糖化血红蛋白诊断糖尿病的切点研究

目的 探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)用于诊断糖尿病的切点.方法 对为明确DM诊断而初次就诊的高危人群739例进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定其空腹血糖(FPG)和服用75 g葡萄糖2h后血糖(2 h PG),同时测定HbAlc,根据WHO(1999年)糖代谢状态分类标准进行分组,研究人群糖耐量正常(NGT) 61例,空腹血糖受损(IFG) 46例,糖耐量减低(IGT) 84例,糖调节受损(IGR) 130例,糖尿病(DM) 548例,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析,确定HbAlc用于诊断糖尿病的切点.结果 NGT组的HbA1c为(5.7±0.6)％,DM组为(9.8±3.0)％,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=10.7,P＜0.01);如以FPG≥7.0 mmol/L,或以2 hPG≥11.1 mmol/L,或以FPG≥7.0 mmol/L且2 hPG≥11.1mmol/L,或以FPG≥7.0 mmol/L或2 hPG≥11.1 mmol/L作为诊断糖尿病的标准,HbAlc切点均为6.5％,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.981,0.980,0.990和0.973.结论 高危人群糖尿病诊断的HbAlc切点为6.5％,HbAlc不适用于糖调节受损的诊断.     

2型糖尿病及其高危人群筛查方法的探讨分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其高危人群筛查适宜而有效的方法。方法选择首钢四个社区的16 056例T2DM普查人群,同时测定空腹血糖(FPG)、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)后2 h血糖值(2 h PG)及糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c),筛查T2DM患者及高危人群。结果 (1)以WHO(1999年)糖尿病诊断标准FPG≥7.0 mmol/L,2 h PG≥11.1 mmol/L,筛出T2DM患者2 011例(12.52%),T2DM高危人群4 334例(26.99%)。(2)按2010年ADA的糖尿病诊断标准筛查T2DM患者:单检测Hb A1c≥6.5%灵敏度为53.41%,漏诊46.59%;单检测FPG≥7.0 mmol/L灵敏度为49.98%,漏诊率50.02%。糖尿病高危人群:Hb A1c≥6.0%或FPG≥6.0 mmol/L灵敏度为69.4%。(3)应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线进行统计分析,与OGTT诊断糖尿病相关的FPG最佳切点为6.1 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度分别为75.5%和90.3%;Hb A1c最佳切点为6.2%,灵敏度和特异度分别为71.4%和84.5%。与OGTT诊断T2DM及高危人群相关的FPG最佳切点为5.7 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度分别为62%和87.2%,Hb A1c最佳切点为6.0 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度分别为57.3%和77.4%。(4)若采用联合筛查T2DM以FPG≥6.1 mmol/L或Hb A1c≥6.2%作为标准,灵敏度可达到85.3%,同时有较好的特异度78.9%;以FPG≥5.6 mmol/L或Hb A1c≥6.1%联合筛查T2DM及高危人群作为标准,灵敏度74.4%,特异度71.5%。结论 Hb A1c与FPG联合测定是一种筛查诊断T2DM及糖尿病高危人群方便而有效的方法,建议对5.6 mmol/L≤FPG≤7 mmol/L或Hb A1c≥6.1%的人群应行OGTT,以降低糖尿病的漏诊率。     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验在糖尿病诊断中的探讨

目的：对口服葡萄糖耐量试验(0GTT)诊断糖尿病(DM)进行分析其意义．方法：对286例可疑糖尿病人行OGTF，分别以空腹血糖(FPG)≥7．0mmol／L和OGTT 2h血糖(PG 2h)≥11.1mmol／L作为DM诊断标准。结果：以FPG和PG2h为DM诊断标准，DM的患病率分别是31．81％、44．05％．符合率为60．31％。结论：仅凭FPG诊断DM是不是够的。PG2h是DM诊断的金标准。     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验诊断DM、IGT、IFG的临床意义

