腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉分支损伤的危险因素分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床出血的原因。方法　对 2 0 0 0年 9月～ 2 0 0 1年 3月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的 617例患者中 ,发生胆囊床出血的病例进行回顾性分析 ,并随机选取其中 91例进行前瞻性研究。结果　多普勒超声检查均发现有 1根肝中静脉的重要分支从胆囊床后面通过 ,该血管离胆囊床的最近距离点 (C点 )到胆囊的平均距离为 ( 5 0± 4 6)mm ,其中 15 4 % ( 14例 )肝中静脉是直接和胆囊床相贴 ,11 0 % ( 10例 )和胆囊床的距离在 1mm以内 ,C点的内径为 ( 3 2± 1 1)mm ;约有 3 4 7% ( 3 1例 )C点位于胆囊纵轴左侧 ,位于右侧的有 3 9例 ( 4 2 9% ) ,正好落在胆囊纵轴上的有 2 1例 ( 2 3 1% )。C点肝静脉的流速为 ( 9 9± 3 3 )cm/s。结论　肝中静脉最靠近胆囊点 ,较多会出现在胆囊纵轴的右侧。建议在术前 ,尤其是在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前进行常规的多普勒超声检查 ,以明确肝中静脉和胆囊床的关系 ,高度重视肝中静脉和胆囊床直接相贴的病例。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前彩色超声定位肝中静脉的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)术前彩色多普勒超声波检查在避免术中损伤胆囊床肝中静脉致大出血的临床意义。方法:2003年1月~2005年1月行LC的1 100例患者术前均经彩色多普勒超声波检查,常规对胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝的解剖关系进行分析。结果:对于术前经彩色多普勒超声波检查明确的肝中静脉直接和胆囊床相贴的非萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的102例患者,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层直接进行剥离;而慢性萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的24例患者,采用胆囊粘膜切除,或者直接开腹手术切除,未发生因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而大出血。结论:术前常规彩色多普勒超声波检查,明确胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝位置关系,对于肝中静脉与胆囊床相贴的病例,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层剥离,或采用胆囊粘膜切除,或直接开腹手术切除,可以避免因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而导致大出血。     

靠近胆囊床的肝中静脉大分支损伤引起腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中大出血

腹腔镜胆囊切除术有 0～ 1 9%患者常发生难以控制的出血 ,常见原因为肝动脉、胆囊动脉与门静脉的损伤 ,其发生率为 0 16 % [1] 。胆囊床也是常见的血管损伤部位。我们对在腹腔镜胆囊切除术时的静脉大出血的原因与胆囊床的肝中静脉的关系进行观察 ,现分析报告如下。临床资料2年中 ,我们收治 2 13例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者中有 2例发生胆囊床静脉大出血 (占 0 93% )。原因为肝静脉较大分支的损伤 ,其中 1例为症状性胆石症 ;另 1例为胆囊息肉。 2例均无凝血机制障碍 ,但均伴有胆囊慢性炎症。术后 2例行彩色多普勒超声检查发现 ,其所损伤的…     

黏附于胆囊床的肝中静脉损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊床大出血的危险因素

目的 探讨黏附于胆囊床的肝中静脉与腹腔镜胆中切除术术中胆囊床大出血的关系。方法 彩色多普勒超声波用于术后对2例腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆囊床静脉出血原因的检查，并检查了200例健康自愿者胆囊床与肝中静脉属枝的解剖关系。结果 在出血的2例病人中，发现损伤的肝中静脉较大的属枝紧邻近于胆囊床。2例均需中转开腹手术来控制出血。在200例门诊体检人员中有18例其肝中静脉属枝完全附着于胆囊床上，有10例其直径3.0-3.8mm，自胆囊床10mm处穿过。结论 具有肝中静脉产大邻近胆囊床的病人在行腹腔镜胆囊切除时具有出血的危险，在术前可用超声检查确定之。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支误伤预防和处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆囊床肝中静脉属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对2002年3月至2007年3月第二军医大学长征医院在行LC时发现胆囊床显现肝中静脉属支13例的临床资料进行分析。术中图像捕捉后估测其直径,其中4例误伤肝中静脉属支出血,均采用腹腔镜下钳夹出血点两侧血管支或直接缝扎法止血。结果13例术中所见肝中静脉属支直径平均2.4mm(1.6~3.5mm),4例术中在腹腔镜下止血者和其余病例术后均恢复顺利,无并发症发生。结论LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉属支的损伤。如出现肝中静脉属支损伤,可通过在腹腔镜下钳夹或缝扎有效止血。但中转开腹止血仍应作为腔镜下止血困难时的一种备选措施。     

LC术中胆囊床粗大静脉破裂止血体会

出血是腹腔镜胆囊切除术(PC)中常见并发症之一,胆囊床出血也时有发生,胆囊床的静脉出血已被证实与肝中静脉损伤有关。胆囊床大出血往往需要中转开腹来止血,严重出血可造成致命名孤危险。我们采用明胶海绵 ZT胶填塞止血用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术时胆囊床粗大静脉破裂出血3例,效     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂填塞止血的处理体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂在腹腔镜下填塞止血的临床经验。方法:回顾分析LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉损伤破裂出血9例患者的临床资料。结果:9例患者术后均未发生再出血,取得了良好的临床效果。结论:腹腔镜下填塞止血是治疗LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂出血的重要方法之一,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

