Effects of positive blood alcohol concentration on outcome and systemic interleukin-6 in major trauma patients

BackgroundThe influence of alcohol on the outcome after major trauma remains controversial. In several recent studies, alcohol has been associated with neuroprotective effects in head injuries, while others reported negative or no effects on survival and/or the in-hospital stay in major trauma patients (TP). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of alcohol with injury characteristics and outcome as well as to analyze possible anti-inflammatory properties in major TP.Patients/methods184 severely injured TP with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16 were successively enrolled. All patients had measured blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Patients were grouped according to their positive BAC (>0.5‰, BAC) vs. <0.5‰ alcohol (no BAC) upon arrival at the emergency department (ED). Injury characteristics, physiologic parameters and outcome with respect to organ or multiple organ failure (MOF), SIRS, sepsis, pneumonia, ARDS or mortality were assessed. Systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-6 at ED were determined.ResultsForty-nine TP had positive BAC without chronic alcohol abuse history and 135 patients had BAC levels below 0.5‰. Overall injury severity and age were comparable in both groups. No BAC TP received significantly higher numbers of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma (transfused within the initial 24 h or in total) compared to BAC TP. Organ failure, MOF, SIRS, sepsis, pneumonia, ARDS and the in-hospital mortality were not different between both groups. Trauma patients with positive BAC had significantly decreased leukocyte numbers and systemic IL-6 levels compared to no BAC group. There was a significant positive correlation between leukocyte counts and IL-6 as well as BAC and leukocytes. BAC levels did not correlate with IL-6.ConclusionsPositive BAC is associated with reduced leukocyte numbers and lowered systemic IL-6 levels at admittance indicating immune-suppressive effects of alcohol in major trauma patients.     

The systemic inflammatory response to anaesthesia and surgery

Major surgery or trauma induces a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In this review the response to uncomplicated surgery is described. The inflammatory response consists of hormonal, metabolic, and immunological components. The extent of the inflammatory response correlates with the magnitude of the surgery or tissue injury. After uncomplicated major surgery a delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is observed. When the injury is severe, an exaggerated response might develop and the condition progresses to organ dysfunction. In cases where patients are exposed to several events in the form of trauma and surgery immune paralysis may develop. This is associated with increased risk of infection and sepsis. The effect of anaesthetics on the inflammatory response has been studied extensively in vitro, but to a lesser extent in vivo. However, the immunosuppressive effects of anaesthetics appear to be negligible compared to the effect of the surgical trauma.     

痂下水肿液诱导全身炎性反应综合征的实验研究

目的观察痂下水肿液(subeschar tissue     

The significance of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in 1278 trauma patients

Summary The association between the increasing severity of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the incidence of posttraumatic complications and mortality was retrospectively investigated in 1278 injured patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to their Injury Severity Score (ISS) (group A: ISS L 9 K16 points (n = 626); group B: ISS > 16 < 40 points (n = 589); group C: ISS L 40 points (n = 63)). SIRS was defined according to the criteria of the American Consensus Conference. The number of fulfilled criteria determined its severity: moderate SIRS: 2 criteria fulfilled, intermediate SIRS: 3 criteria fulfilled, severe SIRS: 4 criteria fulfilled. Additionally, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was defined according to the Murray-Score and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) according to the Goris-Score. The incidence of SIRS was 42 % in group A, 70 % in group B and 100 % in group C (p < 0.05). The severity of SIRS increased with severity of trauma. Moreover, 178 of all injured patients (14 %) developed septic complications. In parallel to SIRS, the incidence of these septic complications correlated with the severity of trauma. The occurrence and severity of ARDS and MODS correlated with increased severity of SIRS and septic complications. Among patients without SIRS 15 % developed ARDS and 21 % MODS. In contrast, patients with severe SIRS and septic complications demonstrated ARDS in 99 % and MODS in 97 %. In these patients, no correlation was found between the ISS and the incidence of ARDS or MODS. There were also stepwise increases in mortality rates in the hierarchy from SIRS to septic shock. While 13 of patients with modest SIRS (5 %) and 32 of patients with intermediate SIRS (13 %) died, the mortality rate of patients with severe SIRS was 19 % (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant correlation between the incidence of septic complications and mortality was found. Injured patients with sepsis died in 13 %, those with severe sepsis in 23 %, and patients with septic shock in 33 % (p < 0.05). Thus, the increasing severity of SIRS was associated with the occurrence of posttraumatic ARDS, MODS, and mortality. Using the number of fulfilled SIRS criteria for classifying systemic inflammation, its severity may be predictive for posttraumatic complications and outcome of injured patients.      

Persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome is predictive of nosocomial infection in trauma

BACKGROUND: Admission systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score has been previously reported to be an accurate predictor of infection and outcome in trauma. However, these data were limited to only one SIRS score at admission. A prior study in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients reported that the SIRS score on ICU day 2 declined after completion of resuscitation, and was a more accurate predictor of outcome. Our objective in this follow-up study was to prospectively evaluate the utility of daily SIRS scores in prediction of nosocomial infection and outcome in high-risk trauma patients. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on 702 consecutive trauma patients admitted over a 12-month period to the ICU. SIRS scores were calculated daily. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used for the diagnosis of infection. Multivariate linear regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-three (82%) patients sustained blunt injuries and 129 (18%) sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age was 43 +/- 21 years, with an overall mortality of 11.4%. Two hundred ninety (41.3%) of the study patients acquired a nosocomial infection (respiratory site most common), with an associated mortality rate of 12.4%. SIRS (defined as SIRS score >/= 2) on hospital days 3 through 7 was a significant predictor of nosocomial infection and hospital length of stay. Persistent SIRS to hospital day 7 was associated with a significant risk for increased mortality (relative risk, 4.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-12.87; p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Persistent SIRS is predictive of nosocomial infection in trauma. Daily monitoring of SIRS scores is easily accomplished and should be considered in all high-risk trauma patients. Persistent SIRS in trauma should initiate early diagnostic interventions for determination of source of infection, and consideration of early empiric antimicrobial therapy.     

The lack of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome supports the safety of pancreatic electrolysis: experimental studies

BACKGROUND: Per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis is a new minimally invasive ablation treatment. Possible applications include tumor debulking and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Both solid organ ablation and pancreatitis are associated with the risk of an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiorgan failure. TNF-alpha and IL1-beta are important cytokine mediators of this response. The aim of this study was to measure the circulating levels of IL1-beta and TNF-alpha following pancreatic electrolytic ablation as a marker of the risk of SIRS complicating per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis. METHODS: Serum TNF-alpha and IL1-beta were measured in six treatment and six control pigs before and after laparotomy and pancreatic electrolytic ablation via a per-ductal approach. RESULTS: There was no significant rise in serum TNF-alpha and IL1-beta in association with per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the evidence that per-ductal electrolysis is a safe procedure with potential for palliative treatment of pancreatic cancers.     

Particle‐induced osteolysis is not accompanied by systemic remodeling but is reflected by systemic bone biomarkers

Particle‐induced osteolysis is caused by an imbalance in bone resorption and formation, often leading to loss of implant fixation. Bone remodeling biomarkers may be useful for identification of osteolysis and studying pathogenesis, but interpretation of biomarker data could be confounded if local osteolysis engenders systemic bone remodeling. Our goal was to determine if remote bone remodeling contributes to biomarker levels. Serum concentrations of eight biomarkers and bone remodeling rates at local (femur), contiguous (tibia), and remote (humerus and lumbar vertebra) sites were evaluated in a rat model of particle‐induced osteolysis. Serum CTX‐1, cathepsin K, PINP, and OPG were elevated and osteocalcin was suppressed in the osteolytic group, but RANKL, TRAP 5b, and sclerostin were not affected at the termination of the study at 12 weeks. The one marker tested longitudinally (CTX‐1) was elevated by 3 weeks. We found increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation locally, subtle differences in contiguous sites, but no differences remotely at 12 weeks. Thus, the skeletal response to local particle challenge was not systemic, implying that the observed differences in serum biomarker levels reflect differences in local remodeling. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:967–973, 2014.     