目的　探讨空腹血糖 (FPG) <7.0mmol/L ,OGTT试验诊断糖尿病 (DM )、糖耐量减低 (IGT)及空腹血糖损害 (IFG)的价值。方法　挑选经体检确认FPG >7.0mmol/L人群作为观察对象 ,经馒头餐后 2h PG≥ 6.7mmol/L人员 ,施以OGTT ,根据 1999年WHO标准分为三组 :DM组、IGT组及IFG组。给每一组人员检查 2 4h尿微量白蛋白 (UmALB)。结果　DM、IGT及IFG男性检出率分别为 6.6%、10 .5 %及 5 .1% ,女性为 5 .1%、12 .5 %及 3 .3 % ,男性DM及IFG检出率高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,女性IGT检出率显著高于男性 (P <0 .0 1) ;2 4hUmALB ,FPG诊断DM组为 43 .2± 14 .3mg、OGTT诊断DM组为 3 0 .4± 15 .3mg、IGT组为 2 1.7± 8.5mg、IFG组为 7.7± 3 .6mg、正常对照组 7.5± 4.6mg ,DM组、IGT组均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,IFG组与正常对照组无差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　对于FPG <7.0mmol/L者 ,应以OGTT试验来筛查患者是否有糖尿病或糖耐量异常。     

ADA(美国糖尿病学会)糖尿病诊断新标准值得商榷

目的 探讨ADA（美国糖尿病学会1997年）糖尿病诊断新标准是否优于WHO（世界卫生组织1985年）诊断标准。方法 口服75g葡萄糖进行糖耐量试验（OGTT），测空腹血糖和糖负荷后2h血糖值。结果 ADA糖尿病诊断标准比WHO空腹血糖（FPG）诊断标准，可提高敏感性10.1%；按ADA标准诊断的75例糖尿病患者中有15例（20％）按WHO标准诊断为糖耐量低减（IGT），而且漏诊了餐后高血糖、糖尿病患者36例（32．4％）。ADA标准诊断，诊断空腹血糖异常（IFG）人群中按WHO标准有42例（37．8％）诊断为糖尿病，有60例（42．6％）诊断为IGT。结论 ADA诊断标准化WHO标准（FPG）虽可提高FPG诊断敏感性10．1％，但并不优于WHO诊断标准OGTT试验2h血糖（2h PG)值的敏感性。因此，认为WHO标准OGTT试验2h PG值有高敏感性和特异性，作为临床必要的诊断手段在临床工作中应该保留，临床医生要重视2h PG值。     

空腹血糖及餐后2小时血糖测定诊断糖尿病临床价值的研究

WHO(1985)DM诊断标准和ADA(1997)DM诊断标准在糖尿病学界广泛应用并深入讨论研究后,世界卫生组织(WHO)1999年发布了关于糖尿病的新诊断标准与分型.WHO(1999)DM诊断标准推荐了血浆葡萄糖浓度:空腹≥7.0mmol/L;或者服葡萄糖后2 h≥11.10 mmol/L 2个临界值[1]     

糖尿病的诊断标准及新建议

糖尿病的诊断以血糖水平为标准 ,根据微血管并发症迅速上升的血糖界值作为依据 ,美国糖尿病协会 (ADA)和WHO专家委员会分别于 1997年 7月和 1998年对糖尿病诊断和分类标准进行了修改 ,1999年 10月我国糖尿病学会决定采用该标准。糖调节受损 (IGR)指的是糖耐量降低 (IGT)和空腹葡萄糖受损(IFG)。2 0 0 3年专家委员会又对IFG诊断标准进行了调整[1] 。本文综述这些进展。1　诊断糖尿病的血浆葡萄糖水平的切点仍是空腹血糖 (FPG )≥ 12 6mg/dL (7 0mmol/L)或 2h血糖 (2h PG )≥ 2 0 0mg/dL(11 1mmol/L)　　确定糖尿病诊断标准的依据…     

糖尿病的两种空腹血糖诊断标准对比分析

目的探讨糖尿病(DM)新诊断标准中以空腹血糖(FPG)≥7.0 mmol/L(≥1.26 g/L)取代FPG≥7.8mmol/L(≥1.40 g/L)这一变动是否符合本地区临床应用。方法对我院内分泌门诊438例检查血糖的患者用口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)确诊后,利用2种不同的诊断标准进行对比分析。结果共检出DM患者159例,其中男83例,女76例,利用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对FPG≥7.8 mmol/L和FPG≥7.0 mmol/L诊断的特异性和敏感性进行分析,FPG≥7.8 mmol/L的敏感性和特异性分别为56%和99%;而FPG≥7.0 mmol/L的敏感性和特异性分别为68%和97%。结论FPG≥7.0 mmol/L因其特异性达97%,而敏感性又高于FPG≥7.8mmol/L,适合于本地区临床应用。     