巨大胆囊结石的腹腔镜胆囊切除术56例

目的探讨巨大胆囊结石腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC)的难点及对策。方法回顾性分析56例结石最大径2.0~5.3cm(3.4±0.6)cm的巨大胆囊结石的临床特征、LC的难点及处理方法。结果54例顺利完成LC,手术时间30~130min,(94.3±40.7)min;2例(4%)由于急性化脓性胆囊炎中转开腹。胆囊中至重度粘连者41例(73%)。胆囊白胆汁或无胆汁23例(41%)。胆囊床小胆管损伤2例(4%)、胆囊床肝组织损伤出血15例(27%),术中胆囊破溃19例(34%)。无大胆管损伤及大出血并发症。术后住院(3.6±1.5)d。随访6~12个月,平均11个月,症状消失,无并发症发生。结论巨大胆囊结石LC的难点是由于胆囊长期的慢性炎症、机化所致的胆囊剥离困难以及由此引起的胆囊床的肝组织损伤和胆囊床小胆管损伤。仔细剥离和保留部分胆囊壁是恰当的处理对策。     

无创性血流动力学检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期股静脉血流动力学检测中的作用及意义。方法采用二维灰阶超声、彩色多普勒血流显像及脉冲多普勒超声技术相结合,对28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者围手术期及手术期间股静脉横截面积、流速及流量的变化进行测定。结果(1)与术前麻醉状态(BASELINE期)相比,单纯给予气腹(PP期)后,股静脉横截面积由(0.72±0.31)cm2增至(1.08±0.31)cm2(P=0.004),流速由(14.23±11.96)cm/s降至(5.50±2.63)cm/s(P=0.017),流量由(596.49±477.95)ml/min降至(340.41±166.14)ml/min(P=0.018);与PP期相比较,气腹及头高脚低位(PP和RT期)时,股静脉横截面积增大[(1.32±0.14)cm2,P=0.039]、流速降低[(4.40±1.75)cm/s,P=0.034],流量[(346.69±142.66)ml/min,P=0.067]则未见明显降低;与BASELINE期相比,手术后(PO期)股静脉横截面积恢复至术前状态[(0.86±0.15)cm2,P=0.222],股静脉流速[(11.35±8.02)cm/s,P=0.412]、流量[(566.94±348.55)ml/min,P=0.840]也基本得以恢复。(2)彩色多普勒血流结合脉冲多普勒的检测结果显示,28例患者中21例可见股静脉内的血流停滞,其中15例出现返流现象。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中由于气腹和头高脚低位体位(reverse Trendelenburg position,RT)的双重作用,股静脉内血流缓慢,甚至会出现短暂的血流停滞、返流等现象,因此,腹腔镜手术围手术期可应用彩色多普勒超声检查以利早期检出下肢深静脉血栓性病变。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人的体位改进

将 90例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人随机分为对照组和观察组各 45例 ,对照组术中采用常规体位 ,观察组采用床头 (上半身 )抬高 30°,右侧高左侧低 (手术床侧斜 30°) ,膝关节处垫一小软枕的体位。结果观察组体位改变后静脉压 ( 30 .0± 4.0 )cmH2 O ,对照组 ( 39.8± 3 .3)cmH2 O ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。提示腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人采取上半身抬高 30° ,有利于下肢静脉血回流 ,减少下肢静脉瘀滞、血栓形成等并发症。     

Ultrasonographic assessment of the risk of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Although hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of main reasons for conversion to open cholecystectomy, the cause of this life-threatening complication is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasound was used to examine the cause of venous hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 4 patients postoperatively and to examine the anatomic relationship between the gallbladder bed and branches of the middle hepatic vein in 50 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Injury to a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adjacent to the gallbladder bed was diagnosed in all 4 patients. One patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy while the bleeding in 2 patients was immediately controlled by direct pressure with the gallbladder. The branch of the middle hepatic vein was completely adherent to the gallbladder bed in 5 of the 50 volunteers, and in 1 the diameter of the branch was as large as 3.5 mm. In 3 volunteers branches 3.0 to 3.8 mm in diameter traversed as close as 1.0 mm from the gallbladder bed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large branches of the middle hepatic vein close to the gallbladder bed are at risk of hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be identified preoperatively with ultrasound.     

Role of preoperative color doppler ultrasound scan in the evaluation of the risk of injury of major branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the separation of the gallbladder from the liver bed may sometimes cause severe hemorrhages. One reason for severe hemorrhages may be injury to the major branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV), which may be too close or adherent to the gallbladder. In our institutional experience of 798 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, no major hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed has been encountered. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between the major branches of the MHV and the gallbladder bed in our patients. We measured the distance of the closest branches of the MHV from the gallbladder bed by color Doppler ultrasound scan. The mean and the median distances of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder was found to be 17.4 +/- 6.2 mm and 17.7 mm, respectively (range, 6-29.1 mm). In conclusion, the distance of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder bed in our patient population seems to allow for a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支损伤的预防及处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中手术区域的出血是困扰外科医生的一个重要问题.除了胆囊动脉破裂之外,由胆囊床引发的出血也是LC术中常见的出血原因之一,而其中位于胆囊床后方肝中静脉属支的破裂所导致的胆囊床出血则更是术中非常棘手的问题,这不仅会使原本简单的手术复杂化,模糊手术区域的解剖结构,还往往可导致严重的手术并发症,是构成Lc术中转开腹的主要因素之一.本文就肝中静脉属支的局部解剖、损伤后的处理及损伤的预防进行综述.     

