紫锥菊药理作用研究进展

紫锥菊属Echinacea Moench.植物是原产于美洲的一类菊科野生花卉,已开发为药品的主要为紫锥菊及狭叶紫锥菊2种。紫锥菊以其免疫刺激作用闻名于世,是国际上流行的免疫调节剂,近年来其单方或复方制剂被广泛用于感冒、咳嗽、支气管炎、上呼吸道感染的预防以及病毒感染、皮肤感染和免疫缺陷引起的慢性疾病等导致的功能失调的治疗。综述近年来国内外对紫锥菊抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节等药理作用的研究进展。     

紫锥菊的疗效与安全性

紫锥菊是美国、欧洲、加拿大和澳大利亚最常用的植物药之一。在美国，2000～2002年间，紫锥菊的销售额分别为5842万、3970万和3244万美元，在草药销售额排行榜中分别居第4、2和3位。这么多人钟情于紫锥菊，它的疗效和安全性究竟如何呢?美国     

紫锥菊有效成分提取工艺研究

目的提取紫锥菊中的总酚,并对提取物进行含量测定,优选提取的最佳方法。方法采用乙醇提取紫锥菊中的总酚,采用普鲁士蓝法以没食子酸为对照进行紫外吸收检测,用正交实验法优化提取工艺。结果筛选出紫锥菊总酚提取工艺为:用药材质量10倍的体积分数45%的乙醇进行超声提取3次,每次1 h,回收乙醇,浓缩,干燥得含有总酚的紫锥菊乙醇提取物。结论采用该方法可以有效地提取紫锥菊中总酚类物质,能够使紫锥菊药材得到比较充分的利用。     

菊泰软膏剂中紫锥菊提取工艺

目的研究菊泰软膏剂中紫锥菊提取工艺。方法用正交设计实验对紫锥菊中菊苣酸进行了提取分离及含量分析。结果确定了紫锥菊提取工艺中较佳工艺参数,即用8倍量80%乙醇提取3次,提取1h。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于菊泰软膏剂中紫锥菊提取分离及含量分析测定。     

紫锥菊属植物制剂的化学、免疫作用与临床

紫锥菊制剂量欧洲美国应用最广泛的免疫增强剂，作者综述其化学成分，药理活性和临床效果。     

紫锥菊 欧美风尚草药

随着免疫治疗在医学上受到的重视程度不断加深,紫锥菊,这种一千多年前仅属于美洲印第安人部落的神奇草药,开始在全世界范围内风靡起来。     

紫锥菊液体提取物对成人感冒有效

在一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验中，282例在前一年有过2次以上感冒的18～65岁健康男性和女性病人随机接受标准化的紫锥菊(Echinacea purpurea)液体提取物或安慰剂7天，并要求在与感冒有关的第一个症状出现时开始治疗。第一天服10个剂量，其余6天日服4个剂量。     

用紫锥菊细胞培养物中的多糖减轻化疗副作用的小规模临床研究

紫锥菊属Echinacea植物制品已作为减轻癌症放化疗副作用的辅助药物。该植物细胞培养物中的多糖在体内、外的免疫活性已受到关注。作者研究了紫锥菊E.purpurea细胞培养物中的多糖[EPS-EPO Ⅶa,约含75％中性岩藻半乳糖木葡聚糖(fucogalactoxyloglucanes)和25％酸性阿拉伯半乳聚糖(arabinogalactanes)]对胃癌化疗病人的免疫学参数及白细胞减少的作用。     

紫锥菊治疗感冒的效果不显著[英]／Barrett B P…／／Ann Intern Med．

感冒是世界上最流行的疾病之一，它能对人类健康和生产率产生实质性的影响。感冒是由几种不同类型的病毒引起的，如鼻病毒、腺病毒和冠状病毒等。有效治疗感冒的药物尚未研制出来，抗生素只对感冒并发症，即由细菌感染引起的各种窦炎和肺炎有效。紫锥菊属植物在全世界广泛使用，企图用以增强与感冒或流感相关的免疫系统的功能。紫锥菊产品主要是用该属3种植物紫锥菊Echinacea purpurea(L.)Moench、     

紫锥菊细胞培养物中酚类化合物的累积及其结构变化

作者比较研究了4种不同的诱导剂，即酵母提物取、茉莉酸甲酯、谷胱甘肽和锰离子对紫锥菊Echinacea purpurea酚类化合物的影响。     

紫花松果菊亲脂性化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的：分离紫花松果菊的化学成分。方法：用溶剂法和色谱法分离化学成分，用波谱鉴定其结构。结果：从紫花松果菊地上部分得到5个单体化合物(1～5)和-混合物(6，7)，用光谱法鉴定其结构分别为咖啡酸(1)、咖啡酸甲醋(2)、咖啡酸乙醋(3)、7，8呋喃并香豆素(4)、6-甲氧基-7-羟基-香豆素(5)、豆甾醇(Stigmasterol)(6)、β-谷甾醇(β-Sitos—terol)(7)。结论：化合物1～5为首次从该植物获得。     

