金属离子在阿尔茨海默病发病机制的作用

现有研究表明,大脑中金属离子动态平衡的改变与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的形成和病理改变密切相关。AD患者大脑神经元外出现的淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积形成老年斑,伴有金属离子浓度升高异常。AD的其他病理特征,如神经元纤维缠结、神经元丢失、神经突触可塑性降低等也与金属离子有关。金属离子平衡紊乱已被认为是AD发病机制中的重要因素之一。大脑中的Fe3+,Cu2+和Zn2+参与突触神经活性,维持各种金属蛋白的生物学功能,Ca2+是普遍存在的第二信使,这些金属离子在脑内的稳态平衡对于维持大脑正常生理功能至关重要。本文对铁、铜、锌、钙等金属离子在AD发病机制中的作用从以下4个方面进行了系统性综述。(1)金属离子与蛋白异常:多项研究表明,铁、铜、锌、钙等金属离子等在不同脑区的错误沉积可促进Aβ的聚集与tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,而相关金属转运蛋白的异常是导致金属离子在脑中错误分布的关键因素。(2)金属离子与氧化应激:神经元对破坏性自由基的攻击极为敏感,AD患者大脑中存在的病变(如DNA损伤、蛋白质氧化、脂质过氧化和高级糖基化终产物),通常与自由基的攻击和金属离子失衡相关。金属离子失衡可引起氧化应激,使神经元中tau蛋白磷酸化、Aβ沉积,神经细胞受损、神经纤维交联等,与AD发病关系密切。(3)金属离子与细胞自噬:由于过度刺激的自噬和损耗造成细胞过度损伤以致细胞死亡,这是AD的标志。自噬-溶酶体缺陷发生在AD发病早期,被认为是AD发病的重要原因之一。溶酶体降解蛋白依赖于其内部的水解酶,抑制溶酶体蛋白水解酶活性,同时增加自噬囊泡的数量,降解异常蛋白沉积和损伤细胞。因此自噬可能成为改善AD神经元发病机制的潜在治疗靶点。(4)金属离子与神经突触:突触丢失是AD的病理特征之一。突触结构功能改变造成的神经系统紊乱会导致认知功能的障碍,且突触密度下降与AD认知功能障碍减退程度明显相关。而金属离子稳态对维持突触功能至关重要。综上所述,金属离子的作用在AD的发病机制中至关重要,所以近年来金属离子在AD发病机制中所起的作用也越来越受关注。金属离子螯合剂可能会减轻AD患者的病理特征,这些研究和发现将为治疗AD提供新的研究方向和思路。     

阿尔茨海默病的治疗进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种老年性疾病,发病率较高,随着对AD发病机制及病因的深入研究,其治疗用药正向多靶位发展.目前,其治疗药物有胆碱酯酶抑制药、抗β-淀粉样蛋白产生的药物、雌激素、抗氧化药和神经保护药及中药等.AD发病机制十分复杂,要彻底揭示AD的本质,从根本上治疗AD有待于作更深入的研究.     

基于阿尔茨海默病β-淀粉样蛋白发病机制探讨典型中药防治概况

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种临床表现为学习记忆障碍、认知功能障碍、语言功能障碍的疾病,其发病机制复杂,其中β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)学说涵盖了氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡等多方面机制。该文基于Aβ机制以及相关信号通路,探讨典型中药及其有效成分预防和治疗AD的概况,以期为研发防治AD的中药提供思路和参考。     

金属离子稳态失衡与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,其发病机制尚未完全阐明,近年来,金属离子在阿尔茨海默病发生和发展中起到的作用受到了广泛关注,该文综述了人体必需的铁、铜、锌、镁等金属离子和非必需金属铝和汞在AD发病机制中可能发挥的作用,为靶向金属离子转运和分布的抗AD药物研究提供思路和线索。     

以病理特征为靶点的抗阿尔茨海默病药物的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种起病隐匿的神经系统退行性疾病，主要的发病机制包括胆碱能假说、β-淀粉样蛋白假说和Tau蛋白假说等。本文从AD病理特征出发，主要介绍了乙酰胆碱及Sigma-1受体激动剂及以β-淀粉样蛋白、Tau蛋白为靶点的抗AD药物的研究进展，为新药研发提供参考。     

