腹腔镜切除肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤的短期及长期随访研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤(aldosterone-producing adenoma, APA)的短期和长期预后。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2018年12月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院泌尿外科就诊的因APA接受腹腔镜肾上腺切除术患者的临床资料。收集患者的基线特征、生化参数、高血压及治疗相关情况、手术相关参数,术后6个月和24个月对所有患者进行随访,以确定生化参数的变化和高血压的临床缓解程度。结果:入组61例患者中,38例接受了腹腔镜肾上腺全切术,23例接受了腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术。术前55.7%的患者存在高血压,49.2%的患者存在低钾血症。术后患者的低钾血症均得到纠正。在术后6个月的随访中,52.9%的患者高血压完全缓解,44.1%的患者高血压部分缓解;在术后24个月的随访中,55.9%患者高血压完全缓解,41.2%患者符合部分缓解标准。结论:腹腔镜肾上腺切除手术在短期内能够迅速地不同程度地缓解电解质紊乱及高血压异常并且长期持续缓解,是治疗APA安全、有效的方法。     

腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除与全切除治疗醛固酮腺瘤的比较

近年来，腹腔镜手术已成为治疗肾上腺疾病的标准方法。原发性醛固酮增多症是一种常见的肾上腺疾病。腹腔镜部分和全部肾上腺切除治疗醛固酮腺瘤3（APA）的手术指征目前仍存在争论。作者采用这两种手术方式，比较各自的临床治疗效果。1995-2004年，共92例原发性醛固酮增多症患者采用腹腔镜手术治疗，     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤349例

目的:评估后腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤的效果.方法:对349例肾上腺醛固酮瘤患者施行后腹腔镜手术.结果:341例完成手术,8例中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生.术后随访6～36个月,血钾均恢复正常,112例仍有高血压需辅以降压药物治疗.结论:后腹腔镜技术治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤,安全、有效,可作为首选治疗方案.     

肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤介入治疗20例报告

20 0 0年至2 0 0 1年,我们采用CT引导下经皮穿刺无水乙醇注射(PAI)方法治疗肾上腺功能性醛固酮腺瘤患者2 0例,疗效满意,现报告如下。材料与方法　本组2 0例。男1 1例,女9例。年龄39～6 4岁,平均5 0岁。均经活检证实为醛固酮腺瘤。患者入院时均有高血压和低血钾症状,高血压病程1～2 5年,平均1 1年。入院时血压、血醛固酮水平高于正常,而血钾、肾素水平低于正常(表1 )。肾上腺CT平扫和增强扫描提示肾上腺肿瘤2 1个,大小约0 .4cm×0 .4cm～2 .1cm×1 .5cm ,平均1 .4cm×1 .0cm。患者入院时肾上腺皮质功能(皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素)检测均正…     

