非小细胞肺癌手术治疗的预后因素分析

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌的预后影响因素。方法：分析行根治性切除的非小细胞肺癌477例，采用Ka—plan—Meier法绘制生存曲线(Log—Rank检验)和Cox多因素回归对该组病例的预后因素进行分析。结果：肿瘤的N分期明显影响患者的预后，无肺门及纵隔淋巴结转移病人的生存率明显高于有转移的病人(P＜0．001)；术中同侧肺门和纵隔淋巴结清扫超过6枚的病例生存率高于清扫6枚以下的病例(P＜0．001)；术后生存率随T1、T2、T3和T4依次明显递减(P＜0．001)；术后化疗组病例的生存期较非化疗组长(P＝0．036)；鳞癌和腺癌的生存率高于其他病理类型(P＝0．001)。结论：纵隔淋巴结的清扫数量、术后化疗与否、肿瘤的T分期、N分期和病理类型是影响非小细胞肺癌手术患者预后的主要因素，而性别、术后放疗、术后免疫治疗及手术方式等对预后无明显影响。     

晚期鼻咽癌放疗联合辅助性化疗的临床研究

目的 分析评价晚期（N2,N3期）鼻咽癌放疗加辅助化疗的疗效.方法 86例N2,N3期鼻咽癌患者随机分为放化组（A组,46例）和单放组（B组,40例）,均首先接受根治性放疗,其后放化组46例接受辅助化疗（LV＋5Fu＋DDP）3～4个疗程.结果 放化组5年生存率43.5%,单放组37.5%（P＞0.05）;放化组远处转移发生率19.6%,单放组45%（P＜0.05）;放化组远处转移发生时间平均放疗后18.3个月,单放组7.8个月;放疗后达到CR的放化组与单放组的5年生存率为42.9%、56.5%（P＞0.05）,非CR的放化组与单放组的5年生存率为44.4%、11.8%（P＜0.05）.结论 放疗加辅助性化疗N2,N3期鼻咽癌有助于延缓远处转移发生时间,减少远处转移;对于根治性放疗后未达CR者,辅助化疗能提高生存率.     

支气管肺动脉成形术治疗中央型肺癌的临床分析

目的探讨支气管肺动脉成形术治疗肺癌的效果。方法自2003年至2005年对36例肺癌患者施行支气管肺动脉同时成形术。术后病理诊断结果：鳞癌24例,腺癌6例,腺鳞癌5例,小细胞未分化癌1例。pTNM分期：ⅡB期5例（T2N1M0 4例,T3N0M0 1例）,ⅢA期27例（T3N1M0 11例,T2N2M0 9例,T3N2M0 7例）,ⅢB期4例（T4N0M0 1例,T4N1M0 1例,T4N2M0 2例）。结果该组手术近期死亡0例。术后1、3、5年生存率分别为74％（26／35）、48％（11／23）、33％（3／9）。结论采用支气管肺动脉同时成形术治疗中央型肺癌减少了全肺切除和单纯剖胸探查的率扩大了手术适应证,为肺癌患者提供了更有效、安全、合理的治疗机会。     

侵犯胸壁非小细胞肺癌外科治疗

目的探讨侵犯胸壁非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）手术方法及预后。方法回顾分析1984-2004年手术治疗的侵犯胸壁的NSCLC 127例。T3N0M0 72例,T3N4M0 33例,T3N2M0 17例,T4N0M0 3例,T4N1M0 2例;鳞癌66例,腺癌59例,大细胞癌2例。肺单叶切除78例,两叶切除7例,全肺切除33例,楔形切除或段切9例,胸壁整块切除46例．胸壁不连续切除13例,胸膜外切除68例。结果全组无手术死亡病例。11例术后出现并发症。5年生存率在完全切除及不完全切除的患者分别为25％及8％（P〈0．05）。在完全切除的病例中,淋巴结转移情况（P〈0．05）、浸润深度（P〈0．05）具有独立估计预后的价值。结论侵犯胸壁的NSCLC的生存率与切除是否完全、淋巴转移情况及肿瘤侵犯胸壁的深度有关。     

70例下咽癌手术治疗体会

目的探讨下咽癌的外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2000年8月至2004年4月我科70例下咽癌患者的临床资料,其中Ⅰ期4例（T1N0M0 4例）,Ⅱ期16例（T2N0M0 16例）,Ⅲ期27例（T3N0M0 6例,T2N1M0 8例,T3N1M0 11例,T1N1M0 2例）,Ⅳ期23例（T4N0M0 2例,T4N1M0 6例,T2N2M。4例,T3N2M05,T2N2M0 3例,T1N2M0 3例）。31例（44％）保留喉功能手术,39例（56％）未保留喉功能。结果随访3～9年,平均5．8年。全组患者3年生存率为67．4％（47／70）。5年生存率为48．3％（34／70）。各期5年生存率分别为Ⅰ期100％（4／4）,Ⅱ期70．5％（12/16）,Ⅲ期59．3％（16／27）,Ⅳ期8．6％（2／23）。喉功能保留手术3年生存率为67．7％（21／31）,5年生存率为48．4％（15／31）。耒保留喉功能3年生存率为66．7％（26／89）,5年生存率为48．7％（19／39）。结论下咽癌治疗手术效果好。在不影响生存率的前提下,保留喉功能的下咽癌的手术较未保留喉功能者,有效地提高了生存质量。     

新辅助化疗对Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌手术的影响评价

目的 探讨术前新辅助化疗Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌手术切除率、并发症及患者生存率的影响.方法 2006至2013年,太原市第七人民医院胸外科对103例Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者进行前瞻性随机对照试验,按随机数字表法分组,53例分入新辅助化疗组,行术前化疗2个周期,化疗结束后4周手术.另外50例分入单纯手术组的患者则先行手术治疗.对手术切除率、术后并发症及病死率、术后1、3、5年生存率行评价.结果 手术切除率新辅助化疗组为86.8％（46/53）,单纯手术组为88.0％ （44/50）,2组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;新辅助化疗组并发症发生率为13.2％ （7/53）;病死率为3.8％（2/53）.单纯手术组并发症发生率为14.0％ （7/50）,病死率为4.0％（2/50）,2组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.新辅助化疗组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为86.8％ （46/53）、78.0％（32/41）和53.8％ （14/26）,单纯手术组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为68.0％（34/50）、54.8％（17/31）和26.1％ （6/23）,新辅助化疗组术后生存率明显高于单纯手术组（P＜0.05）.结论 新辅助化疗安全、有效,能提高Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者的手术切除率,提高患者术后长期生存率.     