治疗阿尔茨海默病创新药物研发进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种中枢神经系统退行性疾病,临床表现为进行性认知功能下降和行为损害,因其发病机制复杂,目前尚无有效的预防和治疗手段。近年来,依据AD发病机制和病理学特点进行靶向治疗逐渐成为新药开发的重点。靶向药物β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）单克隆抗体阿度奴单抗和来卡内单抗获美国FDA批准用于AD的治疗,调节肠道菌群药物甘露特纳在中国批准上市,β分泌酶抑制剂、抗Aβ疫苗、tau蛋白聚集抑制剂等创新药物也表现出对AD的治疗潜力并先后进入临床试验。本文梳理近年来治疗AD的创新药物研究进展,分析创新药物研发策略,为治疗AD和开展相关新药研究提供参考和思路。     

多靶向抗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种以进行性认知功能减退为主要临床症状的慢性中枢神经系统退行性疾病,发病机制目前仍未完全阐明。AD是多种因素如淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白聚集、过渡金属离子过量、氧化应激和乙酰胆碱水平低下等参与的复杂疾病。目前应用于抗AD临床治疗的药物多属于单靶向化合物,临床疗效不够理想。为此国内外医药研究者提出多靶向治疗AD的新策略,基于这一策略开发出同时能干预2个或多个作用于AD致病环节的化合物。现简要介绍这一多靶向抗AD新策略和一些多靶向化合物。     

小胶质细胞功能障碍致阿尔兹海默病的发病机制研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年期痴呆最常见的类型,约占老年期痴呆的50%～75%。临床上主要表现为记忆和认知功能障碍、抽象思维和计算力损害、人格及行为改变等。据统计,全世界约3 600万人深受AD的危害[1]。AD在组织病理学上的典型改变为神经炎性斑（老年斑,SP）、神经原纤维缠结、神经元缺失和胶质增生、β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积。然而,引发AD的机制尚不确定,主要假说有Aβ学说、tau蛋白学说及分子遗传学说等[2]。     

PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路参与自身免疫性

自身免疫性疾病（autoimmune disease，AD）是机体因自身抗原免疫耐受障碍而对自身抗原产生免疫反应，从而引起机体组织损伤的一类疾病。近年研究发现，磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白（phosphatidylin ositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase，PI3K/AKT/mTOR）信号通路与AD发病密切相关，其主要参与免疫细胞增殖分化、炎性细胞因子分泌、自噬及氧化应激等过程。本文重点概述PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路参与AD发病机理的研究进展。     

氧化应激在阿尔茨海默病中的作用及相关药物研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是以进行性认知功能障碍和记忆力损害为主的中枢神经系统的退行性疾病,其发病机制十分复杂。氧化应激可损伤细胞内多种生物大分子。在AD患者脑中,脂质、蛋白质、DNA、RNA和糖类都存在过氧化形式。氧化应激也参与了形成老年斑、神经原纤维缠结以及神经元细胞凋亡。此外,氧化应激还与AD发病机制的神经炎症和线粒体功能异常有关联,与其共同加剧了AD的发生。具有强抗氧化活性的生物活性分子（如褪黑素和吡咯喹啉醌）有望成为很有前途的以氧化应激为靶点的抗AD治疗药物。     

模式动物斑马鱼在神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

斑马鱼作为一种新型模式低等脊椎动物,具有发育周期短、体外受精、胚胎透明、突变种多等优势,被广泛应用于神经、心血管、消化等方面的研究中。神经退行性疾病包括帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病等,近年来发病率不断上升,且有年轻化的趋势,严重影响人们的身体健康和生活质量。因其发病机制复杂,至今仍缺乏治疗此类疾病的方法。本文综述近年来用斑马鱼制作神经退行性疾病模型的主要方式及可行性,为研究神经退行性疾病中斑马鱼模型的选择提供参考。     

The influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegeneration

In an increasingly ageing population, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease and Huntington''s disease are rising. While the aetiologies of these disorders are different, a number of common mechanisms that underlie their neurodegenerative components have been elucidated; namely neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced trophic support. Current therapies focus on treatment of the symptoms and attempt to delay the progression of these diseases but there is currently no cure. Modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system is emerging as a potentially viable option in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Endocannabinoid signalling has been found to be altered in many neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system, as well as application of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids have been investigated. Signalling from the CB₁ and CB₂ receptors are known to be involved in the regulation of Ca²⁺ homeostasis, mitochondrial function, trophic support and inflammatory status, respectively, while other receptors gated by cannabinoids such as PPARγ, are gaining interest in their anti-inflammatory properties. Through multiple lines of evidence, this evolutionarily conserved neurosignalling system has shown neuroprotective capabilities and is therefore a potential target for neurodegenerative disorders. This review details the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and highlights the beneficial effects of cannabinoid treatment.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6     

头孢他定与FALL-39用于脓毒血症的疗效

目的观察FALL-39和头孢他定（CFZ）治疗脓毒血症的疗效。方法从pGEX-1λT-FALL-39转染的E.coli JM109中提纯FALL-39,检测FALL-39对绿脓杆菌（PAG）的杀菌活性。采用更生霉素（AMD）增强BALB／c小鼠对PAG感染的敏感性,建立脓毒血症模型,观察FALL-39和CFZ治疗脓毒血症的疗效。结果FALL-39分子量约5kDa,纯化量约600-650μg,对PAG的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低有效浓度（MEC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为25、100、50μg／ml。盐水组、脓毒血症组、CFZ治疗组、FALL-39治疗组和CFZ＋FALL-39治疗组小鼠死亡率分别为0％、75％、62．5％、37．5％和12．5％。结论FALL-39治疗脓毒血症比CFZ更为有效,两者联用效果则更佳。     

Signs of Preclinical Wernicke's Encephalopathy and Thiamine Levels as Predictors of Neuropsychological Deficits in Alcoholism without Korsakoff's Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to determine whether meeting historical criteria for unsuspected Wernicke''s encephalopathy (WE), largely under-diagnosed in vivo, explains why some alcoholics have severe neuropsychological deficits, whereas others, with a similar drinking history, exhibit preserved performance. Demographic, clinical, alcohol related, and neuropsychological measures were collected in 56 abstinent alcoholics and 38 non-alcohol-dependent volunteers. Alcoholics were classified using the clinical criteria established by Caine et al (1997) and validated in their neuropathological study of alcoholic cases. Our alcoholics who met a single criterion were considered ‘at risk for WE'' and those with two or more criteria with ‘signs of WE''. Whole blood thiamine was also measured in 22 of the comparison group and 28 alcoholics. Of the alcoholics examined, 27% met no criteria, 57% were at risk for WE, and 16% had signs of WE. Neuropsychological performance of the alcoholic subgroups was graded, with those meeting zero criteria not differing from controls, those meeting one criterion presenting mild-to-moderate deficits on some of the functional domains, and those meeting two or more criteria having the most severe deficits on each of the domains examined. Thiamine levels were selectively related to memory performance in the alcoholics. Preclinical signs of WE can be diagnosed in vivo, enabling the identification of ostensibly ‘uncomplicated'' alcoholics who are at risk for neuropsychological complications. The graded effects in neuropsychological performance suggest that the presence of signs of WE explains, at least partially, the heterogeneity of alcoholism-related cognitive and motor deficits.     

Mitochondrial Biology and Neurological Diseases

Mitochondria are extremely active organelles that perform a variety of roles in the cell including energy production, regulation of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and population maintenance through fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of oxidative stress and mutations can contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and Huntington’s diseases (HD). Abnormalities of Complex I function in the electron transport chain have been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases, inhibiting ATP production and generating reactive oxygen species that can cause major damage to mitochondriaMutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can contribute to neurodegenerative disease, although the pathogenesis of these conditions tends to focus on nuclear mutations. In PD, nuclear genome mutations in the PINK1 and parkin genes have been implicated in neurodegeneration [1], while mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 have been implicated in a variety of clinical symptoms of AD [5]. Mutant htt protein is known to cause HD [2]. Much progress has been made to determine some causes of these neurodegenerative diseases, though permanent treatments have yet to be developed. In this review, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these diseases.     