后腹腔镜下保留肾上腺手术治疗腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症

目的 提高对后腹腔镜手术治疗腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症时保留正常肾上腺组织重要性的认识. 方法经后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺皮质腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症患者196例.男78例,女118例.年龄16～69岁,平均(41±12)岁.病程(90±65)个月.196例均存在血浆醛固酮水平升高伴血浆肾素活性降低,均有顽固性高血压和低血钾病史.对保留肾上腺组织患者的术后疗效、高血压和低血钾恢复情况进行临床分析. 结果 行保留肾上腺组织的肿瘤剜除术145例,患侧肾上腺部分切除术51例.196例手术均获成功.手术时间15～87 min,中位数33 min.术中出血量5～200 ml,中位数20 ml.术后病理报告均为肾上腺皮质腺瘤.术后住院时间2～5 d,平均(2.7±1.3)d,恢复过程顺利.196例随访6个月～3年,平均1.8年,168例(85.7%)血压恢复正常;27例(13.8%)血压高于正常范围,复查肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮水平在正常范围,复查肾上腺CT未见明显异常,上述患者血钾在正常范围;1例患者血压升高,再次手术切除遗留腺瘤后血压恢复正常.196例术后均无心慌、乏力、发热、血压下降等肾上腺皮质功能不足表现. 结论 后腹腔镜下肾上腺腺瘤剜除术或患侧肾上腺部分切除手术安全性与疗效肯定,并能保存相应肾上腺皮质功能,是腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症合理的手术方式.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺良性疾病(附28例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病的操作要点及临床价值。方法 采用后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺疾病28例，其中原发性醛固酮腺瘤4例，皮质醇腺瘤16例，髓样脂肪瘤3例，Cushing综合征2例，嗜铬细胞瘤3例。结果 手术均获成功，手术时间平均100(40-300)min，术中出血平均60(10-350)min。术后1-2d肠道功能恢复，恢复进食并可床上活动，1-4d可下床活动。术后住院时间平均6(3-10)d。除1例肾上腺中央静脉损伤外无明显并发症。结论与开放手术相比，后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术具有创伤小、安全、住院时间短、康复快等优点，可作为肾上腺良性疾病的首选手术方法。     

肾上腺部分切除术与肾上腺全切除术治疗醛固酮腺瘤效果比较的荟萃分析

目的在醛固酮腺瘤的腹腔镜手术中,肾上腺部分切除术与全切除术选择指征仍存在较大争议。本研究旨在对腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术(PA)与肾上腺全切除术(TA)治疗醛固酮腺瘤(APA)围手术期安全性及疗效进行比较。方法在Pubmed、EMBASE、中国知网数据库中检索2000至2014年3月发表的比较腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术(PA)与肾上腺全切除术(TA)治疗醛固酮腺瘤(APA)的临床对照研究,并应用Revman 5.2进行荟萃分析。分析的主要内容为围手术期结果(手术时间、住院时间、出血量)及远期疗效(治愈率、部分缓解率、无效率)。结果 8项研究最终入选,包括973例患者。荟萃分析显示,PA和TA在围手术期结果如手术时间、住院时间及术中失血量方面无明显统计学差异。在治疗效果,特别是治愈率上,PA和TA亦大致相同(OR 1.13,95%CI 0.75~1.70,P=0.57),但PA较TA治疗失败的风险相对较大(OR 1.99,95%CI 0.74~5.38,P=0.17),但尚未达到统计学差异。结论对于醛固酮腺瘤,与TA相比,PA技术上安全可靠,具有相似的治疗效果,但少数患者有潜在的治疗失败的风险。     

肾上腺腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症149例

目的提高肾上腺腺瘤型原发性醛固酮增多症(简称原醛症 )的诊治水平. 方法回顾性分析1978～2001年2月收治的149例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺腺瘤型原醛症患者诊断治疗及预后的临床资料. 结果腹膜后充气造影、B超和CT在肾上腺腺瘤型原醛症诊断中的特异性分别为39.0%、67.0%和95.3%,腹膜后充气造影与B超和CT诊断特异性比较,差异有显著意义(χ2=23.89,P＜0.01),B超与CT诊断特异性比较差异有显著意义(χ2=32.10,P＜0.01).术后1个月所有患者血钾恢复正常,术后2个月内11 0例(73.8%)患者血压恢复正常. 结论 B超和CT检查是肾上腺腺瘤型原醛症定位诊断的主要方法,手术是主要的治疗手段,腹腔镜肾上腺切除术是一种很有前途的治疗方法.影响疗效的因素,主要与患者年龄大、病史长、全身血管硬化有关.     

