《有毒作业分级》标准应用中若干问题的探讨

中华人民共和国国家标准《GB12331-90有毒作业分级》(以下简称《分级》)现处于实施初期,我们在应用该标准进行分级工作时,遇到如下几个问题,特提出讨论。有毒作业分级的应用范围《分级》中定义有毒作业为职工在存在生产性毒物的工作地点从事生产和劳动的作业。此定义没有量的概念,未指出毒物浓度和接毒时间的量需达到什么水平时方称为有毒作业,而且在生产性毒物的定义中也未指明其具体范围及种类。这样就给《分级》的实施带来不便。有毒作业分级的应用范围实际     

有毒作业分级的调查与讨论

对５个Ｄ１１上岗位的有毒作业分级调查结果，三级、二级危害的岗位各３个，一级危害岗位２个，０危害岗位３个。讨论了有毒作业分级三项评价指标的有关问题。建议增加职业性接触毒物危害程度分级表中的毒物种类，并在修订《有毒作业分级》标准时应考虑生产环境中共存物的联合作用及劳动强度的影响。     

深圳市罗湖区有毒作业危害分级调查

我国于1985年颁布了职业性接触毒物危害程度分级（GB5044-85标准）[1]；1990年又颁布了有毒作业危害程度分级（GB12331－90标准）[2]。该两项标准是衡量职业劳动条件的一种手段，是劳动卫生监督和劳动卫生学评价的重要内容。开展有害作业危害分级调查，能了解职业危害现状，掌握重点，为劳动卫生管理和制订对策提供依据。为了解我区工厂企业有毒作业环境的危害状况，我们于1996年初～1997年上半年对辖区有毒作业环境做了一次调查，现将结果报道如下：1对象和方法1．1对象罗湖区所辖103间接毒作业工厂412个有毒作业岗位。主要的职业毒物为…     

肇庆市17家制鞋企业有毒作业分级调查

职业性接触毒物危害程度分级[1] 和有毒作业分级[2 ] 两项国家标准公布已有多年 ,但在基层职业卫生监督和职业卫生评价中仍然未能普遍应用。本文对职业卫生评价中仍然未能普遍应用。本文对肇庆市制鞋企业有毒作业危害程度进行了分级调查。1　对象和方法1 1　对象　　肇庆市已开展监督监测的 17家制鞋企业 ,选取 185个有毒作业的岗位。1 2　方法　　根据制鞋业实际情况选择监测“三苯”和溶剂汽油项目。采样和测定方法按《车间空气监测检验方法》(第 3版 ) [3]进行 ,有毒作业时间的确定采用现场调查方法。1 3　分级标准　　按职业性接触毒物…     

化工行业职业性接触毒物危害程度分级编制说明(报批稿)

1 编制本标准的目的和意义 1985年国家颁布的“职业性接触毒物危害程度分级标准(GB5044-85)”规定以急慢性毒性、急性中毒发病状况、慢性中毒患病状况、慢性中毒后果、致癌性和最高容许浓度等六项指标作为分级的依据,对职业性接触毒物进行分级,并且举出了56种毒物的分级为例。1990年国家又颁发了“有毒作业分级标准(GB12331-90)”,有毒作业分级的依据是毒物危害程度级别,接触的浓度和时间。1992年劳动部、     

某造船厂有毒作业分级调查

按国家标准规定的有毒作业分级（ＧＢ１２３３１－９０），对某造船厂船体车间大，中，小合拢电焊工，碳创工，喷漆，舱内刷漆，漆木车间调胶房，地板敷设，调料间，家具油漆等１０个生产岗位，６０２名接毒工人进行了有毒作业分级调查。调查结果表明，分级结果与我们日常现场观察情况基本符合，说明有毒作业分级标准在我国实施是可行的，它对有毒作业分级科学管理，减少和控制职业危害，具有重要的指导意义，我们对保证毒物浓度测定     

淄博市生产性毒物作业分级调查

淄博市生产性毒物作业分级调查蒋绪亮，张日灵，傅爱玲，张倩我市化学工业发展迅速，生产性毒物危害较重。本文对市区（县）属以上工业企业的生产性毒物作业进行了分级调查，以期为制订预防职业中毒规划提供依据。方法一、生产性毒物浓度的监测按国家《有毒作业分级》标准...     