Caffeoyl phenols and alkamides of cultivated Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea atrorubens var. paradoxa

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench was recently introduced into Taiwan. In the present study, the biomass, the contents of caffeoyl phenols, and the content of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide plus dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (alkamides 8 and 9 respectively,) of locally selected line CLS-P2 and two introduced cultivars Magnus and White Swan of E. purpurea and an introduced E. atrorubens var. paradoxa were compared. The results indicated that both biomass and phytoactive constituents varied considerably among the introduced cultivars and selected line. Line CLS-P2 grew better and produced more aerial and ground parts than introduced cultivars Magnus and White Swan. It also produced more caffeoyl phenols, particularly cichoric acid and caftaric acid in its leaves than Magnus and White Swan. All the E. purpurea cultivars and line produced same amounts of alkamides 8 and 9 in their flower heads and leaves. But White Swan produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in its roots than CLS-P2 and Magnus. Line CLS-P2 was less homogenous in genetic background as compared to the introduced cultivars. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa also grew well in Taiwan, but it produced less aerial and ground dry mass than E. purpurea. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa produced more echinacoside in its flower heads, leaves, and root parts, while E. purpurea plants had more cichoric acid and caftaric acid in their flower heads and leaves. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa also produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in flower heads and leaves, while E. purpurea produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in roots.     

The Relationship of Echinacea purpurea. to the Toxicity of Cadmium

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous metal and cumulative poison that may cause liver and kidney damage and the formation of neoplasia. The experiments were performed on white laboratory mice using intraperitoneal injections of 0.05 LD₅₀ of cadmium chloride solution. Two groups of mice were injected with Echinacea purpurea. (L.) Moench liquid extract: one 0.05 LD₅₀ and the other 0.1 LD₅₀. Cd concentration in mouse blood, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and skeletal muscles was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Estimated mitotic index of liver cells reflected the mitotic activity in the liver. Mitotic index in liver cells increases under the Cd intoxication, but it remains unchanged after simultaneous injection of Cd and Echinacea purpurea. liquid extract. In this study, the changes in organs and metabolism, the accumulation of various levels of intraperitoneal Cd in tissues, and the effects of Echinacea purpurea. liquid extract on Cd-induced changes in mice were investigated.     

引种紫锥菊中菊苣酸的定性定量分析

目的:建立薄层色谱法(TLC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC),对紫锥菊不同部位中的菊苣酸进行分析,为紫锥菊质量标准的建立提供依据。方法:TLC鉴别紫锥菊根、茎、叶、花中的菊苣酸;HPLC测定以上各部位中菊苣酸的含量,色谱柱为XTerraC18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(23︰77),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,紫外检测波长为326 nm。结果:TLC中菊苣酸的斑点清晰可辨,Rf值为0.72;HPLC测得菊苣酸的进样浓度在0.5～100μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),方法的平均回收率(n=3)为95.3%(RSD=3.6%),紫锥菊根、茎、叶、花中的菊苣酸含量分别为12.1,0.68,5.60,2.47 mg.g-1。结论:该检测方法简便可行,可用于紫锥菊中菊苣酸的质量控制。     

Cichoric Acid Content and Biomass Production of Echinacea purpurea. Plants Cultivated in Slovenia

Abstract

Samples of Echinacea purpurea. (L.) Moench were taken from 25 plantations at two harvesting times (July and October). Five shoots from each plantation were measured and weighed. The contents of cichoric and caftaric acid were determined in flowers, leaves, and stems of samples harvested in July. All morphological parameters decreased with increasing age of the plantation, but age had no influence on the cichoric and caftaric acid contents. The average weight of leaves and stems in 6-year-old plantations was more than sixfold lower than those from 1-year-old plantations. In flowers, the reduction was fourfold. Cichoric and caftaric acid contents in leaves differed significantly between the regions, but the region had no influence on the morphological parameters. Irrigated plantations yielded more than 50% higher weights of leaves and stems and 25% higher weights of flowers. Irrigation had no influence on cichoric and caftaric acid contents.     

The Presence of Molds and Their Secondary Metabolites in Purple Coneflower-Based Dietary Supplements (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench)

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a plant in the family Asteraceae, mainly grown in North America. Echinacea purpurea has been used in conventional medicine. The plant has immuno-stimulating and antibacterial properties, but neither mold contamination nor a mycotoxin presence have been evaluated. Our goal is to determine the degree to which molds and mycotoxins contaminate dietary supplements based on purple coneflower distributed on the Polish market. We analyzed 21 samples divided into four groups: sachets (n = 5), dry raw material (n = 3), capsules (n = 9), and tablets (n = 4). The mycological analysis of dietary supplements shows that the average number of molds is 1012 cfu/g, and the most common molds are Aspergillus spp., Phoma spp. and Eurotium spp. The mycotoxins most common in the samples are ZEN (18/21), DON (5/21) and T-2 toxin (3/21).     

