潍坊市健康人群风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体水平检测

目的了解潍坊市健康人群风疹、流行性腮腺炎（腮腺炎）抗体水平和自然感染情况。方法采集潍坊市高新区1-≥70岁健康人群血清标本843人份,采集血球凝集抑制（Ⅲ）试验检测风疹和腮腺炎抗体。结果检测843份血清中的风疹抗体,抗体阳性率83.51％,几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：93.96。检测843份血清中的腮腺炎抗体,阳性率为71.46％,GMT为1：4.76。结论由于≤5岁儿童风疹感染率为58.64％,腮腺炎感染率为38.58％,建议对≤5岁儿童进行风疹和腮腺炎疫苗查漏补种工作。     

潍坊市坊子区风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体水平检测

目的了解潍坊市坊子区健康人群风疹、流行性腮腺炎（腮腺炎）抗体水平和自然感染情况。方法采集潍坊市坊子区1～≥70岁健康人群血清标本843人份,采用血球凝集抑制（HI）试验检测风疹和腮腺炎抗体。结果风疹抗体共检测血清843份,抗体阳性率83．51％,几何平均滴度（GMT）1：93．96。腮腺炎抗体共检测血清834份,抗体阳性率71．46％,GMT1：4．76。结论由于〈5岁儿童风疹感染率为58．64％,腮腺炎感染率为38．58％,建议对≤5岁儿童进行风疹和腮腺炎疫苗查漏补种工作。     

日照市健康人群麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的了解日照市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)抗体水平和自然感染情况。方法 2009年采集日照市开发区1～≥20岁健康人群血清标本245份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体。结果麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体分别检测血清245份。麻疹抗体阳性率98.78%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:1722.13;风疹抗体阳性率60.82%,抗体含量均值为35.30U/ml;腮腺炎抗体阳性率为84.49%,抗体含量均值为62.94U/ml。结论麻疹抗体阳性率显著高于风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率,风疹抗体阳性率普遍较低,3～6岁儿童的腮腺炎抗体阳性率显著低于其他健康人群。应加强儿童风疹和腮腺炎疫苗接种,提高接种率。定期开展育龄期妇女风疹疫苗接种工作。     

江西省山区县8月龄～30岁健康人群风疹抗体水平监测及不同风疹减毒活疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解江西省山区县健康人群风疹抗体水平,为制订风疹疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据,2000年4～8月选择交通相对闭塞、人口流动相对较少的江西省山区安远县作为调查点,对8月龄～30岁健康人群采血检测风疹血球凝集抑制(HI)抗体,同时对2～4岁健康儿童接种国产BDRⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗和进口麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹(MMR)疫苗,观察其效果.共检测8月龄～30岁健康人群血清607份,阳性率57.66%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶14.13.2～4岁儿童接种国产风疹减毒活疫苗和进口MMR疫苗后,风疹抗体阳转率均为100%,GMT分别为1∶263.95、1∶197.40,两种不同疫苗风疹HI抗体GMT差异无显著的统计学意义.     

2014年江苏省滨海县健康人群麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的了解江苏省滨海县健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平,评价麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎疫苗的接种状况,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法 2014年对滨海县的5个乡镇不同年龄组健康人群进行抗体水平监测,采用酶联免疫吸附试验和血凝抑制试验测定抗体。结果麻疹抗体阳性率为83.57%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶1 763.05;风疹抗体阳性率为76.22%,GMT为1∶101.13;腮腺炎抗体阳性率为51.05%,GMT为1∶10.85。结论滨海县麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平较低,低年龄组应继续加强相关疫苗的预防接种工作。     

湖北省健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎人群免疫水平分析

目的:了解湖北省人群麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体水平,制定免疫对策。方法:抽取咸宁市和黄石市两个地区部分健康人群,采集0岁～50岁健康人群标本共700份,使用ELISA法定量检测正常人血清中麻疹IgG、风疹IgG和腮腺炎IgG抗体水平。结果:麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎IgG抗体阳性率分别为87.14%、55.43%和61.86%。结论:抽取的湖北省两个地区健康人群风疹IgG和腮腺炎IgG抗体阳性率均比较低;控制麻疹重点人群为小于2岁年龄组;需要对风疹强化免疫以及对2岁以下儿童进行腮腺炎强化免疫。     

自然状态下健康人群风疹免疫水平调查

目的 :了解自然状态下风疹的流行情况 ,为风疹疫苗纳入计划免疫管理提供依据。方法 :采用半对数回归 EL ISA法对健康人群的风疹抗体水平进行检测。结果 :本次调查正常人群抗体阳性率为 70 .1%,GMT为 1∶ 6 5 .5 1,其中≥ 15岁女性抗体阳性率为 78.6 %,GMT为 1∶ 5 5 .5 1。地区间人群抗体阳性率无显著性差异 ,年龄组间 <1岁组儿童抗体水平较高。结论 :盐城市风疹自然流行率较高 ,风疹疫苗初免年龄应在 1岁以上 ,控制风疹流行的策略应该是重点保护 15岁以下儿童及育龄期妇女。     

大连地区正常人群风疹免疫状况调查

为了解大连市正常人群风疹的免疫状况,我们于1987年6～12月收集了不同年龄正常人血清共555份,测定风疹抗体水平。结果;HI抗体≥1:8者431份,阳性率77.66%,GMT为21.57。其中5岁以下儿童风疹抗体的阳性率为11.8%～71.4%,GMT为5.42。<1岁时阳率为11.8%,11～15岁时为84.62%,16岁以上阳性率     

上海市部分地区健康人群流行性腮腺炎抗体水平检测

为了解上海市部分地区健康人群流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)自然感染情况及腮腺炎IgG抗体分布情况,采用红血球凝集抑制试验检测腮腺炎IgG抗体.共检测了691人,其中市区342人,郊区349人,年龄从6月龄～20岁以上.结果表明腮腺炎IgG抗体总阳性率为51.52%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶10.69.6～8月龄婴儿抗体阳性率最低,为2.85%.市区和郊区阳性率分别为56.14%、46.99%(χ2＝5.79、P＜0.05),其差异有显著的统计学意义;GMT分别为1∶14.91、1∶7.72(t＝4.76、P＜0.01),其差异有极显著的统计学意义.腮腺炎自然感染率市区(56.14%)高于郊区(46.99%).婴儿在≥6月龄时应考虑接种腮腺炎疫苗.     

陕西省儿童风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平检测

目的 了解陕西省健康儿童麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎的抗体水平.方法 采集1～14岁健康儿童血标本225份,检测麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体.结果 麻疹抗体阳性率维持>94%.城市儿童风疹和腮腺炎抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)1～2岁组最高(27.74%,28.94%),随年龄增长呈下降趋势;农村儿童风疹和腮腺炎体阳性率1～2岁组最低(24.2%,21.2%),随年龄增长呈上升趋势.结论 陕西省健康儿童对风疹和腮腺炎的免疫力较低,有必要对所有1岁儿童接种麻风腮三联疫苗.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.