受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)评价空腹血糖对糖尿病的诊断价值

1997年由美国糖尿病学会(ADA)提出并随后被WHO接受的糖尿病诊断新标准中,将空腹血糖(FBG)的医学决定水平由原标准的≥7 8mmol L降低为≥7 0mmol L ,不再推荐口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)作为实验室诊断标准,但仍保留2hOGTT或餐后2h(PG2h)血糖≥11 1mmol L为诊断标准[1] 。中华医学会糖尿病学会( 2 0 0 0年)有保留地接受了这一新的诊断标准,因认为OGTT有较好的灵敏度所以仍保留OGTT作为诊断标准[2 ] 。为验证FBG≥7 0mmol L对糖尿病的诊断灵敏度和特异性,我们根据1999年1月至2 0 0 1年7月在本院诊治的916例糖尿病患者的实验室资料…     

糖化血红蛋白在糖尿病诊断中的临床意义

目的通过糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平的检测,探讨其在糖尿病诊断中的意义。方法选取2009年在我院集体健康体检的志愿者2986例（除外已经诊断糖尿病者和其他影响HbA1c检测结果因素者）,全部检查HbAlc及空腹血糖,HbA1c≥6.5%的318例和空腹血糖（FPG）≥6.1 mmol/L的616例（其中FPG≥7.0 mmol/L者262例）,择日再行血糖水平检测或75%糖耐量试验（OGTT）,根据两次检测结果诊断或排除糖尿病。结果进一步检测HbAlc≥6.5%组诊断糖尿病276例,FPG≥6.1 mmol/L组诊断糖尿病311例（其中FPG≥7.0 mmol/L组216例）。以HbA1c≥6.5%为切点诊断糖尿病的敏感性为88.7%,特异性为98.4%;FPG≥7.0 mmol/L为切点诊断糖尿病的敏感性为69.5%,特异性为98.3%;以HbA1c≥6.5%为切点诊断糖尿病的漏诊率（11.3%）,明显低于以FPG≥7.0 mmol/L为切点诊断糖尿病的漏诊率（30.5%）。结论 HbA1c水平可以作为糖尿病诊断的参考指标之一,或提供进一步检查诊断糖尿病的依据。     

All cis-5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoic acid and triene prostaglandins: potential anti-thrombotic agents

Koskinen P, Viikari J, Irjala K, Kaihola H-L, Seppälä P. C-peptide determination in the choice of treatment in diabetes mellitus. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985; 45: 589-597.

The predictive value of the intravenous glucagon test in assessing the requirement of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus was evaluated in 105 adult diabetics. Basal and stimulated C-peptide concentrations and increments of C-peptide concentration were examined separately among newly and previously diagnosed diabetics. The poststimulatory C-peptide concentration of 0.6 nmol/1 (Novo, antibody M 1230) proved to be the most reliable basis for the choice of therapy. Adequate therapy could have been assessed in 70 cases (67%) without glucagon stimulation. To derive maximal information of plasma C-peptide concentrations, a biphasic scheme of the use for C-peptide determinations and glucagon stimulation is presented. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels of insulin-requiring diabetics correlated negatively with the duration of diabetes but they did not correlate with the relative body weights. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels of non-insulin-requiring diabetics did not correlate with the duration of diabetes, but they correlated positively with the relative body weights.     

Diabetes Distress: Assessment and Management of the Emotional Aspect of Diabetes Mellitus

Management of diabetes is well known to be a complex endeavor with many physical and psychological implications. Historically, primary focus has been on the physical complications of diabetes, with little attention being placed on the psychological repercussions. Patients with diabetes deal with intense psychological complications secondary to diabetes management, termed diabetes distress. Although related to emotions, this phenomenon differs from depression or anxiety. Management of diabetes distress includes a psychological approach with diabetes-specific care. Person-centered and positive strength-based language help build the clinician-patient relationship. Diabetes distress care is part of comprehensive diabetes management.     

