Results of irradiation in the squamous cell carcinomas of the anterior faucial pillar-retromolar trigone

Between January 1966 and August 1981, 159 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the anterior faucial pillar or retromolar trigone received definitive radiation therapy at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. All except 11 patients were treated by external radiation including combination of electron beams with high-energy photons or 60Co to doses ranging from 60 Gy to 75 Gy. In the N0 patients, as a rule, only the ipsilateral subdigastric nodes were treated electively to a dose of 50 Gy. The 5-year determinate survival rate for the overall group was 83%. The cumulative recurrence rate showed that 92% of the patients had recurrence by 2 years. Therefore, all patients except those who died with no evidence of local disease less than 2 years after treatment were evaluated for local control. The failure rate for the evaluable patients was 29% for T1 lesions, 30% for T2 lesions, 24% for T3 lesions, and 40% for T4 lesions. After salvage surgery, which consisted of intraoral resection in one-third of the patients and of a composite operation in the other two-thirds, the ultimate failure rate was 0% for T1 lesions, 6% for T2 lesions, 8% for T3 lesions, and 20% for T4 lesions. Whereas stage was a poor indicator for treatment outcome, there was a significantly higher failure rate for infiltrative and/or ulcerated lesions (35%) than for exophytic or superficial lesions (15%). Histologic grade was of no prognostic significance, nor was there any significant difference in the failure rate for lesions originating on the anterior faucial pillar versus that for lesions on the retromolar trigone. Following radiotherapy, 30% of the patients developed some degree of bone exposure but only 5.6% (9 patients) required a segmental mandibular resection. The probability of bone exposure was not dose related and more likely reflected tumor location on the mucoperiosteum. Of the whole group, 16 patients (10%) experienced a neck failure with 8 ultimate failures after salvage surgery. Among the 16 patients who had neck failures, 13 were originally staged N0; 6 of these patients had failures that occurred in the electively treated ipsilateral subdigastric area, but the field was too small to cover the nodes adequately. Aspects of the radiotherapy techniques with combined electron and photon beams that may influence the treatment outcome are discussed.     

Retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery

BACKGROUND: Treatment outcomes were analyzed for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Between June 1966 and August 2003, 99 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone (35 patients) or radiotherapy combined with surgery (64 patients). Followup ranged from 0.2 to 23.8 years (median, 3.3 yrs). All living patients had followup for at least 1 year. RESULTS: The 5-year local-regional control rates after definitive radiotherapy versus surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I-III, 51% and 87%; Stage IV, 42% and 62%; and overall, 48% and 71%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates after definitive radiotherapy compared with surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I-III, 56% and 83%; Stage IV, 50% and 61%; and overall, 52% and 69%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that the likelihood of cure was better with surgery and radiotherapy compared with definitive radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of cure after treatment for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma was influenced by the extent of disease and treatment. Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy had a better outcome than those treated with radiotherapy alone.     

Treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea

Treatment of squamous-cell tracheal tumors was given to 85 patients. Surgery was carried out in 48 (56.5%), radical resection--22 (25.9%). Distant metastases detected preoperatively in 19 (22.4%) patients were an absolute contraindication for radical surgery. Combined therapy was received by 14 cases without any grave postoperative complications. Three- and five-year survival after combined and surgical treatment was 59.9 +/- 10.5 and 40.9 +/- 10.5%, respectively. Radiation was given to 48 (56.5%) patients. This group included 26 cases of palliative operations and exploratory laparatomy. Three- and five-year survival after radiation was 30.1 +/- 6.7 and 27.6 +/- 6.7%, respectively.     

Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal

Progress in the prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal has followed the use of multimodality therapy. From 1977 to 1985, 42 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal were treated with mitomycin C (15 mg/m2) and 5-fluorouracil (750 mg/m2) on day 1, 5-FU (750 mg/m2/d) alone on days 2 to 5, and radiation therapy (3000 cGy) on days 7 to 28. They were evaluated 4 to 6 weeks after completion of the chemotherapy/radiation therapy protocol and received local excision, abdominoperineal resection, or both. Patient follow-up times ranged from 7 to 161 months, with a mean follow-up time of 71 months. Pathologic examination showed no residual carcinoma in 19 (45%) patients. The authors could not predict, based on clinical evaluation, which patients would have a complete response. Of the patients with a complete clinical response, 44% had tumor in the pathology specimen. Wide local excision was the most common initial operation (23 of 42 patients; 55%), with five of these patients subsequently requiring abdominoperineal resection. Anal continence was retained in 18 of 42 (43%) patients. Eleven patients experienced recurrent disease: six local recurrences, one distant, and four both local and distant. The 5-year overall survival rate was 82% and the 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 87%. There were no treatment related deaths. Preoperative tumor size was the only factor significantly related to survival. Contrary to other reports, tumor in the pathology specimen did not adversely affect long-term survival. Hence, patients should be treated after chemotherapy/radiation therapy with surgical therapy sufficient to control local disease.     

舌鳞状细胞癌组织中c-erbB-2异常表达的临床意义研究

目的:探讨舌鳞状细胞癌(squamouscell carcinoma, SCC)中c- erbB -2 表达的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析舌SCC -76 例临床病理资料。对常规HE染色检测证实有肿瘤及瘤旁正常黏膜同时存在的原始蜡块连续切片2张,1 张c erbB 2免疫组织化学染色, 1 张备用。结果:经免疫组织化学检测, c- erbB- 2 阳性者49 例(64 .5%),瘤旁黏膜阳性者15 例( 19. 7%)。c erbB 2基因过度表达与患者生存时间差异有统计学意义,P<0 05;c- erbB -2与舌SCC的转移差异也有统计学意义,P<0 01;c- erbB- 2基因异常表达与舌SCC分期有相关性,P<0 05;c- erbB- 2基因异常表达与舌SCC分级无相关性。c- erbB- 2基因异常表达与舌SCC大小、原发灶的控制、性别、年龄无相关性;c -erbB- 2基因异常表达与局部复发无相关性。结论:在舌SCC中c- erbB- 2基因过度表达可缩短患者的生存时间,并有促进肿瘤细胞转移的可能性。     

Treatment of unresectable and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an already common disorder with a rapidly increasing incidence. Treatment of early disease depends primarily on surgery or destructive techniques. In contrast to the frequency of early SCC, unresectable or metastatic SCC is relatively rare, but potentially life-threatening without clearly proven treatment options. Few rigorous studies of the treatment of advanced SCC have been undertaken. In the past, various agents have been explored in a limited fashion, including chemotherapy (cisplatin, fluoropyrimidines, bleomycin, doxorubicin), 13-cis-retinoic acid, and interferon-α2a. Clinical activity has been suggested by these trials, but their small sizes, heterogeneous patient populations, and lack of randomization have hindered the use of their results in defining treatment paradigms. Only one rigorous randomized trial has focused on cutaneous SCC. Enrolling 66 patients, that trial randomized patients at high recurrence risk to either observation or postoperative interferon-α2a and 13-cis-retinoic acid. This treatment did not improve time to recurrence or prevent secondary cutaneous SCC from developing. Though not in the metastatic setting, this study casts doubt on the ability of this regimen to control metastatic disease. Recently, agents targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor (erlotinib, gefitinib, cetuximab) have displayed preliminary evidence of activity in phase II clinical trials and case series reports. Expression of this receptor is frequent in cutaneous SCC and appears to be prognostically adverse. Only the conduct of rigorous trials, with well-defined endpoints, adequate patient numbers, and preferably randomization, can prove the clinical efficacy of this promising treatment approach and define better therapy for this vexing clinical problem.     