Mechanism of action of a nanomolar potent, allosteric antagonist of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Graves'' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid is overactive, producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, caused by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). Many GD patients also suffer from thyroid eye disease (Graves'' ophthalmopathy or GO), as TSIs also activate TSH receptors in orbital tissue. We recently developed low molecular weight (LMW) TSH receptor antagonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GD and GO. Here, we determined the molecular pharmacology of a prototypic, nanomolar potent LMW TSH receptor antagonist, Org 274179-0.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Using CHO cells heterogeneously expressing human TSH receptors and rat FRTL-5 cells endogenously expressing rat TSH receptors, we determined the potency and efficacy of Org 274179-0 at antagonizing TSH- and TSI-induced TSH receptor signalling and its cross-reactivity at related follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors. We analysed the allosteric mode of interaction of Org 274179-0 and determined whether it is an inverse agonist at five naturally occurring, constitutively active TSH receptor mutants.

KEY RESULTS

Nanomolar concentrations of Org 274179-0 completely inhibited TSH (and TSI)-mediated TSH receptor activation with little effect on the potency of TSH, in accordance with an allosteric mechanism of action. Conversely, increasing levels of TSH receptor stimulation only marginally reduced the antagonist potency of Org 274179-0. Org 274179-0 fully blocked the increased basal activity of all the constitutively active TSH receptor mutants tested with nanomolar potencies.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Nanomolar potent TSH receptor antagonists like Org 274179-0 have therapeutic potential for the treatment of GD and GO.     

RP-HPLC测定4，5，2’-三吗啉酰氧基-2，5'-二氯二苯甲酮原料药的含量及有关物质

目的 建立测定原料药4,5,2''-三吗啉酰氧基-2,5''-二氯二苯甲酮（LF1）的含量及有关物质的RP-HPLC方法。方法 采用Diamonsil C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,乙腈-磷酸水（60：40,pH3.0）为流动相,检测波长230 nm,体积流量1 mL/min,柱温25℃。结果 主峰与杂质峰分离良好,LF1和杂质A分别在质量浓度1.0~100（r=0.999 8）和0.2~2.4 mg/L （r=0.999 6）线性关系良好,最低检测限分别为1和2 ng/mL,平均回收率分别为100.7%和102.0%。结论 本法简便、快速、准确,可用于LF1原料药的含量及有关物质的测定。     

Study of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Background Alzheimer''s disease (AD) affects several people worldwide and has devastating impacts on society with a limited number of approaches for its pharmacological treatment. The main causes of AD are not clear yet. However, the formation of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein, and disruption of redox homeostasis may cause AD. These causes have a positive correlation with oxidative stress, producing reactive ions, which are responsible for altering the physiological condition of the body.Conclusion Ongoing research recommended the use of phytochemicals as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to hinder the onset and progression of AD. The natural compound structures, including lignans, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-amyloidogenic properties. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief introduction to AD along with the use of natural compounds as new therapeutic approaches for its management.     

海藻糖治疗帕金森病的作用机制研究进展

帕金森病是一种常见的神经变性疾病,特征性病理改变主要是黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失和路易小体的形成。路易小体中主要成分是纤维化的α-突触核蛋白,研究表明多巴胺能神经元中异常的蛋白质沉积可能与溶酶体自噬途径的失调有关。自噬调节剂的治疗潜力已在帕金森病动物模型中得到证实。海藻糖是一种天然双糖,被认为是治疗神经退行性疾病的新候选药物。它具有类似伴侣活性,防止蛋白质错误折叠或聚集,并有助于通过促进自噬去除积聚的蛋白质。总结异常自噬在帕金森病疾病发展过程中的潜在机制,讨论使用海藻糖对抗帕金森病的促进自噬、蛋白质稳定和抗神经炎症作用。