Color Doppler Ultrasound Detection and Classification of the Tangential Hepatic Vein before Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Unexpected fatal bleeding from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is often associated with injury to the middle hepatic vein. This paper studies whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasound is effective in reducing the risk of injury. Also a venous classification is suggested. Methods: Between June 1999 and February 2004, 2,146 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by standard method received preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examinations. The closest distance between the hepatic vein and the gallbladder was studied. Also, cases of liver cirrhosis, number of conversions to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative blood loss, operative time, complications, and hospital stay were recorded (group D). At the end of the study, we retrospectively reviewed the same parameter of another 2,146 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy without preoperative color Doppler ultrasound between the period of March 1995 and June 1999 (group ND). Results: In group D, 108 patients had cirrhosis. Four hundred and ninety-six patients (27 cases of cirrhosis) had a closest distance of 1 mm or less between the vein and the gallbladder. There were two conversions to open cholecystectomy, but none related to gallbladder bed bleeding. In group ND, there were five conversions, including four cases of gallbladder bed bleeding from the middle hepatic vein and one case of severe adhesion. The conversion rate was significantly higher. In group ND, the mean intraoperative blood loss in the cases of liver cirrhosis was significantly greater. Also, the operative time of patients with the closest vein and gallbladder distance of 1 mm or less in group D was significantly longer. Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for detecting the presence of potential bleeders. Although the operative time will be a bit longer, the operation can be done under meticulous care and complete preparation, so that the conversion rate and the risk of fatal hemorrhage can be reduced, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

Anatomic rationale for arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a postmortem study

The aim of this study was to establish an anatomic rationale for liver bed arterial bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty consecutive human cadavers were dissected. A corrosion cast method was used. Six anastomotic branches (12%) of the cystic artery to the right or left hepatic artery ran underneath the gallbladder serosa surface and entered liver parenchyma after crossing the medial or lateral edge of the liver fossa without passing through the areolar tissue of the liver bed. Their mean length was 18.3 mm (range 4-60), and the mean diameter was 0.38 mm (range 0.2-0.8). Two cystic arteries that ascended in the midline between the gallbladder and liver bed were identified in 50 (4%) casts. Their lengths were 16 and 18 mm, and their diameters were 1.9 and 2.2 mm. Five and seven branches encircling the gallbladder arose radially. These two arterial branching patterns can cause arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的防范及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对我院2008年1月至2010年1月期间27例行LC时肝中静脉及其属支损伤破裂出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 27例患者均在腹腔镜下止血成功,其中17例通过腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血,6例通过腹腔镜下钛夹钳夹止血,4例通过腹腔镜下缝扎止血。3种止血方法中以腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血法的手术时间最短、术中出血量最少,分别为(90.26±12.46)min和(240.32±80.15)ml,但3种止血方法的手术时间及术中出血量之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉及其属支的损伤。采取正确的止血措施或止血困难时及时中转开腹,对安全完成手术至关重要。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨预防及处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）时胆囊床胆管（包括右肝管分支及迷走胆管）损伤的对策。方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2004年12月2032例LC中15例胆囊床胆管损伤的临床特征、处理方法及效果。结果5例为慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作，10例为慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎。8例右肝管分支损伤，7例迷走胆管损伤。8例用钛夹夹闭损伤胆管，5例缝合损伤胆管，另2例由于裂口较大且靠近右肝管主干而行开腹胆管修补术。术后胆漏1例，引流5d后痊愈。随访半年～3年，平均23个月，症状消失，无黄疸及胆管炎等并发症发生。结论预防胆囊床处胆管损伤的关键是紧贴胆囊壁剥离胆囊，术中及时发现并采用恰当的处理方法可获得较好的结果。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电热损伤肝细胞的病理学改变

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电凝电切热损伤胆囊床局部肝组织的病理学改变。方法:取腹腔镜下电刀与剪刀切除胆囊后胆囊床底部边缘肝组织1cm×1cm,每组各取6例,标本立即浸入10％福尔马林液固定,石蜡包埋,连续横切片,光镜观察肝细胞的病理学变化。结果:剪切组肝组织标本浅、中、深层肝细胞均正常;电切组浅层(1-4mm)肝细胞发生凝固性坏死,肝细胞被电热溶解,中层(5-8mm)肝细胞明显皱缩,肝血窦扩张,深层(9-10mm)肝细胞变性水肿。结论:LC术中局部肝细胞的电热损伤十分明显,其损伤程度是外重内轻,深度可达1cm的病理学改变。