弓形体IgG抗体亲和力指数在胎儿宫内感染中的临床意义

【目的】探讨弓形体（toxoplasma，TOX）IgG抗体亲和力指数，判断弓形体感染孕妇宫内感染的概率。【方法】ELISA法检测中晚期孕妇弓形体特异性抗体IgM和IgG，并对150例TOX—IgM或TOX—IgG阳性孕妇的胎儿或新生儿脐血进行TOX—IgM检测；采用尿素变性试验检测弓形体感染孕妇TOX-IgG抗体亲和力指数（avidityindex，AI）。【结果】孕妇弓形体IgM抗体阳性和IgG抗体阴性58例；弓形体IgM和IgG抗体阳性22例；弓形体IgM抗体阴性和IgG抗体阳性70例。胎儿或新生儿IgM阳性44例。原发性感染宫内感染率高于继发性感染（P〈0．05），活动性感染宫内感染率高于非活动性（P〈0．01），AI≤30％宫内感染率高于AI〉30％（P〈0．01）。【结论]IgG抗体亲和力指数AI≤30％结合IgM阳性有助于提高判断弓形体宫内感染的发生率。     

贫困山区妊娠妇女HCMV感染与血清IL-8的关系

目的 研究贫困山区孕期人巨细胞病毒感染状况,探讨苓与白细胞介素8 (Interleukin-8,IL-8)的关系.方法 用ELISA和PCR方法 检测贫困山区323例正常孕妇外周血特异性 HCMV IgM、IgG抗体及HCMV DNA,对其中27例孕期HCMV 活动性感染者及48例孕期无HCMV活动性感染者进行随访,检测产后乳汁及新生儿尿液HCMV DNA;并采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测孕妇及乳母外周血中IL-8水平.结果 孕妇HCMV活动性感染率为8.36%,宫内传播率为25.93%,孕期CMV活动性感染者及宫内传播者其外周血IL-8水平显著高于未感染者(P<0.05),乳汁排毒者和未排毒者间血清IL-8水平没有明显变化.结论 近年来贫困山区孕期HCMV活动性感染率有所下降,但较国内外报道仍高;IL-8在孕期活动性HCMV感染及宫内感染中可能起着重要的免疫调节作用.     

孕妇巨细胞病毒感染与胎儿先天性畸形

本文报告采用 ELISA 法检测5000例孕妇血清、243对母婴血清及30对畸形儿血清中人巨细胞病毒 IgG 与 IgM 抗体。孕妇 HCMV IgG 与 IgM 阳性率各为88.48%与5.35%,新生儿各为83.95%与1.65%,243对母婴血清 IgG 与 IgM 分布频率的一致性(IgG:x~2=9.09,P<0.01;IgM:x~2=4.92,P<0.05),提示 HCMV 存在母婴间传播。分娩畸形儿母亲血清中 IgM 阳性率明显高于分娩正常儿母血(x~2=6.03,P<0.05),提示孕妇处于 HCMV 激活感染能引起宫内感染及先天性畸形。     

993例女性巨细胞病毒抗体检测分析

目的了解孕前、死胎和胎儿畸形妇女人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)既往感染及近期感染状况。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(EL1SA)对920例孕前妇女、51例死胎妇女和22例胎儿畸形妇女共993例妇女的静脉血标本进行了HCMV-IgG抗体、HCMV-IgM抗体检测,同时以80名孕前检查的健康妇女为对照。结果发现人巨细胞病毒IgG、IgM抗体阳性率分别为97.18%和2.22%。提示妇女HCMV既往感染极为普遍,在孕前妇女、51例死胎妇女和23例胎儿畸形妇女中,分别检测出HCMV-IgM阳性标本15例、4例、3例,阳性率分别为1.51%、7.84%和13.64%,巨细胞病毒近期感染率,在上述各组妇女中,以胎儿畸形组最高,死胎组次之,在80名健康妇女中未检测出HCMV-IgM阳性标本,感染率为0。结论在妇女中巨细胞病毒有一定的近期感染率,巨细胞病毒既往感染可能会被危险因素激活为近期感染,孕妇感染HCMV是导致胎儿畸形和死胎的原因之一,酶免法检测巨细胞病毒抗体(CMV-IgM)是当前迅速、简便、经济的优生检测筛选方法。     

孕妇感染HCMV时IgG抗体亲和力与HCMV DNA联合检测的临床意义

目的：本文通过研究HCMV-IgG亲和力指数（avidity index,AI）以及HCMV-DNA的检测,对孕产妇原发性感染及继发性感染进行综合评价。旨在为防止和减少围产期感染、流产及新生儿先天畸形、听力障碍和智力障碍提供有效而准确的检测数据及临床诊断依据。方法：采用德国Virion/serion公司酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）定量试剂,检测孕妇血清中HCMV的IgM和IgG抗体、IgG抗体亲和力;采用中山医科大学达安公司RV核酸扩增（PCR）荧光定量检测孕妇血清中HCMV-DNA,并对其结果进行分析。结果：341例孕妇中,HCMV-IgG低亲和力样本孕产史不良孕妇组所占比例显著高于初次妊娠孕妇。孕产史不良孕妇HCMV-DNA阳性例数所占比例显著高于初次妊娠孕妇。结论：341例孕妇中存在一定比例的HCMV现症感染,建议妊娠妇女尤其是有不良孕产史者尽可能同时进行HCMV-IgG亲和力指数及HCMV-DNA检查,以便尽早采取措施,避免由于HCMV感染导致的新生儿出生缺陷的发生。     