Current theories on the pathophysiology of multiple organ failure after trauma

Despite the enormous efforts to elucidate the mechanisms of the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) following trauma, MOF following trauma is still a leading cause of late post-injury death and morbidity. Now, it has been proven that excessive systemic inflammation following trauma participates in the development of MOF. Fundamentally, the inflammatory response is a host-defence response; however, on occasion, this response turns around to cause deterioration to host depending on exo- and endogenic factors. Through this review we aim to describe the pathophysiological approach for MOF after trauma studied so far and also introduce the prospects of this issue for the future.     

HSF-1 抑制HMGB1 所致炎症反应的作用及机制

目的：探讨热休克转录因子1（HSF-1）抑制高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB1）引起炎症反应的作用及机制。 方法：RAW264.7细胞分别转染含HSF-1的质粒（HSF-1过表达组）和空白质粒（阴性对照组）后,以无处理的RAW264.7细胞作为空白对照组,用Western blot法检测各组细胞HSF-1蛋白的表达;将以上3组细胞分别用HMGB1（1 μg/mL）刺激后,用ELISA法测定TNF-α水平、Western blot法检测丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族（MAPK）通路和NF-κB通路相关蛋白的表达、非放射性凝胶阻滞（EMSA）检测NF-κB与DNA结合活性。 结果：Western blot结果显示,HSF-1过表达组HSF-1蛋白表达量较阴性对照组与空白对照组明显升高（均P<0.05）,而后两组间HSF-1蛋白表达量无统计学差异（P>0.05）;HMGB1作用4 h,HSF-1过表达组TNF-α水平较阴性对照组与空白对照组明显降低（均P<0.05）,而后两组间无统计学差异（P>0.05）;HMGB1作用不同时间后,各组细胞MAPK通路相关蛋白p-ERK、p-JNK、p-p38以及NF-κB通路相关蛋白p-IKα-B的表达均无统计学差异（均P>0.05）;EMSA结果显示,HMGB1作用1 h后,HSF-1过表达组NF-κB灰度值明显低于阴性对照组与空白对照组（均P<0.05）,而后两组间无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论：HSF-1过表达可以减少HMGB1引起的TNF-α表达,其分子机制与MAPK通路的活化无关,但与NF-κB和DNA的结合能力有关。     

术中使用地塞米松对经皮肾镜术后全身炎症反应综合征影响的回顾性研究

目的探讨地塞米松对经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL)术后全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS)的影响。 方法本研究回顾性收集了2011年1月到2015年3月在我院泌尿外科诊断泌尿系结石并行PCNL的患者病例资料486例，经排除最终纳入369例患者进行数据分析，并根据术中是否使用地塞米松分为两组，对比术后SIRS的发生率及其他预后指标。 结果（1）纳入地塞米松组[DEX（+）组]有209例患者，非地塞米松组[DEX（-）]组有160例患者，两组患者术前基线临床资料差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；（2）术中情况对比，DEX（+）组的手术时间更长（106±74） min vs （81±58）min，P<0.001)；需要使用血管活性药物的比例更高（22.5% vs 8.8%，P<0.001)，其他指标如输血比例和经皮通道大小两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；（3）主要结局指标：两组发热的发生率、SIRS的发生率和发生SIRS的严重程度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；（4）次要结局指标：DEX（+）组低血压发生率更高（14.8% vs 7.5%，P=0.03），血红蛋白下降水平更大[（11.6±2.0）g/Lvs （8.0±2.3）g/L，P<0.001）]，其他指标如术后肾功能变化和住院时间差异无统计学意义。 结论术中使用地塞米松对PCNL术后SIRS的发生未提示有预防作用，仍需要更多的研究进一步验证。     

滤除白细胞对自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的影响

目的 评价滤除白细胞对自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的影响.方法 选择预计大出血手术需进行自体血液回输患者24例,年龄28～56岁,体重53～78kg,随机分为2组(n=12):对照组(C组)和白细胞滤除组(T组).C组不使用白细胞过滤器,T组于泵后串联LG6型白细胞过滤器,分别于自体血回输前即刻、回输后5、10、30、60 min时抽取桡动脉血3 nd,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-8的浓度,计数白细胞(WBC)和中性粒细胞(PMN).结果 与自体血回输前即刻比较,自体血回输后各时点两组血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的浓度及WBC和PMN计数均升高(P<0.05);与C组比较,T组于自体血回输后各时点WBC和PMN计数降低,血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度降低(P<0.05).结论 滤除自细胞可减轻自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的程度.     