双侧肾上腺腺瘤型醛固酮增多症的诊断和治疗(附2例报告)

目的:初步探讨双侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤型醛固酮增多症的诊断和治疗特点.方法:回顾性分析我院收治的2例双侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤型醛固酮增多症的临床特点、实验室和影像学检查结果、治疗以及预后情况并结合文献复习.结果:病例1,男,64岁,术前基础血压为200/120 mmHg,血钾为2.6 mmol/L,MRI提示左右侧肿瘤最大径是2.6 cm、1.5 cm,立位肾素血管紧张素醛固酮浓度0.36 ng/ml、49.6 pg/ml、405.7 pg/ml.行腹腔镜下双侧肾上腺部分切除术,术后病理回报为双侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤,符合原发件醛固酮增多症.术后2个月复查,降压药从原来的四联降到两联,血压为140/90 mmHg,血钾为4.0 mmol/L,血皮质激素水平和节律正常.病例2,男,59岁,术前基础血压为160/100 mmHg,血钾为3.1 mmol/L,MRI提示左右侧肿瘤最大径足3 cm、2.3 cm,立位肾素血箭紧张素醛固酮浓度0.13 ng/ml、25.8 pg/ml、72 pg/ml.行腹腔镜下双侧肾上腺部分切除术,术后病理回报为双侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤,符合原发性醛固酮增多症.术后2个月复查,降压药从原来的三联降到单药,血压为135/90 mmHg,血钾为3.6 mmol/L,血促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)轻度升高,血皮质激素水平和节律正常.结论:双侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤型原醛症非常少见,腹腔镜下双侧肾上腺部分切除术足治疗双侧功能性腺瘤型原醛症的有效方法.     

腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗原发性醛固酮增多症合并2型糖尿病患者的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗合并2型糖尿病的原发性醛固酮增多症患者的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2013年1月至2013年12月间本单位收治的11例合并2型糖尿病的肾上腺醛固酮瘤(APA)所致原醛症患者,接受腹腔镜患侧肾上腺切除手术前后醛固酮、血压、空腹血钾、空腹血糖的变化情况。结果醛固酮、血压、空腹血糖在术后明显下降,血钾水平明显上升至正常水平(P0.05)。结论伴2型糖尿病的APA所致原醛症患者行腹腔镜患侧肾上腺切除手术后高血压、低血钾、高血糖得到纠正,可改善该类型患者胰岛素抵抗现象。     

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

n = 52), pheochromocytoma ( n = 6), and hypercortisolism ( n = 1)—were present in 59 patients and apparently nonfunctioning adrenal tumors (of which one was malignant) in 8 patients. There was a significant difference in the time of operation between patients weighing < 80 kg and those weighing > 80 kg. Operations on males were slower than those on females, possibly explained by males being significantly heavier. Left-sided tumors outnumbered right-sided tumors; removal of right-sided adrenals took, on average, longer, but this difference was not significant.     

Laparoscopic Bilateral Partial Adrenalectomy for Adrenocortical Adenomas Causing Cushing's Syndrome: Report of a Case

Laparoscopic total adrenalectomy has become a standard technique for small adrenal tumors; however, bilateral adrenalectomy results in postoperative adrenal insufficiency, necessitating lifelong steroid replacement. To preserve adrenocortical function in a 41-year-old woman with bilateral adrenocortical adenoma (BAA) causing Cushing's syndrome, we performed laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomy. We based our preoperative diagnosis of bilateral adrenocortical tumors causing Cushing's syndrome on the results of endocrinological investigations and imaging findings. Thus, we performed lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomy, preserving the adrenal glands, which were normal. Pathological examination of both tumors confirmed the diagnosis of adrenocortical adenoma. The patient had no postoperative complications, and her adrenocortical function was normal without steroid replacement at her 10-month follow-up. This report shows that Cushing's syndrome resulting from bilateral adenomas can be effectively treated by laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomy as a minimally invasive, adrenocortical-preserving operation.     

