination could be considered as a potential strategy to reduce rising anal cancer burden among these high-risk individuals.     

重庆地区HIV阴性男男性行为者药物滥用情况分析

目的了解重庆市人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)阴性男男性行为者(men who have sex with men, MSM)药物滥用情况及其影响因素,并探究药物滥用与其性病发生率的关系。方法 2018年6月—2019年6月招募重庆地区HIV阴性MSM人群并收集其社会人口学、高危性行为及性病感染等信息,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析其药物滥用的影响因素,采用卡方检验分析药物滥用与性病发生的关系。结果共招募139名HIV阴性MSM,其中34.53%(48/139)近6个月有药物滥用史。单因素和多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,服用过暴露后预防药物是药物滥用的阻碍因素;发生过≥3人的"群交"行为(OR=0.027,95%CI:0.009～0.085)是药物滥用的独立影响因素。药物滥用者性病发生率为16.67%(8/48),高于非药物滥用者的4.40%(4/91),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论重庆地区HIV阴性MSM人群药物滥用比例高,且药物滥用导致其发生高危性行为的可能性更大,性病发生率更高。     

Ethnic and racial differences in HPV knowledge and vaccine intentions among men receiving HPV test results

We examined factors associated with HPV vaccine intentions by racial/ethnic group among men participating in a HPV natural history study. HPV knowledge, vaccine intentions and perceived barriers were assessed among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men. Men were tested for HPV every 6 months. After receiving test results from their previous visit, participants (N = 477) reported their intentions for HPV vaccination in a computer-assisted survey instrument (CASI). Vaccine intentions were high among all respondents, although differences were found between racial and ethnic groups in awareness and knowledge of HPV and, vaccine intentions and perceived access and barriers to receiving the HPV vaccine. In order to effectively disseminate the vaccine among men, factors that may promote or inhibit vaccine acceptability need to be identified. Identifying these factors related to vaccine intentions among minority and majority men offers an opportunity for addressing barriers to health equity and, in turn, reductions in HPV-related disparities.     

黑龙江省男男性行为者中艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV感染检出率调查

目的探讨黑龙江省男男性行为者艾滋病相关知识、行为及艾滋病病毒感染检出状况,为在该人群中开展有效的艾滋病干预措施提供科学依据。方法由经过专业培训的调查者对男男性行为者进行一对一的问卷调查,同时收集研究对象的血液样本。结果在1353名被调查的男男性行为者中,艾滋病病毒感染率为2.3%。来自佳木斯、收入2000～元、在互联网寻找性伴和有过检测史的男男性行为者有较高的知识评分。在过去6个月,48.7%男男性行为者与多个男性发生过肛交性行为以及44.5%的男男性行为者每次都使用安全套。结论在男男性行为者中艾滋病病毒感染率已经升高,并且广泛存在着艾滋病相关危险行为,必须及时采取措施加以控制,防止艾滋病在该人群中广泛传播。     

Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: a critical literature review

HIV rates are disproportionately higher for Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for other MSM. We reviewed the literature to examine 12 hypotheses that might explain this disparity.We found that high rates of HIV infection for Black MSM were partly attributable to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases that facilitate HIV transmission and to undetected or late diagnosis of HIV infection; they were not attributable to a higher frequency of risky sexual behavior, nongay identity, or sexual nondisclosure, or to reported use of alcohol or illicit substances. Evidence was insufficient to evaluate the remaining hypotheses.Future studies must address these hypotheses to provide additional explanations for the greater prevalence of HIV infection among Black MSM.     

山西省2010、2015和2020年哨点监测男男性行为人群HIV感染状况及相关因素分析

目的:了解2010、2015和2020年山西省男男性行为人群（MSM）的HIV的感染状况及其相关因素。方法:根据全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案,在艾滋病哨点监测期通过横断面调查方法收集山西省2010、2015和2020年MSM哨点监测研究对象的基本特征、艾滋病知识知晓率、高危性行为、性传播疾病（STD）患病史、干预服务和H...     

男男性接触者同性性行为特征及安全性行为影响因素研究

目的了解男男性接触者(men who have sex with men,MSM)同性性行为特征及安全性行为的影响因素,为开展MSM人群艾滋病综合防治提供建议。方法通过滚雪球的方式招募MSM进行面对面的调查,采用逐步后退法的logistic回归分析确定影响安全性行为的因素。数据采用SPSS12.0软件作统计学处理,率的比较用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本研究共调查MSM951人,过去一年接受咨询检测服务的比例占44.5%,最近一次与最近6个月同男性发生肛交时安全套使用率分别为69.6%与38.3%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:月收入(AOR=0.86,95%CI:0.77~0.96)、最近一年是否做过艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测(AOR=0.65,95%CI:0.48~0.87)、过去一年是否接受过干预服务(AOR=0.64,95%CI:0.43~0.97)、第一次与男性发生性行为时的性角色(AOR=0.75,95%CI:0.62~0.92)、最近6个月发生性行为的男性性伴数(AOR=1.33,95%CI:1.04~1.71)是影响安全性行为的独立影响因素。结论 MSM人群安全套使用率低,接受咨询检测服务的比例低,仍存在艾滋病在该人群快速传播的风险,应切实加大对该人群的行为干预。