体外循环诱发炎性反应与患者术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的 探讨体外循环(CPB)诱发炎性反应与患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的关系.方法 择期CPB下心脏瓣膜置换手术的患者25例,随机分为2组:对照组(C组,n=12)和乌司他丁组(U组,n=13).两组麻醉诱导、麻醉维持及体外循环方法相同.U组麻醉诱导后立即静脉注射乌司他丁1.2万U/kg,CPB预充液中加入乌司他丁0.6万U/kg,主动脉开放前5 min体外循环中加入乌司他丁0.6万U/kg,C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉诱导后切皮前、CPB结束时、术后24 h时采 集外周静脉血样,测定血浆IL-6浓度及外周血中性粒细胞NF-kB表达水平.分别于术前、术后3、7 d时测试认知功能,记录POCD发生情况.结果 与C组比较,U组血浆IL-6浓度和中性粒细胞NF-kB表达降低(P<0.05或0.01),POCD发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 CPB诱发炎性反应与患者POCD发生无关.     

生态免疫肠内营养保护肠屏障功能的研究

目的探讨生态免疫肠内营养对全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)大鼠肠屏障功能的保护作用。方法通过尾静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)建立SIRS大鼠模型,60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组(标准营养组、免疫增强组、生态营养组、生态免疫组),分别给予不同构成的肠内营养剂7d,观察各组大鼠血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶(DAO)以及尿乳果糖/甘露醇(L/M)比值的动态变化。结果治疗7d后,生态营养组大鼠血浆D-乳酸水平明显低于标准营养组和免疫增强组(P<0.05),但这3组均高于生态免疫组3倍或以上(P<0.01)。血浆DAO水平标准营养组显著高于其他3组(P<0.01)。注射LPS后第1天起,各组大鼠尿液L/M比值均有大幅升高,至第6天回落到注射前水平。第1天时生态免疫组尿L/M比值低于其他3组(P<0.05),第3天时标准营养组尿L/M比值显著高于另外3组(P<0.01),至第6天各组已无明显差异。结论联合应用免疫增强营养素和生态制剂的生态免疫肠内营养能更有效地保护肠屏障功能。     

白细胞滤除对犬体外循环诱发全身炎性反应的影响

目的探讨白细胞滤除对犬体外循环（CPB）诱发全身炎性反应的影响。方法蒙古犬12只，体重25—30kg，随机分为2组（n=6）：对照组（C组）和白细胞滤除组（LD组），C组不使用白细胞滤器，LD组将滤器安装于CPB的静脉回流端，在CPB2min时打开滤器5min。分别于CPB前即刻（T0）、阻断升主动脉后即刻（T1）、阻断升主动脉30min（T2）、开放升主动脉后5min（T3）、停CPB即刻（T4）、停CPB2h（T5）自股静脉抽血，测定白细胞计数和血浆L-选择素、白细胞介紊（IL）-6、IL-8、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平。于过滤后30、60、90min时测定滤器内IL-6、IL-8浓度，并在过滤后90min时取滤膜行病理学检查。结果LD组T1时白细胞计数低于C组；两组CPB期间血浆L-选择素、IL-6、IL-8浓度均高于T0，T5时LD组血浆L-选择素、IL-6、IL-8、MPO水平均低于C组。过滤后60、90min时滤器中IL-6、IL-8浓度高过滤后30min；滤器内白细胞滤膜全层布满白细胞，人血面白细胞多于出血面。结论白细胞滤除能抑制犬CPB所引起的全身炎性反应。     

The effects of surgical fracture fixation on the systemic inflammatory response to major trauma

Early stabilization of major long bone fractures is beneficial in reducing the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure, both of which are caused by activation of the systemic inflammatory response. This activation results in tissue recruitment of and injury by circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The reasons for clinical benefits of early fracture stabilization in major trauma are unknown. Published studies indicate that fracture surgery increases the posttraumatic inflammatory response. Major surgery to stabilize fractures carries a higher complication rate when performed on patients whose hypovolemic shock is not fully corrected. Thus, fracture care should be tailored to the patient, not dictated by the injured bone. Understanding the impact of fracture surgery on the systemic inflammatory response to major trauma is necessary to refine treatment and to apply it optimally to all patients.     