糖尿病患者活动性人巨细胞病毒感染监测及临床意义

目的 临测糖尿病患者活动性人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染,并探讨其临床意义.方法 在HCMV pp65基因内自行设计一对引物,建立RT-PCR检测727例糖尿病患者及230名健康献血者外周血白细胞HCMVpp65 mRNA转录水平,同时应用抗体捕获酶联免疫法检测HCMV pp65-IgM.结果 糖尿病患者HCMV-IgM及mRNA阳性率分别为11.14%和16.64%,与对照组(0.87%、2.17%)相比均差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);比较不同年龄段HCMV感染率,结果发现发病年龄<30岁的患者中HCMV-mRNA阳性率明显高于其他年龄组,从病程来看,病程<1年的糖尿病患者HCMV-mRNA阳性检出率最高.结论 糖尿病患者易发生活动性的HCMV感染,RT-PCR检测HCMV pp65和抗体捕获HCMV pp65特异性IgM可快速有效地确诊HCMV活动性感染的发生.     

人巨细胞病毒感染跟踪调查研究

目的:探讨孕期HCMV活动性感染引起宫内传播及对胎、婴儿影响的相关因素。方法:ELISA法孕前筛查2602例育龄妇女HCMV-IgM、HCMV-IgG抗体,并根据抗体检测结果分为4组,应用ELISA和PCR两种技术,跟踪检测4组616例中444名孕妇早、中晚孕期外周血、羊水及新生儿脐带血感染情况,对新生儿行跟踪调查。对107例中发生在不同孕期的活动性感染的不良妊娠结局进行分析。结果:孕前育龄妇女活动性感染率为10.2％;4组孕期活动性感染率高达24.1％(107/444),以原发、复发组发生率最高(46.9％、41.7％)占孕期活动性感染的75％;孕期活动性感染自然流产率(17.8％)显著高于非活动性感染(10.4％);孕期活动性感染发生宫内感染的危险度为34.6％;孕期活动性感染新生儿先天性感染检出率为8.9％;发生在孕早期的活动性感染的不良妊娠结局最为严重。结论:孕前感染类型与孕后发生活动性感染危险度密切相关,且不同类型对妊娠结局影响不同;孕期活动性感染自然流产率高,能够引起宫内垂直传播;胎盘及母体的特异性IgG抗体对胎儿的保护作用不可忽视;重点预防早孕期HCMV感染。     

浙江省温州地区住院患儿人巨细胞病毒感染状况分析

目的分析温州地区住院患儿人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染状况及血清标志物的分布特点。方法收集2010年3月至2011年2月期间5 215例温州地区住院患儿,按年龄将患儿分为<28d、28～d、6～月龄、1～岁、3～岁、7～14岁6个组,采用化学发光法(chemiluminescence immunoassay,CLIA)定量检测血清HCMV IgM/IgG抗体浓度,并对各年龄段HCMV IgM/IgG的阳性检出率及抗体水平进行分析。结果 5 215例住院患儿HCMV IgM阳性检出率为14.38%(750/5 215),HCMV IgG阳性检出率为82.45%(4 300/5 215),HCMV IgM和HCMV IgG同时为阳性12.98%(677/5 215);HCMV IgM阳性检出率以<28d组最低(1.06%,P<0.01),28～d组最高(21.48%,P<0.01);HCMV IgG阳性检出率以<28d和7～14岁两组高(分别为98.77%和86.54%,P均<0.01);HCMV IgM阳性浓度在6个组间分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.52),但随着年龄的增长有降低趋势(P=0.02);HCMV IgG阳性浓度以28～d组最低(P<0.05),且随着年龄的增长有升高趋势(P<0.01)。750例HCMV IgM阳性的患儿中,以呼吸道感染最多占34.80%(261/750),其中肺炎占16.93%(127/750)。结论温州地区住院患儿HCMV感染率高,以呼吸道感染为主,不同年龄组间患儿HCMV感染率及抗体浓度不同。     

先天性巨细胞病毒感染与胎儿畸形

青岛医学院微生物教研室邵济钧等用间接ELISA法同时检测青岛地区孕妇血清中巨细胞病毒(HCMV)—IgM和IgA两种抗体,自1002份孕妇血清中共检出HCMV—IgM阳性149份(14.87%);HCMV—IgA阳性169份(16.87%)。若以其中一项阳性者即为阳性,则孕妇活动性HCMV总感染率为20.95%。自372份新生儿脐血血清中共检出HCMV—IgM阳性16份(4.30%),HCMV—IgA血清30份(8.06%),本地     

早孕自然流产妇女人巨细胞病毒感染的临床分析

采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对早孕自然流产妇女100例血清进行人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)IgM、IgG的检测,并和正常早孕妊娠妇女进行比较;应用ELISA对20例早孕自然流产后绒毛进行HCMV-IgM、IgG检测.结果显示流产组中HCMV-IgM阳性和HCMV-IgG、IgM双阳阳性率与正常孕妇相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);20例流产绒毛阳性率60%,说明HCMV通过血液传播给胚胎,引起流产.孕妇原发与继发感染与早孕自然流产有相关性,HCMV-IgM和HCMV-IgG与HCMV-IgG、IgM双阳阳性率与发生流产次数成正相关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.