肝脓肿的CT诊断及临床鉴别

目的:分析肝脓肿的CT特征性表现。方法:选取2015年7月~2017年4月我院38例肝脓肿患者,均经手术病理、穿刺病理或临床抗炎治疗后证实,均行CT平扫和动态增强扫描,分析典型性肝脓肿与不典型性肝脓肿CT形态学特征。结果:(1)分布及大小:肝右叶26例,肝左叶12例;病灶单发27例,多发10例,弥漫分布1例;病灶直径(6.51±2.62)cm;(2)典型性肝脓肿(21例)特征:CT平扫表现:呈圆形、类圆形、大小不等的囊样低密度影,其中双靶征12例,低密度影中出现少量气体5例,多房型病变2例,有宽大气液平面2例;增强扫描表现:病灶中心分隔,脓肿壁不同程度环状强化,病灶周边"单环征"5例,"双环征"13例,"三环征"2例;(3)不典型肝脓肿(17例)特征:CT平扫表现:肝内低密度占位,病灶密度不均匀,边缘模糊不清;增强CT表现:"肿块缩小征","边缘强化征","簇状征","延时强化征"。结论:CT扫描可全面了解肝脓肿病灶数量、分布、大小等情况。通过CT增强扫描可显示典型性肝脓肿及不典型肝脓肿多个特征性影像学表现,有助于肝脓肿早期诊断及不典型肝脓肿鉴别。     

不典型肝脓肿27例螺旋CT征象分析

目的提高对不典型肝脓肿的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析27例经临床或手术病理证实的不典型肝脓肿的CT资料。结果CT平扫表现为肝内低密度或密度不太均匀肿块，边缘模糊；增强后不同时相有“细网格征”、“簇形征”、“蜂窝征”、“晕征”、“肿块缩小征”及短暂性肝段强化。结论联系病史、分析CT增强扫描和延迟扫描的表现有助于对不典型肝脓肿的诊断。     

肝脓肿的CT征象分析

目的探讨肝脓肿的CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析38例经皮穿刺确诊的肝脓肿的临床资料和CT征象,均行CT平扫及增强扫描。结果25例肝脓肿CT平扫呈不均匀低密度病灶,边缘欠清晰,增强显示环靶征,部分呈多房簇集征和脓肿内气体。13例不典型肝脓肿多为早期肝脓肿,CT平扫无特征,增强扫描见花瓣征及持续强化征等。结论肝脓肿不同阶段具有不同CT表现,结合CT表现和临床表现有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

肝脓肿CT诊断及鉴别诊断的探讨

目的:探讨肝脓肿的CT征象及其特征性表现,提高肝脓肿诊断的正确率。材料与方法:回顾性分析经手术或临床证实的细菌性肝脓肿32例的CT表现;所收集病例均行CT平扫和动态增强扫描。结果:32例CT平扫病灶均表现为低密度,增强扫描脓肿壁表现为双环强化征18例,三环强化征3例,表现为分隔强化8例;表现边缘强化征19例。结论:CT扫描尤其是动态增强扫描对肝脓肿具有较高的诊断价值,CT扫描能准确显示肝脓肿的部位,且其CT表现具有一定的特征性,结合临床有助于肝脓肿的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描诊断早期细菌性肝脓肿30例分析

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT四期增强扫描对早期细菌性肝脓肿的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析30例早期细菌性肝脓肿的病例资料,行CT平扫及四期增强扫描或五期增强扫描。结果:早期细菌性肝脓肿多见于细菌性肝脓肿的化脓性炎症期或脓肿形成初期,平扫呈多房性低密度肿块,边界多不清晰,增强后可见典型征象。结论:早期细菌性肝脓肿多层螺旋CT动态四期增强后可显示特征性表现,大大提高了早期细菌性肝脓肿的诊断准确性。     