Is a history of gestational diabetes related to risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in 20 non‐diabetic women with and 20 without a distant history of gestational diabetes (hGDM), matched on age, body mass index, and time since GDM‐affected pregnancy, was compared in a case control study. Women with an hGDM had lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c), p = .02, and higher triglycerides, p ≤ .001, versus controls. The combination of high triglycerides and low HDL‐c occurred in 25% of hGDM cases versus 0% of controls, p ≤ .01. Two‐hour post‐load glucose indicated that 45% of hGDM cases were pre‐diabetic versus 20% of controls, p ≤ .05. Non‐diabetic women with a distant hGDM are at increased risk for DM and may be at increased risk for CHD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:298–306, 2009     

儿童尿崩症病因分析及诊治体会

目的探讨儿童尿崩症的病因及临床特点。方法选择西安市儿童医院内分泌遗传代谢科收治的58例尿崩症患儿作为研究对象。分析患儿的临床资料、实验室检查结果及诊疗结果。结果尿崩症患儿需行禁水加压素试验、鞍区MRI扫描。中枢性尿崩症54例,肾性尿崩症4例。结论儿童尿崩症的病因以中枢性尿崩症居多。中枢性尿崩症由下丘脑-垂体病变所致,需完善检查明确病因,针对不同病因给予对症治疗,监测患儿生长发育及尿量,改善患儿生活质量。肾性尿崩症多为精氨酸加压素受体2(AVPR2)基因突变引起,临床可完善基因检测,提高其诊断准确度。     

What Is New in Diabetes Technology?

The purpose of this article is to provide nurse practitioners with an update on the current state of diabetes technology. The update includes information about insulin pumps, also known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring. In addition, emerging technologies such as mobile diabetes apps and telemedicine will be reviewed. Finally, a brief review of the current state of research and type 1 diabetes will be presented.     

Parental diabetes in Taiwanese diabetic women with and without previous gestational diabetes

Background    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is reported to be associated with maternal but not paternal diabetes. This study examined the relative contribution of maternal and paternal diabetes among type 2 diabetic women with and without a GDM history.
Materials and methods    A total of 48 502 type 2 diabetic women from a national sample were interviewed by telephone. Among them, 510 reported a GDM history. Parental diabetes was compared between patients with and without a GDM history considering the confounding effects of age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, duration of diabetes and insulin use.
Results    Patients with a GDM history were younger in age, had younger age of onset, longer duration of diabetes, slightly lower body mass index, higher prevalence of insulin use and lower prevalence of hypertension, but smoking rates were similar. The percentages of parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only and both father and mother for those without a GDM history were 76·2, 15·2, 5·8 and 2·8%, respectively; and were 47·8, 26·8, 17·5 and 7·9%, respectively, for those with a GDM history ( P  < 0·001). The adjusted odds ratios for patients with versus without a GDM history for parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only, and both father and mother were 1·000, 1·210 (0·948–1·544), 1·783 (1·341–2·371) and 2·094 (1·440–3·045), respectively.
Conclusions    Although maternal diabetes is more commonly seen, the disproportionately higher paternal diabetes in patients with a GDM history suggests an important role for paternal diabetes on the development of GDM into type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

同型半胱氨酸在糖尿病视网膜病变诊断中的应用

目的评价同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）测定在糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）诊断中的应用。方法应用循环酶法检测DR 45例、糖尿病无视网膜病变（NDR）50例及健康体检者40例血清Hcy含量,对结果进行统计分析。结果各组血清Hcy含量及高同型半胱氨酸（HHcy）发生率分别为：正常对照组（8.96±2.92）μmol/L、5.0%;NDR组（9.09±3.62）μmol/L、6.0%;DR组（21.82±7.99）μmol/L、73.3%;DR组HHcy血症发生情况及血清Hcy水平显著高于正常对照组及NDR组（P〈0.01）,而NDR组与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论血清Hcy水平升高也许是DR的危险因素之一,检测糖尿病患者血清Hcy水平有助于DR的早期诊断和治疗。     

Educating diabetes camp counselors with a human patient simulator: a pilot study

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to pilot test the feasibility and efficacy of a novel method of teaching camp counselors hypoglycemia management. Design and Methods. During orientation, counselors were assigned to the experimental (n= 21) or control (n= 15) group and received hypoglycemia education. The experimental group received supplemental education with a human patient simulator (HPS). Results. Baseline demographics, knowledge, and self‐efficacy were similar between groups. The experimental group had a significantly larger gain in diabetes knowledge than the control group. Within‐participant change in self‐efficacy did not differ by group. We observed a significant effect modification, with larger treatment‐related differences in the small subgroup with no previous diabetes exposure. Practice Implications. This feasibility study demonstrated the ease of teaching diabetes management to camp counselors using HPS.