Selective Use of Adrenal Venous Sampling in the Lateralization of Aldosterone-producing Adenomas

Introduction It has been suggested that routine adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is necessary to lateralize an aldosterone-producing adenoma in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. However, the success rate of AVS is variable, with potential risks. We review our experience at University of California San Francisco (UCSF), where AVS is used only selectively, to determine outcomes with this approach. Methods All patients undergoing adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma at UCSF from January 1995 to October 2004 were included. Outcome after adrenalectomy was determined based on plasma levels of aldosterone and potassium, rates of persistent hypertension, and reduced use of antihypertensive medications. Results Altogether, 65 patients were included in the study, 52 (80%) of whom had their adrenal tumors lateralized based on computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, or both. The remaining 13 (20%) patients had doubtful localization of their lesions on imaging. We did not routinely perform AVS in patients with definitive imaging findings. Thus, only 4 (8%) patients with definitive imaging findings underwent AVS, and one was unsuccessful. Of the 13 patients with doubtful lateralization on imaging, 8 underwent AVS. With this practice, biochemical cure rates after adrenalectomy were up to 100%, and hypertension resolved or was improved in 85% of patients. Conclusions AVS may be performed selectively only when preoperative imaging cannot definitively lateralize the aldosteronoma. This practice in our center has resulted in high cure rates. During the era of improved imaging resolution and experience, mandatory routine AVS is not necessary to achieve high cure rates for aldosteronomas. This work was presented at the meeting of the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons in Durban, South Africa, August 22, 2005     

腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术75例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除的方法和临床应用价值.方法1999年1月～2004年6月75例患者行腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术,其中采用经腹腔途径51例和经腹膜后途径24例.结果手术时间平均为(170.16±33.81)min,术中的出血量平均为(70.82±37.15)ml.术后平均住院时间为(5.87±1.01)d.中转开放手术2例(2.67%).发生并发症4例(5.33%),分别为膈肌损伤、胰腺损伤、肠道损伤、皮下血肿各1例.结论腹腔镜下行肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快等优点,已经成为现代治疗肾上腺肿瘤的金标准.     

腹腔镜在肾上腺手术中的应用

近 2 0年来 ,腔内泌尿外科诊治技术在我国有了很大发展 ,许多医院开展了腔内泌尿外科技术。通过大量实践 ,不断总结经验 ,不断创新 ,目前国内这一技术与世界水平已差距不大。本期诚邀了国内这一领域的几位专家 ,分别对各相关腔内泌尿外科技术进行讨论 ,希望读者能从中受益 ,同时亦欢迎大家踊跃投稿 ,介绍这方面的创新及经验     

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Functioning Adrenal Tumors: Comparison With Conventional Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Purpose

We attempted to confirm the possibility and feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy via the retroperitoneal approach, and to compare results of the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches.

Materials and Methods

Three men and 8 women (mean age 39.6 years) with functioning adrenocortical tumors (primary aldosteronism in 5 and Cushing's syndrome in 6) underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy via the retroperitoneal approach using a balloon dissection technique and a newly developed ultrasonic aspirator. Results were compared to those of 27 cases of transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Results

Although the retroperitoneal approach was successful in all 5 patients with primary aldosteronism, it succeeded in only 2 of the 6 cases of Cushing's syndrome. In 3 Cushing's syndrome cases the retroperitoneal approach was changed to the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach due to difficulty in exploration. Open laparotomy was required in 1 case of left Cushing's syndrome because of an inadvertent pancreatic injury. Subcutaneous emphysema developed in 6 patients without hypercapnia or prolonged postoperative symptoms. Mean operative time and blood loss, and time to oral intake and ambulation were 248.3 minutes, 151.4 ml., and 1.55 and 2 days, respectively. There was no difference between retroperitoneal and conventional transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy in regard to these factors or to convalescence.

Conclusions

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy is feasible for primary aldosteronism. However, Cushing's syndrome is presently a much more difficult indication than primary aldosteronism for this new operative technique.     