腹部创伤早期腹腔内注射利多卡因止痛对腹部创伤炎症反应的影响

目的 探讨腹部创伤早期腹腔内注射利多卡因止痛对腹部创伤急性腹膜炎炎症反应的作用及其机制.方法 将16只家兔随机分为2组,即单纯创伤组和盐酸利多卡因处理组.手术制作由锐器伤引起的胆囊破裂和肠内容物流入腹腔而形成的较为严重的胆汁性腹膜炎和早期开放性腹部损伤模型.单纯创伤组腹腔内注射无菌生理盐水,利多卡因处理组腹腔内注射盐酸利多卡因.测定2组的白细胞总数、中性粒细胞百分比及TNF-α等炎性介质的浓度.结果 两组实验兔血液中白细胞总数、中性粒细胞百分比、TNF-α均有升高,与各自组创伤前比较,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).创伤后同一时间点单纯创伤组各观察指标平均值均大于盐酸利多卡因处理组.结论 早期腹腔内注射盐酸利多卡因止痛可通过交感-肾上腺髓质系统外周反应系统改变机体血管状态,改善创伤部位的血流状态及炎症反应水平,有利于促进炎症的好转.     

The impact of body mass index on the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in patients with polytrauma

Purpose

Obesity is a growing problem in industrial nations. Our aim was to examine how overweight patients coped with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after polytrauma.

Methods

A total of 651 patients were included in this retrospective study, with an ISS ≥ 16 and age ≥ 16 years. The sample was subdivided into three groups: body mass index (BMI; all in kg/m²) < 25, BMI 25–30 and BMI > 30, or low, intermediate and high BMI. The SIRS score was measured over 31 days after admission together with measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT). Data are given as the mean ± SEM if not otherwise indicated. Kruskal–Wallis and χ² tests were used for statistical analysis and the significance level was set at p < .05.

Results

The maximum SIRS score was reached in the low BMI-group at 3.4 ± 0.4, vs. 2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.2 in the intermediate BMI-group and high BMI-group, respectively (p < .0001). However, the maximum SIRS score was reached earlier in the BMI 25–30 group at 1.8 ± 0.2 days, vs. 3.4 ± 0.4 and 2.5 ± 0.2 days in the BMI < 25 and BMI > 30 groups, respectively (p < .0001). The incidence of sepsis was significantly higher in the low BMI group at 46.1%, vs. 0.2% and 0% in the BMI 25–30 and BMI > 30 groups, respectively (p < .0001). No significant differences in the CRP, IL-6 or PCT levels were found between groups.

Conclusions

A higher BMI seemed to be protective for these patients with polytrauma-associated inflammatory problems.     

注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的全身炎症反应综合征及急性肺损伤

目的 探讨注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）及急性肺损伤的疗效。方法 对一例急性胰腺炎引发SIRS及急性肺损伤的患者采取注射用西维来司他钠治疗,通过动态监测血淀粉酶、血脂肪酶、白细胞计数、血小板计数、总胆红素、肌酐、转氨酶、氧合指数、胸部CT变化等,对患者进行效果评价。结果 在常规治疗的基础上采取注射用西维来司他钠治疗7 d后,患者SIRS表现得到改善,血淀粉酶、脂肪酶及白细胞计数较入院时下降;与初入重症医学科相比,患者氧合指数明显改善,双肺弥漫性浸润改变及双侧胸腔积液好转;用药期间患者未出现肝肾功能损伤、血小板减少等不良反应。结论 注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的SIRS及急性肺损伤是安全有效的。     

Allogenic blood transfusion in the first 24 hours after trauma is associated with increased systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and death