EP方案联合放疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效分析

目的：探讨化疗联合放疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效。方法：选择52例晚期非小细胞肺癌，分两组。单放组采用常规分割，总剂量为60－68GY／6－7周；综合组采用放疗加化疗，化疗采用EP方案，在放疗前、同时或放疗后进行，共3－4周期。结果：单放组总缓解率45．5％，中位生存11个月，1、2、3年生存率为45．5％、18．2％、4．5％。综合组总缓解率为66．7％，中位生存20个月，1、2、3年生存率为73．3％、26．7％、16．6％。综合组优于单放组（P＜0．05）。综合组不良反应大于单放组，主要表现为骨髓抑制，但病人均能耐受。结论：EP方案联合放疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效优于单放组，能够提高1、2、3年生存率。     

常规放疗、三维适形放疗联合化疗治疗局部晚期肺癌的疗效比较

目的评价三维适形放疗联合化疗（3D-CRT）治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的近期疗效和急性毒副反应。方法收集2002年4月至2005年12月晚期非小细胞肺癌患者100例,分为三维适形放疗＋化疗（A组）50例,常规放疗＋化疗（B组）50例。A、B组化疗方案相同,泰素135mg／时,顺铂70mg／前,第1、29、57天。A组三维适形放疗放射源为6MV-X线,2Gy／（次·d）,40Gy后缩野加量,总剂量DT66—70Gy。B组常规放疗。结果晚期非小细胞肺癌患者经3个月治疗后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期CT改变≥50％（11．1％、26．9％、76．9％）与CT改变消失（88．9％、73．3、7．7％）,两者比较有显著性差异（x^2=6．70,x^2=6．69,x^2=70．1,P〈0．01）;鳞癌3年生存率（60．8％）明显高于腺癌（50．0％）两者比较有显著性差异（x^2=4．10,P〈0．05）;A组有效率（78．0）％明显高于B组（66．0）％（x^2=4．23,P〈0．05）;A组2年生存率（48．0）％高于高于B组（34．0）％（x^2=4．29,P〈0．05）;鳞癌有效率（60．0％）高于腺癌（48．4％）（x^2=4．12,P〈0．05）;放射性肺炎、食道炎、白细胞减少发生率分别为19例（19．0％）、7例（9．0％）、10例（10．0％）。结论3D-CRT联合化疗能提高局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效,且急性毒副反应无明显增加。     

早期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗

目的：探讨早期非小细胞肺癌外科治疗方法及其在控制疾病发展中的作用。方法：我科自1990年至1996年共外科手术治疗肺癌病人462例，其中TINO期83例（18%），T1N1，T2NO和T2N1期157例（34%）。肺瘤根据国际TNM标准进行分期，同时又将I期分为Ia和Ib，Ⅱ期分为Iia和IIb。 这组病人均采用病灶肺叶切除 纵隔淋巴结清扫，部分病人术后给予全身化疗或纵隔放疗。结果：本组经手术治疗的240例早期非小细胞肺癌，术后随访五年，TN1O期病人五年生存率可达79.7%。结论：早期非小细胞肺癌手术治疗的预后与肿瘤的大小，细胞分类和有无淋巴结转移有关。肿瘤小的病人预后好。鳞癌比其他类型细胞癌转移少。有无脏层胸膜侵侵犯似乎对生存率没影响。而有淋巴结转移对五年生存率影响明显。术后放疗可以起到控制局部复发的作用，化疗可以减低死亡率。     

鼻腔T细胞性非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤32例临床研究

目的 探讨原发于鼻腔T细胞性非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤（Non—Hodgkin＇s Lymphoma,NHL）的临床特点及治疗效果。方法收集我院1997年1月至2004年12月收治的鼻腔T细胞性NHL32例，按照Ann Arbor分期Ⅰ期24例，Ⅱ期6例，Ⅳ期2例；根据WHO分类PTCL-U（外周T细胞淋巴瘤,非特异性）占22例。结外NK／T细胞淋巴瘤，鼻型10例。初诊时PS状态（ECOG）为0～1者占96．7％（31，32）；有B症状者占37．5％（12／32）；结外侵犯〉1个部位者37．5％（12／32）：LDH增高者占28．1％（9／32）。23例患者采用化、放疗联合治疗，9例采用单纯化疗。化、放疗联合治疗和单纯化疗患者均采用标准CHOP方案化疗。结果化疗有效率为56．2％（18／32），其中CR率为37．5％（12／32）；23例化疗联合放疗的患者有效率为100．0％，其中CR率86．9％（20／23）。全组1年、3年、5年生存率分别为52．9％、41．2％、18.3％。化疗联合放疗组5年生存率高于单纯化疗组；局限在鼻腔（Ⅰ期）患者5年生存率高于有淋巴结转移及全身播散（〉Ⅰ期）患者。结论原发于鼻腔T细胞性NHL采用CHOP方案化疗疗效不佳，预后不良．联合放疗有助于改善预后。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.