GC-MS analysis of the lipophilic principles of Echinacea purpurea and evaluation of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection

An analytical GC–MS method based on nonpolar fused silica capillary column was developed to analyze the lipophilic constituents, mainly alkamides, from the root extracts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. In particular, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the phytochemical impacts of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infection on the plant's lipophilic marker phytochemicals. Methanolic (70% v/v) extracts, obtained from root materials by ultrasonic treatments, were subjected to liquid–liquid extraction with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) to recover the lipophilic, volatile to semivolatile, principles. Seventeen components, including the 11 alkamides known to E. purpurea roots, were identified in the GC–MS traces of the analyzed fractions and efficiently separated in a turnaround time of 25 min. CMV infection was found to be responsible for significant variations in the relative compositions of the major constituents, in particular germacrene D, Dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10Z(E)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide cis/trans isomers, Undeca-2Z, 4E-diene-8, 10-diynoic acid isobutylamide and Dodeca-2E, 4Z-diene-8, 10-diynoic acid isobutylamide.     

The effect of Echinacea purpurea on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel

Aims

The herbal medicine Echinacea purpurea (E. purpurea) has been shown to induce cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) both in vitro and in humans. This study explored whether E. purpurea affects the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 substrate docetaxel in cancer patients.

Methods

Ten evaluable cancer patients received docetaxel (135 mg, 60 min IV infusion) before intake of a commercially available E. purpurea extract (20 oral drops three times daily) and 3 weeks later after a 14 day supplementation period with E. purpurea. In both cycles, pharmacokinetic parameters of docetaxel were determined.

Results

Before and after supplementation with E. purpurea, the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve of docetaxel was 3278 ± 1086 and 3480 ± 1285 ng ml⁻¹ h, respectively. This result was statistically not significant. Nonsignificant alterations were also observed for the elimination half-life (from 30.8 ± 19.7 to 25.6 ± 5.9 h, P = 0.56) and maximum plasma concentration of docetaxel (from 2224 ± 609 to 2097 ± 925 ng ml⁻¹, P = 0.30).

Conclusions

The multiple treatment of E. purpurea did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in this study. The applied E. purpurea product at the recommended dose may be combined safely with docetaxel in cancer patients.     

类风湿性关节炎患者生命质量及相关因素分析

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者的生命质量及相关因素。方法对符合诊断标准的60例RA患者应用汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)进行心理状态和生命质量评定,并比较不同病程、伴或不伴有焦虑或抑郁患者的生活质量,分析其相关性。结果RA患者SF-36各维度评分均显著低于中国常模(P<0.01),病程>4年的患者的生活质量低于病程少于4年的患者(P<0.05),伴有抑郁或焦虑症状的类风湿关节类患者的躯体疼痛(BP)、总体健康感(GH)、生命活力(VT)、社会功能(SF)、情感职能(RE)、精神健康(MH)6个维度评分显著低于不伴抑郁或焦虑症状的患者(P<0.05)。结论RA患者生活质量低于一般正常人群,病程长,伴有抑郁或焦虑症状患者的生活质量受损更加严重。     

Studies on phytochemical,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,hypoglycaemic and antiproliferative activities of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia extracts

Context: Echinacea (Asteraceae) is used because of its pharmacological properties. However, there are few studies that integrate phytochemical analyses with pharmacological effects.

Objective: Evaluate the chemical profile and biological activity of hydroalcoholic Echinacea extracts.

Materials and methods: Density, dry matter, phenols (Folin–Ciocalteu method), flavonoids (AlCl₃ method), alkylamides (GC-MS analysis), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS methods), antiproliferative effect (SRB assay), anti-inflammatory effect (paw oedema assay, 11 days/Wistar rats; 0.4?mL/kg) and hypoglycaemic effect (33 days/Wistar rats; 0.4?mL/kg) were determined in three Echinacea extracts which were labelled as A, B and C (A, roots of Echinacea purpurea L. Moench; B, roots, leaves, flowers and seeds of Echinacea purpurea; C, aerial parts and roots of Echinacea purpurea and roots of Echinacea angustifolia DC).

Results: Extract C showed higher density (0.97?g/mL), dry matter (0.23?g/mL), phenols (137.5?±?2.3 mEAG/mL), flavonoids (0.62?±?0.02 mEQ/mL), and caffeic acid (0.048?mg/L) compared to A and B. A, B presented 11 alkylamides, whereas C presented those 11 and three more. B decreased the oedema (40%) on day 2 similar to indomethacin. A and C showed hypoglycaemic activity similar to glibenclamide. Antiproliferative effect was only detected for C (IC₅₀ 270?μg/mL; 8171?μg/mL; 9338?μg/mL in HeLa, MCF-7, HCT-15, respectively).

Discussion and conclusion: The difference in the chemical and pharmacological properties among extracts highlights the need to consider strategies and policies for standardization of commercial herbal extracts in order to guarantee the safety and identity of this type of products.