Treatment outcome of maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment policies of maxillary sinus carcinoma remain to be defined. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus were treated at Department of Otolaryngology, Asahikawa Medical College between 1983 and 1997. The T classification according to the 1997 International Union Against Cancer was as follows: 9 with T2, 35 with T3, and 30 with T4. Eight patients had lymph node metastasis with N1 at diagnosis. Of 62 patients who started multimodality therapy that comprised preoperative radiochemotherapy including local irradiation with total dose of 50 grays along with concomitant intramaxillary arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil with total dose of 5000 mg followed by total or partial maxillectomy, 59 received the complete therapy. Eleven patients had to be treated with radiotherapy alone, and 1 patient received postoperative radiotherapy. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 117 months. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival, disease free survival, and local control (LC) rates for all patients were 58.5%, 63.7%, and 73.6%, respectively. The patients who underwent multimodality therapy showed significantly better 5-year overall survival, disease free survival, and LC rates as compared with those who underwent radiotherapy alone (68.5% vs. 9.1%; 73.2% vs. 18.2%; 84.0% vs. 18.2%; P < 0.0001 each). Multivariate analysis revealed that T classification and treatment modality are independent predictors for disease free survival. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' treatment method, which did not include any complicated techniques, produced higher survival and LC rates because of high effectiveness of multimodality therapy. They concluded that their multimodality therapy could offer a better chance for cure from maxillary sinus carcinoma at many institutions.     

Treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Forty-six patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract treated over a 44-year period were studied. The lack of characteristic presentation caused delay in diagnosis. Associated urinary calculi were found in only five (11%) of the patients. Almost all of the tumors were histologically high grade; at surgery, 84% of the tumors were locally advanced or metastatic. Prognosis is poor independent of treatment; the overall 24-month survival rate was 22%. Comparison with a previous study of renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma indicates that these two forms of urothelial neoplasm are biologically different.     

局部晚期可手术食管鳞癌的治疗策略

局部晚期可手术食管鳞癌的治疗日趋综合化、个体化,围绕手术这个基石,有诸多组合模式,如术后化疗、术后放疗、术后放化疗、围手术期化疗、新辅助化疗、新辅助放疗及新辅助放化疗等,也包括非手术治疗的根治性同步放化疗、放疗联合免疫治疗等模式,更有新的治疗模式的探讨。其中,新辅助放化疗越来越得到业内人士的广泛认可。本文对上述治疗模式加以简要综述,以期规范食管癌的治疗。     

202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗方法评价及生存分析

背景与目的:喉鳞癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期喉鳞癌经手术或放疗后一般有较好的疗效,但Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的疗效和预后尚不能令人满意,治疗方法也颇多争议,本研究着重探讨Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌不同治疗方法的疗效,比较各组生存率、未控复发情况,探索更合理的处理方法。方法:对中山大学肿瘤防治中心1991年1月～2000年1月间收治的202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌按治疗方法分为单纯手术组64例、手术 放射治疗组83例、放疗组41例和化疗组14例,进行回顾性研究,采用SPSS10.0寿命表法计算生存率,组间生存曲线比较采用Wilcoxon(Gehan)法,各组未控复发情况比较采用χ2检验。结果:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率(42.12±3.62)%,10年累积生存率(33.20±4.32)%,中位生存时间48.5月;其中声门型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率61.07%,声门上型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率26.07%;单纯手术组的5年生存率53.41%,手术 放疗组51.04%,放疗组18.33%,化疗组7.14%;对比喉鳞癌单纯手术组和手术 放疗组的5年累积生存率,无论是Ⅲ期还是Ⅳ期,均无统计学意义(P>0.05);167例接受原发灶手术治疗,其中喉部分切除术31例,5年生存率56.15%,无复发;喉全切除术116例,5年生存率52.08%,复发11例。结论:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗以手术为主,全喉切除术仍是Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗的主要手段,选择部分喉鳞癌病例可行部分喉切除术,不会增加原发灶复发的几率,也不会降低5年生存率。如术后可疑肿瘤残留或切缘阳性等则有术后放疗的必要,而其他病例术后一般不必放疗。     

宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者血清鳞状细胞癌抗原变化的临床意义

目的　研究子宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者血清中鳞状细胞癌抗原水平与病理分级、临床分期及对治疗反应之间的关系。方法　利用雅培公司提供的 IMX全自动快速粒子酶免疫分析系统 ,对 2 5例正常献血员和 83例经病理学诊断的宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者 ,进行了血清中鳞状细胞癌抗原血清检测并分析其与病理分级、临床分期之间关系。其中 80例患者放射治疗前后血清鳞状细胞癌抗原水平变化情况进行了自身比较。结果　中晚期宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者血清鳞状细胞癌抗原水平与病理分级、临床分期之间无相关性。放射治疗前后患者血清鳞状细胞癌抗原水平有明显变化。结论　对子宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者 ,在治疗前后检测血清鳞状细胞癌抗原水平 ,可以作为对放射治疗疗效判断的参考指标之一。     

Adenoendocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder clinically mimicking squamous cell carcinoma

We present the case of a 62-year-old Japanese man whose histological diagnosis was adenoendocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder at autopsy, but whose antemortem diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was admitted to hospital with complaints of occasional vomiting and abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a large tumor on the gallbladder involving the adjacent liver, colon, and duodenum, with multiple metastases in the greater omentum and paraportal lymph nodes. The serum level of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) was high, whereas that of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, as well as that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was within the normal range. Due to these clinical features, we first suspected advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. After two cycles of gemcitabine monotherapy, the tumor had become enlarged and the regimen was changed to a combination of docetaxel and cisplatin. Though tumor regression was achieved and his serum SCCA level normalized after 3 months, the patient rejected additional chemotherapy and died 8 months after the diagnosis. The histopathological findings made by autopsy demonstrated the tumor to be an adenoendocrine cell carcinoma without squamous carcinoma cells. The case is interesting in that the clinical features were similar to those of squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder.     

Treatment results of patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa

The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcome and value of follow-up of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the buccal mucosa in patients treated at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. A longitudinal cohort study was performed involving 32 patients treated with curative intent (surgery on indication followed by radiotherapy) for SCC of the buccal mucosa from 1987 to 2002, with a minimum follow-up of three years. The prognosis of SCC of the buccal mucosa is comparable to other sites of the oral cavity. The success rate of therapy for a local and/or regional recurrence is very limited. Patients with a second primary tumour (SPT) can be cured if the tumour is detected in an early stage. Routine follow-up used to detect local recurrence or SPT has almost no value after five years and seems of limited value after three years.     

Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the breast

Pathological curiosities have always fascinated the surgical community, and management of breast cancer by the physician has, at times, revealed such rarities. A recent case of squamous cell carcinoma in a clear fluid breast cyst has prompted a review of our experience with this rare pathology, and allowed us to make the following statements: We propose that squamous cell carcinoma of the breast arises from ductal metaplasia. When the T.N.M. system is applied to the squamous cell lesion, the apparent poor prognosis that it is believed to carry may not be so apparent. If no other primaries are identified after extensive metastatic work-up, surgical therapy consisting of total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection, is very effective in local control of tumor progress. Nodal status will indicate the need for additional modalities of therapy.     

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium

A rare case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium, probably originating from adenomyosis, is presented. A 58-year-old Japanese woman was referred to Kitasato Institution Medical Center Hospital to explore the cause of her postmenopausal bleeding. The endometrial cytology specimen obtained with the Endocyte (an device for endometrial check up) showed cells suggesting well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent modified radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy, followed by postoperative radiation therapy. The dissected uterus revealed keratinizing-type squamous cell carcinoma localized in the fundal portion of the uterine body and invading deeply into the myometrium, coexistent with a large area of adenomyosis with a transitional area to carcinoma. The residual endometrium was atrophic. There was no atypical finding in the cervix. Human papilloma virus DNA was not detected. The carcinoma recurred 26 months after the surgery, and the patient died of the disease. Received: February 23, 1999 / Accepted: September 24, 1999