Bleeding After Right Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

The current standard of care for treating benign adrenal disease is laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgical tools, such as ultrasonic shears and vessel sealing systems, have increased in popularity and improved surgical outcomes. However, the safety profile of clipless and sutureless adrenalectomy has not been completely established. We report on a complicated 74-year-old male who underwent significant postoperative hemorrhage following laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Interventional radiology with renal artery stent insertion was successful for the management of postoperative bleeding in this high-risk patient.     

Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy in Children

Purpose:

The use of a minimally invasive approach for adrenalectomy is poorly defined in pediatric patients, although laparoscopic adrenalectomy is considered a standard procedure in adults. The aim of our study was to describe the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive adrenalectomy in children on the basis of surgical skills and results.

Materials and Methods:

This was a retrospective study of 4 pediatric laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed at our center between 2009 and 2012. All patients underwent transperitoneal lateral laparoscopic adrenalectomies (2 right and 2 left adrenalectomies).

Results:

Four laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed. Indications for surgery were neuroblastoma in 2 patients, secernent adrenocortical tumor in 1 patient, and adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia in 1 patient. Patients had a mean age of 87 months (range, 17–156 months) at diagnosis, and the average lesion size was 3.23 cm (range, 0.7–6.4 cm). All laparoscopic adrenalectomies were successful, no conversions to open surgery were required, and no postoperative complications or deaths occurred. The average operating time was 105 minutes (range, 80–130 minutes), blood loss during surgery was minimal, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.75 days (range, 3–5 days). None of the patients showed signs of recurring disease at 15-month follow-up.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe, feasible, and reproducible technique offering numerous advantages, including shortening of operating times and postoperative hospital stays, as well as reduction of blood loss and complications. It also provides good visibility and easy access to other organs.     

腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺髓质增生症

目的 探讨肾上腺髓质增生(adrenal medullary hyperplasia,AMH)的临床特点和诊治方法,提高AMH的诊治水平.方法 回顾性总结2010年10月至2011年10月间9例术后病理为AMH的高血压患者的临床资料及术后随访,并结合文献进行分析.结果 9例患者中8例行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术,1例5年前曾行肾上腺切除术,本次手术行肾上腺部分切除术,术后血压均有明显改善.结论 现代影像学及实验室检查可自高血压患者中筛选出部分AMH,其确诊仍依靠术中探查及术后病理,手术切除增生的肾上腺是有效的治疗方法,而腹腔镜肾上腺切除术是一种安全、有效的微创治疗手段.     

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Large Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Background:

Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease that is difficult to treat. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is performed, even for large adrenocortical carcinomas. However, the oncological effectiveness of LA remains unclear. This review presents the current knowledge of the feasibility and oncological effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for ACC, with an analysis of data for outcomes and other parameters.

Database:

A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching the PubMed and Medline databases for all relevant articles in English, published between January 1992 and August 2014 on LA for adrenocortical carcinoma.

Discussion:

The search resulted in retrieval of 29 studies, of which 10 addressed the outcome of LA versus open adrenalectomy (OA) and included 844 patients eligible for this review. Among these, 206 patients had undergone LA approaches, and 638 patients had undergone OA. Among the 10 studies that compared the outcomes obtained with LA and OA for ACC, 5 noted no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the oncological outcomes of recurrence and disease-free survival, whereas the remaining 5 reported inferior outcomes in the LA group. Using a paired t test for statistical analysis, except for tumor size, we found no significant difference in local recurrence, peritoneal carcinomatosis, positive resection margin, and time to recurrence between the LA and OA groups. The overall mean tumor size in patients undergoing LA and OA was 7.1 and 11.2 cm, respectively (P = .0003), and the mean overall recurrence was 61.5 and 57.9%, respectively. The outcome of LA is believed to depend to a large extent on the size and stage of the lesion (I and II being favorable) and the surgical expertise in the center where the patient undergoes the operation. However, the present review shows no difference in the outcome between the 2 approaches across all stages. A poor outcome is likely to result from inadequate surgery, irrespective of whether the approach is open or laparoscopic.