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have documented that blood transfusion incites a substantial inflammatory response with the systemic release of cytokines. Furthermore, blood transfusion is a significant independent predictor of multiple organ failure in trauma. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay (LOS), and mortality in trauma patients who require blood transfusion. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on 9,539 trauma patients admitted to the R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center over a 30-month period from January, 1997 to July, 1999. Complete SIRS data were available on 7,602 patients. Patients were stratified by age, gender, race, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and injury severity score (ISS). A systemic inflammatory response to a wide variety of severe clinical insults (SIRS) was defined as a SIRS score of > or =2, as calculated on admission. Blood transfusion was assessed as an independent predictor of SIRS, ICU admission and length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of the study cohort was 37 +/- 17 years; the mean ISS was 9 +/- 9 points. Seventy-one percent of the patients were male, and 85% sustained blunt trauma. Blood transfusion within the first 24 h was administered to 954 patients, comprising 10% of the study cohort. Transfused patients were significantly older (43 +/- 20 vs. 36 +/- 16 years, p < 0.00001), had higher ISS (22 +/- 12 vs. 8 +/- 7 points, p < 0.00001), and lower GCS (12 +/- 4 vs. 14 +/- 2 points, p < 0.00001) than non-transfused patients. Blood transfusion and increased total volume of blood transfusion was associated with SIRS. Blood transfusion was also a significant independent predictor of SIRS, ICU admission, and mortality in trauma patients by multinomial logistic regression analysis. Trauma patients who received blood transfusion had a two- to nearly sixfold increase in SIRS (p < 0.0001) and more than a fourfold increase in ICU admission (OR 4.62, 95% CI 3.84-5.55, p < 0.0001) and mortality (OR 4.23, 95% CI 3.07-5.84, p < 0.0001) compared to those that were not transfused. Linear regression analysis revealed that transfusion was an independent predictor of ICU LOS (Coef. 5.20, SE 0.43, p < 0.0001). Transfused patients had significantly longer ICU LOS (16.8 +/- 14.9 vs. 9.9 +/- 10.6 days, p < 0.00001) and hospital LOS (14.5 +/- 15.5 vs. 2.5 +/- 5.3 days, p < 0.00001) compared to non-transfused patients. CONCLUSIONS: Blood transfusion within the first 24 h was an independent predictor of mortality, SIRS, ICU admission, and ICU LOS in trauma patients. The use of blood substitutes and alternative agents to increase serum hemoglobin concentration in the post-injury period warrants further investigation.     

胰岛素强化治疗对严重创伤患者炎性反应及预后的影响

目的 了解胰岛素强化治疗对严重创伤患者炎性反应及预后的影响.方法 将80例严重创伤患者按随机配对原则分为治疗组(40例)和对照组(40例).治疗组患者入院后立即行胰岛素强化治疗,从胰岛素泵泵入胰岛素2～4 U/h,控制血糖值在6～8 mmol/L;对照组按临床常规治疗,不给予胰岛素.观察2组患者的发热、器官损伤情况,统计病死率.于开始治疗后1、3、5、7 d晨抽取2组患者静脉血,检测血浆TNF-α、IL-2、IL-10、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平.结果 治疗组患者9例发生高热,低于对照组(29例).治疗组和对照组各有31例和30例患者出现1个脏器功能不全.治疗组和对照组同一患者出现3个脏器功能不全的分别为10、19例,出现4个脏器功能不全的分别为7、12例.治疗组伤后3 d内死亡4例,3 d以后死亡1例,病死率为12.5%;对照组伤后3 d内死亡5例,3 d以后死亡4例,病死率为22.5%.治疗后3～7 d,治疗组患者TNF-α、CRP值均低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),而IL-2、IL-10值则均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).治疗后7 d,治疗组TNF-α、CRP值最低,分别为(1.3±0.6)μg/L、(55±16)mg/L,且明显低于对照组的(3.0±0.8)μg/L、(89±20)mg/L(P<0.01).结论 严重创伤后行胰岛素强化治疗,可以减轻患者全身性炎性反应程度,改善创伤患者预后.