肝脓肿的CT表现（附36例分析）

目的 为提高对肝脓肿的CT表现与病理基础关系的认识，探讨CT在肝脓肿诊断中的作用。方法 回顾分析经证实的36例肝脓肿平扫加增强扫描的CT表现。结果 肝脓肿多形态，CT平扫表现为低密度，边界欠清，增强扫描脓肿液化区不强化，边缘强化明显，具有一定的特征性。本组簇形征13例，周围多环征8例，小气泡或气一液平面征4例。结论 CT扫描是诊断肝脓肿的主要检查方法。上述“三征”中的任何“一征”均是诊断本病的重要参考依据。     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描在不典型肝脓肿诊断的价值

目的分析不典型肝脓肿的螺旋CT动态增强表现及病理基础,探讨其诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性总结分析经临床、病理证实或随访确诊的16例不典型肝脓肿(细菌性)的多层螺旋CT表现特征。结果 16例肝脓肿在CT平扫时病灶边缘及内部结构均为较模糊的低密度影。三期增强扫描可见:(1)动脉期,病灶周边肝段强化略明显,病灶内均可见分隔强化所形成的"簇状征",从中央向周边放射分布改变。(2)门脉期,"簇状征"或"蜘蛛网隔征"、"蜂窝征"明显显示。(3)平衡期,病灶边缘及内分隔持续强化,病灶范围较增强前趋于缩小。结论不典型肝脓肿运用多层螺旋CT三期动态增强扫描具有特征性表现,有较高的诊断正确率,在比较影像学上选择应用价值高。     

化脓性肝脓肿的CT诊断(附44例分析)

目的探讨化脓性肝脓肿(PLA)CT平扫及增强扫描的影像学特点.方法回顾性分析44例经穿刺活检、手术病理或临床随访证实的PLA患者CT及临床资料.结果44例PLA患者多有发热、腹痛、血象异常等急性感染症状;24例PLA(55%)具有典型CT表现,20例(45%)表现不典型.44例中CT明确诊断PLA37例,提示PLA可能6例,误诊为肝癌1例.结论CT表现比较典型的PLA,结合临床症状诊断不难;而不典型PLA,综合分析增强扫描尤其是动态和延时扫描特征可提高诊断准确性.     

320排动态容积CT低剂量扫描对糖尿病不典型肝脓肿的诊断价值

目的分析糖尿病患者不典型肝脓肿的CT征象,以提高低辐射剂量CT检查对肝脓肿的早期诊断正确率。方法回顾性分析我院2010年10月至2011年10月收治的糖尿病患者中经临床、手术或病理学证实的肝脓肿患者40例,其中20例行320排容积CT扫描,20例行64排螺旋CT扫描,分析其CT平扫及增强扫描各征象,对两组所受辐射剂量及噪声进行对比。结果 CT平扫两组肝脓肿均呈圆形或卵圆形低密度影或等低混杂密度影,增强扫描高灌注征、簇状征、持续强化征、缩小征在两组间无统计学差异。320排容积扫描组辐射剂量(9.9±0.8)mSv,噪声5.90±0.63;64排螺旋扫描组所接受辐射剂量(17.5±1.2)mSv,噪声5.35±0.55。两组辐射剂量及噪声差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 320排CT容积扫描辅助诊断不典型肝脓肿其诊断准确率高,辐射剂量低,可为临床诊断肝脓肿提供可靠的依据。     

多层螺旋CT三期增强扫描在诊断肝脓肿中的价值

目的：探讨肝脓肿多层螺旋CT三期增强扫描的表现和诊断价值。方法：回顾分析经临床或病理证实的30例肝脓肿的动态增强各期CT表现,所有患者均进行了肝动脉期、门脉期和实质期肝脏3期动态增强cT检查。结果：30例肝脓肿中,病灶位于肝左叶7例,肝右叶21例,左右叶均有2例。典型肝脓肿12例,表现为环靶征,中心均为低密度影并含气体;不典型肝脓肿18例,其中13例表现为蜂窝状,并有持续强化征、边缘锐利征等5例出现一过性肝段性强化。结论：多层螺旋CT3期增强扫描诊断肝脓肿具有特征性,对提高肝脓肿的诊断率和鉴别诊断均有重要价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.