《有毒作业分级（GB12331-90）》修订的思考

国家技术监督局1990年4月颁布、1991年1月实施的中华人民共和国国家标准《有毒作业分级》（GB12331-90）（以下简称‘《分级》）是我国工作场所职业卫生管理的重要依据。《分级》是基于毒理学研究资料，在总结建国以来劳动安全工作的经验基础上制定的。有毒作业危害分级的三个基本要素是毒物危害程度级别、工人劳动时间和作业环境中毒物浓度超标倍数，是针对有毒有害作业环境进行的分级，最终目标是为了保护作业人员健康。     

工作场所职业病化学毒物危害作业分级在某变电站建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价中的运用

目的通过对某变电站工作场所化学毒物危害作业分级,为判定建设项目职业病危害程度和企业的管理提供依据。方法对工作场所进行职业病危害因素识别,确定有毒作业岗位,采用《工作场所职业病危害作业分级第2部分:化学物》(GBZ/T 229.2-2010)标准进行化学毒物危害作业分级。结果工作场所硫酸和六氟化硫时间平均加权浓度CTWA为0.005 mg/m3和<1.5 mg/m3,危害作业分级指数均<1,作业级别均为0级,属于相对无害作业。结论在目前作业条件下对劳动者健康影响不大,应保持目前的作业方式和防护措施。     

胜利油田三苯作业分级调研报告

有毒作业分级工作是劳动保护科学管理的一项基础工作,是确定我国企业职工生产作业条件危害大小的依据。通过劳动条件分级工作,可明确我国职业安全监察工作的重点及今后职业危害治理的方向,尤其是在企业逐步进入市场参与竞争的今天,开展有毒作业分级工作,加强劳动保护科学管理显得更为重要,是劳动者安全顺利完成生产任务,提高经济效益的根本保障。为此,我们根据中国石油天燃气总公司关于开展有毒作业分级的要求,首次对油田三苯作业岗位进行分级调查与测试,旨在掌握油田职工接触三苯作业危害的实际情况,确定危害级别,为加速改进职工的劳动条件,逐步降低毒物危害程度提供科学的依据。     

"产业化"与"市场化"的错位

医疗改革之弊,也许在于过度的“市场化”而非产业化。如果不对这两个概念加以区别,将棒子打在“产业化”上,其结果有可能贻害相关领域的改革深化     

The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived

The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature. Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.     

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage".     

耐多药结核病患者"知""信""行"护理干预模式研究

目的评价耐多药结核病患者“知、信、行”护理干预模式的效果。方法将60例耐多药结核病患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,对照组采用规则抗结核治疗和常规护理,研究组实施“知、信、行”护理干预。结果研究组知识、信念、行为明显高于对照组;12个月痰菌阴转率为83．3％、患者病灶吸收率81．3％、空洞闭合率55．6％,明显高于对照组;二者与对照组比较差异有显著意义。结论采用“知、信、行”护理干预模式,能有效地提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗疗效,改善其生活质量。     

Diagnosing "dayans" and "demons"

The new ?Witch Craft Prevention Bill? prohibiting witch hunting was passed in Bihar, India, in reaction to the branding and subsequent killing of more than 500 helpless women as "dayans" (witches) in the past 7 years. Most of them were single, widows, or deserted women victimized by the pathological greed of some of the male members of their families or by some powerful persons in the village community interested in claiming their property. Even with the passage of the bill, though, most of these crimes will remain unpunished because the community is an accomplice in them, and they tend not to be reported. What is needed overall is socioeconomic and political development that will lead to the empowerment of women to ensure that there will be an end to the cruel and inhuman activities (such as witch hunting) instigated by traditional healers or "Ojhas".     

Cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multiple case study design incorporating a purposeful sample of "low" and "high" performing acute hospital Trusts, as assessed by the star performance rating system. FINDINGS: These case studies suggest that "high" and "low" performing acute hospital organisations may be very different environments in which to work. Although each case possessed its own unique character, significant patternings were observed within cases grouped by performance to suggest considerable cultural divergence. The key points of divergence can be grouped under four main headings: leadership and management orientation; accountability and information systems; human resources policies; and relationships within the local health economy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As with any study, interpretation of findings should be tempered with a degree of caution because of methodological considerations. First, there are the limitations of case study which proceeds on the basis of theoretical rather than quantitative generalisation. Second, organisational culture was assessed by exploring the views of middle and senior managers. While one should in no way suggest that such an approach can capture all important cultural characteristics of organisations, it is believed that it may be at least partially justified, given the agenda-setting powers and influence of the senior management team. Finally "star" performance measures are far from a perfect measure of organisational performance. Despite such reservations, the findings indicate that organisational culture is associated in a variety of non-trivial ways with the measured performance of hospital organisations. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Highlights considerable cultural divergence within UK NHS hospitals.